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Zhou L, Ran Q, Yi R, Tang H, Zhang Y, Yu T. Glutamatergic neurons of piriform cortex delay induction of inhalational general anesthesia. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 4:829-840. [PMID: 39156577 PMCID: PMC11330113 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their clinical application in the 1840s, the greatest mystery surrounding general anesthesia (GA) is how different kinds of general anesthetics cause reversible unconsciousness, and the precise neural mechanisms underlying the processes. Over past years, although many studies revealed the roles of cortex, thalamus, brainstem, especially the sleep-wake circuits in GA-induced loss of consciousness (LOC),the full picture of the neural circuit mechanism of GA is still largely unknown. Recent studies have focused on the importance of other brain regions. Here, we report that the activity of glutamatergic (Glu) neurons in the piriform cortex (PC), a critical brain region for odor encoding, began to increase during the LOC of GA and gradually recovered after recovery of consciousness. Chemical lesions of the anterior PC (APC) neurons accelerated the induction time of isoflurane anesthesia. Chemogenetic and optogenetic activation of APCGlu neurons prolonged isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia induction, whereas APCGlu neuron inhibition displayed the opposite effects. Moreover, the modification of APCGlu neurons did not affect the induction or emergence time of propofol GA. In addition, odor processing may be partially involved in the induction of isoflurane and sevoflurane GA regulated by APCGlu neurons. In conclusion, our findings reveal a critical role of APCGlu neurons in inhalational GA induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Qipeng Ran
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Rulan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Huanyao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Tian Yu
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
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2
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Yi R, Cheng S, Zhong F, Luo D, You Y, Yu T, Wang H, Zhou L, Zhang Y. GABAergic neurons of anterior thalamic reticular nucleus regulate states of consciousness in propofol- and isoflurane-mediated general anesthesia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14782. [PMID: 38828651 PMCID: PMC11145368 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thalamus system plays critical roles in the regulation of reversible unconsciousness induced by general anesthetics, especially the arousal stage of general anesthesia (GA). But the function of thalamus in GA-induced loss of consciousness (LOC) is little known. The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) is the only GABAergic neurons-composed nucleus in the thalamus, which is composed of parvalbumin (PV) and somatostatin (SST)-expressing GABAergic neurons. The anterior sector of TRN (aTRN) is indicated to participate in the induction of anesthesia, but the roles remain unclear. This study aimed to reveal the role of the aTRN in propofol and isoflurane anesthesia. METHODS We first set up c-Fos straining to monitor the activity variation of aTRNPV and aTRNSST neurons during propofol and isoflurane anesthesia. Subsequently, optogenetic tools were utilized to activate aTRNPV and aTRNSST neurons to elucidate the roles of aTRNPV and aTRNSST neurons in propofol and isoflurane anesthesia. Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings and behavioral tests were recorded and analyzed. Lastly, chemogenetic activation of the aTRNPV neurons was applied to confirm the function of the aTRN neurons in propofol and isoflurane anesthesia. RESULTS c-Fos straining showed that both aTRNPV and aTRNSST neurons are activated during the LOC period of propofol and isoflurane anesthesia. Optogenetic activation of aTRNPV and aTRNSST neurons promoted isoflurane induction and delayed the recovery of consciousness (ROC) after propofol and isoflurane anesthesia, meanwhile chemogenetic activation of the aTRNPV neurons displayed the similar effects. Moreover, optogenetic and chemogenetic activation of the aTRN neurons resulted in the accumulated burst suppression ratio (BSR) during propofol and isoflurane GA, although they represented different effects on the power distribution of EEG frequency. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that the aTRN GABAergic neurons play a critical role in promoting the induction of propofol- and isoflurane-mediated GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rulan Yi
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of EducationZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Shiyu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of EducationZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Fuwang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of EducationZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Dan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of EducationZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Ying You
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of EducationZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Tian Yu
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of EducationZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Haiying Wang
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of EducationZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of EducationZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of EducationZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
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3
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Li M, Yang L, Liu Y, Shang Z, Wan H. Dynamic temporal neural patterns based on multichannel LFPs Identify different brain states during anesthesia in pigeons: comparison of three anesthetics. Med Biol Eng Comput 2024:10.1007/s11517-024-03132-w. [PMID: 38819673 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-024-03132-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Anesthetic-induced brain activity study is crucial in avian cognitive-, consciousness-, and sleep-related research. However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the generation of brain rhythms and specific connectivity of birds during anesthesia are poorly understood. Although different kinds of anesthetics can be used to induce an anesthesia state, a comparison study of these drugs focusing on the neural pattern evolution during anesthesia is lacking. Here, we recorded local field potentials (LFPs) using a multi-channel micro-electrode array inserted into the nidopallium caudolateral (NCL) of adult pigeons (Columba livia) anesthetized with chloral hydrate, pelltobarbitalum natricum or urethane. Power spectral density (PSD) and functional connectivity analyses were used to measure the dynamic temporal neural patterns in NCL during anesthesia. Neural decoding analysis was adopted to calculate the probability of the pigeon's brain state and the kind of injected anesthetic. In the NCL during anesthesia, we found elevated power activity and functional connectivity at low-frequency bands and depressed power activity and connectivity at high-frequency bands. Decoding results based on the spectral and functional connectivity features indicated that the pigeon's brain states during anesthesia and the injected anesthetics can be effectively decoded. These findings provide an important foundation for future investigations on how different anesthetics induce the generation of specific neural patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Lifang Yang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yuhuai Liu
