1
|
Lehrich BM, Delgado ER. Lipid Nanovesicle Platforms for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Precision Medicine Therapeutics: Progress and Perspectives. Organogenesis 2024; 20:2313696. [PMID: 38357804 PMCID: PMC10878025 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2024.2313696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality globally. HCC is highly heterogenous with diverse etiologies leading to different driver mutations potentiating unique tumor immune microenvironments. Current therapeutic options, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and combinations, have achieved limited objective response rates for the majority of patients. Thus, a precision medicine approach is needed to tailor specific treatment options for molecular subsets of HCC patients. Lipid nanovesicle platforms, either liposome- (synthetic) or extracellular vesicle (natural)-derived present are improved drug delivery vehicles which may be modified to contain specific cargos for targeting specific tumor sites, with a natural affinity for liver with limited toxicity. This mini-review provides updates on the applications of novel lipid nanovesicle-based therapeutics for HCC precision medicine and the challenges associated with translating this therapeutic subclass from preclinical models to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M. Lehrich
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Evan R. Delgado
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Di Santo R, Verdelli F, Niccolini B, Varca S, Gaudio AD, Di Giacinto F, De Spirito M, Pea M, Giovine E, Notargiacomo A, Ortolani M, Di Gaspare A, Baldi A, Pizzolante F, Ciasca G. Exploring novel circulating biomarkers for liver cancer through extracellular vesicle characterization with infrared spectroscopy and plasmonics. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1319:342959. [PMID: 39122286 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer, with cirrhosis being a major risk factor. Traditional blood markers like alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) demonstrate limited efficacy in distinguishing between HCC and cirrhosis, underscoring the need for more effective diagnostic methodologies. In this context, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising candidates; however, their practical diagnostic application is restricted by the current lack of label-free methods to accurately profile their molecular content. To address this gap, our study explores the potential of mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectroscopy, both alone and in combination with plasmonic nanostructures, to detect and characterize circulating EVs. RESULTS EVs were extracted from HCC and cirrhotic patients. Mid-IR spectroscopy in the Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) mode was utilized to identify potential signatures for patient classification, highlighting significant changes in the Amide I-II region (1475-1700 cm-1). This signature demonstrated diagnostic performance comparable to AFP and surpassed it when the two markers were combined. Further investigations utilized a plasmonic metasurface suitable for ultrasensitive spectroscopy within this spectral range. This device consists of two sets of parallel rod-shaped gold nanoantennas (NAs); the longer NAs produced an intense near-field amplification in the Amide I-II bands, while the shorter NAs were utilized to provide a sharp reflectivity edge at 1800-2200 cm-1 for EV mass-sensing. A clinically relevant subpopulation of EVs was targeted by conjugating NAs with an antibody specific to Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM). This methodology enabled the detection of variations in the quantity of EpCAM-presenting EVs and revealed changes in the Amide I-II lineshape. SIGNIFICANCE The presented results can positively impact the development of novel laboratory methods for the label-free characterization of EVs, based on the combination between mid-IR spectroscopy and plasmonics. Additionally, data obtained by using HCC and cirrhotic subjects as a model system, suggest that this approach could be adapted for monitoring these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Di Santo
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore & Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, della salute e delle Professioni sanitarie, Link Campus University, Rome, Italy
| | - F Verdelli
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), Eindhoven 5600 HH, The Netherlands
| | - B Niccolini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore & Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - S Varca
- UOC of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - A Del Gaudio
- UOC of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - F Di Giacinto
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore & Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - M De Spirito
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore & Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - M Pea
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche IFN-CNR, Via Del Fosso Del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - E Giovine
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche IFN-CNR, Via Del Fosso Del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - A Notargiacomo
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche IFN-CNR, Via Del Fosso Del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - M Ortolani
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - A Di Gaspare
- NEST, CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Baldi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - F Pizzolante
- UOC of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - G Ciasca
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore & Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Svolacchia F, Svolacchia L, Falabella P, Scieuzo C, Salvia R, Giglio F, Catalano A, Saturnino C, Di Lascio P, Guarro G, Imbriani GC, Ferraro G, Giuzio F. Exosomes and Signaling Nanovesicles from the Nanofiltration of Preconditioned Adipose Tissue with Skin-B ® in Tissue Regeneration and Antiaging: A Clinical Study and Case Report. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:670. [PMID: 38674316 PMCID: PMC11051917 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60040670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This three-year clinical trial aimed to demonstrate that only the signaling vesicles produced by ADSCa, containing mRNA, microRNA, growth factors (GFs), and bioactive peptides, provide an advantage over classical therapy with adipose disaggregate to make the tissue regeneration technique safer due to the absence of interfering materials and cells, while being extremely minimally invasive. The infiltration of disaggregated adipose nanofat, defined by the Tonnard method, for the regeneration of the dermis and epidermis during physiological or pathological aging continues to be successfully used for the presence of numerous adult stem cells in suspension (ADSCa). An improvement in this method is the exclusion of fibrous shots and cellular debris from the nanofat to avoid inflammatory phenomena by microfiltration. Materials and Methods: A small amount of adipose tissue was extracted after surface anesthesia and disaggregated according to the Tonnard method. An initial microfiltration at 20/40 microns was performed to remove fibrous shots and cellular debris. The microfiltration was stabilized with a sterile solution containing hyaluronic acid and immediately ultrafiltered to a final size of 0.20 microns to exclude the cellular component and hyaluronic acid chains of different molecular weights. The suspension was then injected into the dermis using a mesotherapy technique with microinjections. Results: This study found that it is possible to extract signaling microvesicles using a simple ultrafiltration system. The Berardesca Scale, Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), and Modified Vancouver Scale (MVS) showed that it is possible to obtain excellent results with this technique. The ultrafiltrate can validly be used in a therapy involving injection into target tissues affected by chronic and photoaging with excellent results. Conclusions: This retrospective clinical evaluation study allowed us to consider the results obtained with this method for the treatment of dermal wrinkles and facial tissue furrows as excellent. The method is safe and an innovative regenerative therapy as a powerful and viable alternative to skin regeneration therapies, antiaging therapies, and chronic inflammatory diseases because it lacks the inflammatory component produced by cellular debris and fibrous sprouts and because it can exclude the mesenchymal cellular component by reducing multiple inflammatory cytokine levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Svolacchia
- Department of Sense Organs, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Svolacchia
- Department of General Surgery, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00184 Rome, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (P.F.); (C.S.); (R.S.); (F.G.); (C.S.)
