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Béland-Millar A, Takimoto M, Hamada T, Messier C. Brain and muscle adaptation to high-fat diets and exercise: Metabolic transporters, enzymes and substrates in the rat cortex and muscle. Brain Res 2020; 1749:147126. [PMID: 32946799 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence suggesting that the effects of diet and physical activity on physical and mental well-being are the result of altered metabolic profiles. Though the central and peripheral systems work in tandem, the interactions between peripheral and central changes that lead to these altered states of well-being remains elusive. We measured changes in the metabolic profile of brain (cortex) and muscle (soleus and plantaris) tissue in rats following 5-weeks of treadmill exercise and/or a high-fat diet to evaluate peripheral and central interactions as well as identify any common adaptive mechanisms. To characterize changes in metabolic profiles, we measured relative changes in key metabolic enzymes (COX IV, hexokinase, LDHB, PFK), substrates (BHB, FFA, glucose, lactate, insulin, glycogen, BDNF) and transporters (MCT1, MCT2, MCT4, GLUT1, GLUT3). In the cortex, there was an increase in MCT1 and a decrease in glycogen following the high-fat diet, suggesting an increased reliance on monocarboxylates. Muscle changes were dependent muscle type. Within the plantaris, a high-fat diet increased the oxidative capacity of the muscle likely supported by increased glycolysis, whereas exercise increased the oxidative capacity of the muscle likely supported via increased glycogen synthesis. There was no effect of diet on soleus measurements, but exercise increased its oxidative capacity likely fueled by endogenous and exogenous monocarboxylates. For both the plantaris and soleus, combining exercise training and high-fat diet mediated results, resulting in a middling effect. Together, these results indicate the variable adaptions of two main metabolic pathways: glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. The results also suggest a dynamic relationship between the brain and body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Béland-Millar
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Masaki Takimoto
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taku Hamada
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Claude Messier
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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Nonose Y, Pieper LZ, da Silva JS, Longoni A, Apel RV, Meira-Martins LA, Grings M, Leipnitz G, Souza DO, de Assis AM. Guanosine enhances glutamate uptake and oxidation, preventing oxidative stress in mouse hippocampal slices submitted to high glutamate levels. Brain Res 2020; 1748:147080. [PMID: 32866546 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) is the main mammalian brain neurotransmitter. Concerning the glutamatergic neurotransmission, excessive levels of glutamate in the synaptic cleft are extremally harmful. This phenomenon, named as excitotoxicity is involved in various acute and chronic brain diseases. Guanosine (GUO), an endogenous guanine nucleoside, possesses neuroprotective effects in several experimental models of glutamatergic excitotoxicity, an effect accompanied by an increase in astrocytic glutamate uptake. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the involvement of an additional putative parameter, glutamate oxidation to CO2, involved in ex-vivo GUO neuroprotective effects in mouse hippocampal slices submitted to glutamatergic excitotoxicity. Mice were sacrificed by decapitation, the hippocampi were removed and sliced. The slices were incubated for various times and concentrations of Glu and GUO. First, the concentration of Glu that produced an increase in L-[14C(U)]-Glu oxidation to CO2 without cell injury was determined at different time points (between 0 and 90 min); 1000 μM Glu increased Glu oxidation between 30 and 60 min of incubation without cell injury. Under these conditions (Glu concentration and incubation time), 100 μM GUO increased Glu oxidation (35%). Additionally, 100 μM GUO increased L-[3,4-3H]-glutamate uptake (45%) in slices incubated with 1000 μM Glu (0-30 min). Furthermore, 1000 μM Glu increased reactive species levels, SOD activity, and decreased GPx activity, and GSH content after 30 and 60 min; 100 μM GUO prevented these effects. This is the first study demonstrating that GUO simultaneously promoted an increase in the uptake and utilization of Glu in excitotoxicity-like conditions preventing redox imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nonose
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - L Z Pieper
- Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Science, Universidade Católica de Pelotas - UCPel, Pelotas, RS 96015-560, Brazil
| | - J S da Silva
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - A Longoni
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Science, Universidade Católica de Pelotas - UCPel, Pelotas, RS 96015-560, Brazil
| | - R V Apel
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - L A Meira-Martins
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - M Grings
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - G Leipnitz
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - D O Souza
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - A M de Assis
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Science, Universidade Católica de Pelotas - UCPel, Pelotas, RS 96015-560, Brazil