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- National Center for International Joint Research of Electronic Materials and Systems, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- International Joint Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Systems of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Zhigang Shang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Institute of Medical Engineering Technology and Data Mining, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Hong Wan
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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4
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Gui H, Liu C, He H, Zhang J, Chen H, Zhang Y. Dopaminergic Projections From the Ventral Tegmental Area to the Nucleus Accumbens Modulate Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:671473. [PMID: 33994950 PMCID: PMC8119636 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.671473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the dopaminergic pathway in general anesthesia and its potential mechanisms are still unknown. In this study, we usedc-Fos staining combined with calcium fiber photometry recording to explore the activity of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopaminergic neurons(VTA-DA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) neurons during sevoflurane anesthesia. A genetically encoded dopamine (DA) sensor was used to investigate thefunction of the NAc in sevoflurane anesthesia. Chemogenetics and optogenetics were used to explore the role of the VTA-DA in sevofluraneanesthesia. Electroencephalogram (EEG) spectra, time of loss of righting reflex (LORR) and recovery of righting reflex (RORR) were recorded asassessment indicators. We found that VTA-DA and NAc neurons were inhibited during the induction period and were activated during the recoveryperiod of sevoflurane anesthesia. The fluorescence signals of dopamine decreased in the induction of and increased in the emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia.Activation of VTA-DA and the VTADA-NAc pathway delayed the induction and facilitated the emergence accompanying with thereduction of delta band and the augmentation of the gamma band. These data demonstrate that VTA-DA neurons play a critical role in modulating sevofluraneanesthesia via the VTADA-NAc pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Gui
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,School of Anesthesiology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Chengxi Liu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,School of Anesthesiology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Haifeng He
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,School of Anesthesiology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,School of Anesthesiology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,School of Anesthesiology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,School of Anesthesiology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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5
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Liu C, Liu J, Zhou L, He H, Zhang Y, Cai S, Yuan C, Luo T, Zheng J, Yu T, Zhang M. Lateral Habenula Glutamatergic Neurons Modulate Isoflurane Anesthesia in Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:628996. [PMID: 33746711 PMCID: PMC7969819 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.628996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their introduction in the 1840s, one of the largest mysteries of modern anesthesia are how general anesthetics create the state of reversible loss of consciousness. Increasing researchers have shown that neural pathways that regulate endogenous sleep–wake systems are also involved in general anesthesia. Recently, the Lateral Habenula (LHb) was considered as a hot spot for both natural sleep–wake and propofol-induced sedation; however, the role of the LHb and related pathways in the isoflurane-induced unconsciousness has yet to be identified. Here, using real-time calcium fiber photometry recordings in vivo, we found that isoflurane reversibly increased the activity of LHb glutamatergic neurons. Then, we selectively ablated LHb glutamatergic neurons in Vglut2-cre mice, which caused a longer induction time and less recovery time along with a decrease in delta-band power in mice under isoflurane anesthesia. Furthermore, using a chemogenetic approach to specifically activate LHb glutamatergic neurons shortened the induction time and prolonged the recovery time in mice under isoflurane anesthesia with an increase in delta-band power. In contrast, chemogenetic inhibition of LHb glutamatergic neurons was very similar to the effects of selective lesions of LHb glutamatergic neurons. Finally, optogenetic activation of LHb glutamatergic neurons or the synaptic terminals of LHb glutamatergic neurons in the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) produced a hypnosis-promoting effect in isoflurane anesthesia with an increase in slow wave activity. Our results suggest that LHb glutamatergic neurons and pathway are vital in modulating isoflurane anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anaesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Junxiao Liu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anaesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anaesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Haifeng He
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anaesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anaesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Shuang Cai
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anaesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Chengdong Yuan
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Tianyuan Luo
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anaesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jijian Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Yu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anaesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Mazhong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Gruenbaum BF. Comparison of anaesthetic- and seizure-induced states of unconsciousness: a narrative review. Br J Anaesth 2021; 126:219-229. [PMID: 32951841 PMCID: PMC7844374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to understand general anaesthesia and certain seizures, a fundamental understanding of the neurobiology of unconsciousness is needed. This review article explores similarities in neuronal and network changes during general anaesthesia and seizure-induced unconsciousness. Both seizures and anaesthetics cause disruption in similar anatomical structures that presumably lead to impaired consciousness. Despite differences in behaviour and mechanisms, both of these conditions are associated with disruption of the functionality of subcortical structures that mediate neuronal activity in the frontoparietal cortex. These areas are all likely to be involved in maintaining normal consciousness. An assessment of the similarities in the brain network disruptions with certain seizures and general anaesthesia might provide fresh insights into the mechanisms of the alterations of consciousness seen in these particular unconscious states, allowing for innovative therapies for seizures and the development of anaesthetic approaches targeting specific networks.