- Spinoff XFlies S.R.L, University of Basilicata, Via Dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (P.F.); (C.S.); (R.S.); (F.G.); (C.S.)
- Spinoff XFlies S.R.L, University of Basilicata, Via Dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (P.F.); (C.S.); (R.S.); (F.G.); (C.S.)
- Spinoff XFlies S.R.L, University of Basilicata, Via Dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Fabiana Giglio
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (P.F.); (C.S.); (R.S.); (F.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Carmela Saturnino
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (P.F.); (C.S.); (R.S.); (F.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Pierpaolo Di Lascio
- Department of General Surgery AOR San Carlo, Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Guarro
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, ASL Umbria 1, Umbria, 06127 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Giusy Carmen Imbriani
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Aorn Sant’Anna e San Sebastiano, Campania, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Ferraro
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “Vincenzo Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Federica Giuzio
- Spinoff TNcKILLERS s.r.l., University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy;
- U.O.C. Primary Care and Territorial Health, Social and Health Department, State Hospital, 47893 San Marino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Arredondo-Damián JG, Martínez-Soto JM, Molina-Pelayo FA, Soto-Guzmán JA, Castro-Sánchez L, López-Soto LF, Candia-Plata MDC. Systematic review and bioinformatics analysis of plasma and serum extracellular vesicles proteome in type 2 diabetes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25537. [PMID: 38356516 PMCID: PMC10865249 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic ailment marked by a global high prevalence and significant attention in primary healthcare settings due to its elevated morbidity and mortality rates. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of this disease remain subjects of ongoing investigation. Recent evidence underscores the pivotal role of the intricate intercellular communication network, wherein cell-derived vesicles, commonly referred to as extracellular vesicles (EVs), emerge as dynamic regulators of diabetes-related complications. Given that the protein cargo carried by EVs is contingent upon the metabolic conditions of the originating cells, particular proteins may serve as informative indicators for the risk of activating or inhibiting signaling pathways crucial to the progression of T2D complications. Methods In this study, we conducted a systematic review to analyze the published evidence on the proteome of EVs from the plasma or serum of patients with T2D, both with and without complications (PROSPERO: CRD42023431464). Results Nine eligible articles were systematically identified from the databases, and the proteins featured in these articles underwent Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. We identified changes in the level of 426 proteins, with CST6, CD55, HBA1, S100A8, and S100A9 reported to have high levels, while FGL1 exhibited low levels. Conclusion These proteins are implicated in pathophysiological mechanisms such as inflammation, complement, and platelet activation, suggesting their potential as risk markers for T2D development and progression. Further studies are required to explore this topic in greater detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luis Castro-Sánchez
- University Center for Biomedical Research, University of Colima, Colima, Colima, Mexico
- CONAHCYT-University of Colima, Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Di Santo R, Niccolini B, Romanò S, Vaccaro M, Di Giacinto F, De Spirito M, Ciasca G. Advancements in Mid-Infrared spectroscopy of extracellular vesicles. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 305:123346. [PMID: 37774583 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid vesicles secreted by all cells into the extracellular space and act as nanosized biological messengers among cells. They carry a specific molecular cargo, composed of lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates, which reflects the state of their parent cells. Due to their remarkable structural and compositional heterogeneity, characterizing EVs, particularly from a biochemical perspective, presents complex challenges. In this context, mid-infrared (IR) spectroscopy is emerging as a valuable tool, providing researchers with a comprehensive and label-free spectral fingerprint of EVs in terms of their specific molecular content. This review aims to provide an up-to-date critical overview of the major advancements in mid-IR spectroscopy of extracellular vesicles, encompassing both fundamental and applied research achievements. We also systematically emphasize the new possibilities offered by the integration of emerging cutting-edge IR technologies, such as tip-enhanced and surface-enhanced spectroscopy approaches, along with the growing use of machine learning for data analysis and spectral interpretation. Additionally, to assist researchers in navigating this intricate subject, our manuscript includes a wide and detailed collection of the spectral peaks that have been assigned to EV molecular constituents up to now in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Di Santo
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Niccolini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Romanò
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Vaccaro
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Flavio Di Giacinto
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Ciasca