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Odorcyk FK, Duran-Carabali LE, Rocha DS, Sanches EF, Martini AP, Venturin GT, Greggio S, da Costa JC, Kucharski LC, Zimmer ER, Netto CA. Differential glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate metabolism confers an intrinsic neuroprotection to the immature brain in a rat model of neonatal hypoxia ischemia. Exp Neurol 2020; 330:113317. [PMID: 32304750 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia ischemia (HI) is the main cause of newborn mortality and morbidity. Preclinical studies have shown that the immature rat brain is more resilient to HI injury, suggesting innate mechanisms of neuroprotection. During neonatal period brain metabolism experience changes that might greatly affect the outcome of HI injury. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate how changes in brain metabolism interfere with HI outcome in different stages of CNS development. For this purpose, animals were divided into 6 groups: HIP3, HIP7 and HIP11 (HI performed at postnatal days 3, 7 and 11, respectively), and their respective shams. In vivo [18F]FDG micro positron emission tomography (microPET) imaging was performed 24 and 72 h after HI, as well as ex-vivo assessments of glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) oxidation. At adulthood behavioral tests and histology were performed. Behavioral and histological analysis showed greater impairments in HIP11 animals, while HIP3 rats were not affected. Changes in [18F]FDG metabolism were found only in the lesion area of HIP11, where a substantial hypometabolism was detected. Furthermore, [18F]FDG hypometabolism predicted impaired cognition and worst histological outcomes at adulthood. Finally, substrate oxidation assessments showed that glucose oxidation remained unaltered and higher level of BHB oxidation found in P3 animals, suggesting a more resilient metabolism. Overall, present results show [18F]FDG microPET predicts long-term injury outcome and suggests that higher BHB utilization is one of the mechanisms that confer the intrinsic neuroprotection to the immature brain and should be explored as a therapeutic target for treatment of HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- F K Odorcyk
- Graduate Program in Phisiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - L E Duran-Carabali
- Graduate Program in Phisiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - D S Rocha
- Graduate Program in Phisiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - E F Sanches
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A P Martini
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - G T Venturin
- Preclinical Research Center, Brain Institute (BraIns) of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - S Greggio
- Preclinical Research Center, Brain Institute (BraIns) of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - J C da Costa
- Preclinical Research Center, Brain Institute (BraIns) of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - L C Kucharski
- Graduate Program in Phisiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - E R Zimmer
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology and therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - C A Netto
- Graduate Program in Phisiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Wang X, Liu Q, Zhou J, Wu X, Zhu Q. β hydroxybutyrate levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid under ketone body metabolism in rats. Exp Anim 2017; 66:177-182. [PMID: 28100888 PMCID: PMC5411304 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.16-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet (KD) or calorie restriction in the form of every-other-day fasting (EODF) results in ketone body metabolism with an increasing β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) level. Previous studies have supported that a KD and EODF have a neuroprotective effect. However, the βOHB levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) resulting from a KD and EODF remain unknown. The aim of this study was to detect βOHB levels in rats fed a KD, EODF diet, and every-other-day ketogenic diet (EODKD) and to compare the serum βOHB level with the CSF βOHB level. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into KD, EODF, EODKD, and standard diet (SD) groups. A customized food with a ratio of carbohydrates to fats of 1:4 was used in the KD and EODKD groups. The βOHB level was measured using ELISA kits in 200 µl serum and 100 µl CSF samples for each rat after feeding for 2 weeks. The KD, EODF, and EODKD resulted in a significant increase in βOHB levels in both the serum and CSF. The βOHB levels in the EODKD group were the highest. The CSF βOHB level was, on average, 69% of the serum βOHB level. There was a positive correlation between the overall βOHB levels in serum and that in cerebrospinal fluid. This study demonstrated that the KD, EODF, and EODKD resulted in ketone body metabolism, as the βOHB levels increased significantly compared with those resulting from the standard diet. Our results suggested that the serum βOHB level was an indicator of the CSF βOHB level, and that the EODKD was an effective diet to enhance ketogenic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Department of Spinal Surgery, Longyan First Hospital, Fujian, P.R.China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanchang Hongdu Hospital of TCM, Jiangxi, P.R.China
| | - Xiuhua Wu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qingan Zhu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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