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7
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Ungurean G, van der Meij J, Rattenborg NC, Lesku JA. Evolution and plasticity of sleep. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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van der Meij J, Ungurean G, Rattenborg NC, Beckers GJL. Evolution of sleep in relation to memory – a birds’ brain view. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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van der Meij J, Rattenborg NC, Beckers GJL. Divergent neuronal activity patterns in the avian hippocampus and nidopallium. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:3124-3139. [PMID: 31944434 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sleep-related brain activity occurring during non-rapid eye-movement (NREM) sleep is proposed to play a role in processing information acquired during wakefulness. During mammalian NREM sleep, the transfer of information from the hippocampus to the neocortex is thought to be mediated by neocortical slow-waves and their interaction with thalamocortical spindles and hippocampal sharp-wave ripples (SWRs). In birds, brain regions composed of pallial neurons homologous to neocortical (pallial) neurons also generate slow-waves during NREM sleep, but little is known about sleep-related activity in the hippocampus and its possible relationship to activity in other pallial regions. We recorded local field potentials (LFP) and analogue multiunit activity (AMUA) using a 64-channel silicon multi-electrode probe simultaneously inserted into the hippocampus and medial part of the nidopallium (i.e., caudal medial nidopallium; NCM) or separately into the caudolateral nidopallium (NCL) of adult female zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) anesthetized with isoflurane, an anesthetic known to induce NREM sleep-like slow-waves. We show that slow-waves in NCM and NCL propagate as waves of neuronal activity. In contrast, the hippocampus does not show slow-waves, nor sharp-wave ripples, but instead displays localized gamma activity. In conclusion, neuronal activity in the avian hippocampus differs from that described in mammals during NREM sleep, suggesting that hippocampal memories are processed differently during sleep in birds and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niels C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Gabriël J L Beckers
- Cognitive Neurobiology and Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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10
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Rattenborg NC, van der Meij J, Beckers GJL, Lesku JA. Local Aspects of Avian Non-REM and REM Sleep. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:567. [PMID: 31231182 PMCID: PMC6560081 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds exhibit two types of sleep that are in many respects similar to mammalian rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep. As in mammals, several aspects of avian sleep can occur in a local manner within the brain. Electrophysiological evidence of NREM sleep occurring more deeply in one hemisphere, or only in one hemisphere – the latter being a phenomenon most pronounced in dolphins – was actually first described in birds. Such asymmetric or unihemispheric NREM sleep occurs with one eye open, enabling birds to visually monitor their environment for predators. Frigatebirds primarily engage in this form of sleep in flight, perhaps to avoid collisions with other birds. In addition to interhemispheric differences in NREM sleep intensity, the intensity of NREM sleep is homeostatically regulated in a local, use-depended manner within each hemisphere. Furthermore, the intensity and temporo-spatial distribution of NREM sleep-related slow waves varies across layers of the avian hyperpallium – a primary visual area – with the slow waves occurring first in, and propagating through and outward from, thalamic input layers. Slow waves also have the greatest amplitude in these layers. Although most research has focused on NREM sleep, there are also local aspects to avian REM sleep. REM sleep-related reductions in skeletal muscle tone appear largely restricted to muscles involved in maintaining head posture. Other local aspects of sleep manifest as a mixture of features of NREM and REM sleep occurring simultaneously in different parts of the neuroaxis. Like monotreme mammals, ostriches often exhibit brainstem-mediated features of REM sleep (muscle atonia and REMs) while the hyperpallium shows EEG slow waves typical of NREM sleep. Finally, although mice show slow waves in thalamic input layers of primary sensory cortices during REM sleep, this is not the case in the hyperpallium of pigeons, suggesting that this phenomenon is not a universal feature of REM sleep. Collectively, the local aspects of sleep described in birds and mammals reveal that wakefulness, NREM sleep, and REM sleep are not always discrete states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | | | - Gabriël J L Beckers
- Cognitive Neurobiology and Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - John A Lesku
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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