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khoo CSM, Henmi T, Saito M. Comparative Study of Metastasis Suppression Effects of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Anaplastic Cell Lines, Nanog-Overexpressing Melanoma, and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17206. [PMID: 38139035 PMCID: PMC10743167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from an anaplastic mouse melanoma cell line made using Nanog overexpression of F10 (Nanog+F10) suppressed the metastasis of Nanog+F10. Here, an induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell line was focused as a more anaplastic cell line, potentially producing EVs with higher metastasis-suppressive effects. The EVs were introduced into the tail vein nine times before introducing Nanog+F10 cells. Two weeks later, the liver and lung were resected and metastatic colonies were quantified. The involvement of macrophages (invasion inhibiting ability, phagocytic activity) and cytotoxic T cells (cytotoxicity) was evaluated using J774.1 and CTLL-2 cell lines. iPS EVs showed similar level effects to Nanog+F10 EVs in every item relevant to metastasis suppression. Differential expression analysis of miRNAs in EVs and functional network database analysis revealed that dominant regulatory miRNAs were predicted. The candidate hub genes most highly associated with the metastasis suppression mechanism were predicted as six genes, including Trp53 and Hif1a, for Nanog+F10 EVs and ten genes, including Ins1 and Kitl, for iPS EVs. Regarding the mechanism, Nanog+F10 EVs and iPS EVs were very different. This suggests synergistic effect when used together as metastasis preventive vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celine Swee May Khoo
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Takuya Henmi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Mikako Saito
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
- Bioresource Laboratories, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Johnson J, Law SQK, Shojaee M, Hall AS, Bhuiyan S, Lim MBL, Silva A, Kong KJW, Schoppet M, Blyth C, Ranasinghe HN, Sejic N, Chuei MJ, Tatford OC, Cifuentes‐Rius A, James PF, Tester A, Dixon I, Lichtfuss G. First-in-human clinical trial of allogeneic, platelet-derived extracellular vesicles as a potential therapeutic for delayed wound healing. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12332. [PMID: 37353884 PMCID: PMC10290200 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The release of growth factors, cytokines and extracellular matrix modifiers by activated platelets is an important step in the process of healthy wound healing. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by activated platelets carry this bioactive cargo in an enriched form, and may therefore represent a potential therapeutic for the treatment of delayed wound healing, such as chronic wounds. While EVs show great promise in regenerative medicine, their production at clinical scale remains a critical challenge and their tolerability in humans is still to be fully established. In this work, we demonstrate that Ligand-based Exosome Affinity Purification (LEAP) chromatography can successfully isolate platelet EVs (pEVs) of clinical grade from activated platelets, which retain the regenerative properties of the parent cell. LEAP-isolated pEVs display the expected biophysical features of EV populations and transport essential proteins in wound healing processes, including insulin growth factor (IGF) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß). In vitro studies show that pEVs induce proliferation and migration of dermal fibroblasts and increase dermal endothelial cells' angiogenic potential, demonstrating their wound healing potential. pEV treatment activates the ERK and Akt signalling pathways within recipient cells. In a first-in-human, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase I clinical trial of healthy volunteer adults, designed primarily to assess safety in the context of wound healing, we demonstrate that injections of LEAP-purified pEVs in formulation buffer are safe and well tolerated (Plexoval II study, ACTRN12620000944932). As a secondary objective, biological activity in the context of wound healing rate was assessed. In this cohort of healthy participants, in which the wound bed would not be expected to be deficient in the bioactive cargo that pEVs carry, all wounds healed rapidly and completely and no difference in time to wound closure of the treated and untreated wounds was observed at the single dose tested. The outcomes of this study evidence that pEVs manufactured through the LEAP process can be injected safely in humans as a potential wound healing treatment, and warrant further study in clinical trials designed expressly to assess therapeutic efficacy in patients with delayed or disrupted wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jancy Johnson
- Exopharm LtdMelbourneVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and PharmacologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gregor Lichtfuss
- Exopharm LtdMelbourneVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and PharmacologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Alter CL, Detampel P, Schefer RB, Lotter C, Hauswirth P, Puligilla RD, Weibel VJ, Schenk SH, Heusermann W, Schürz M, Meisner-Kober N, Palivan C, Einfalt T, Huwyler J. High efficiency preparation of monodisperse plasma membrane derived extracellular vesicles for therapeutic applications. Commun Biol 2023; 6:478. [PMID: 37137966 PMCID: PMC10156699 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04859-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are highly interesting for the design of next-generation therapeutics. However, their preparation methods face challenges in standardization, yield, and reproducibility. Here, we describe a highly efficient and reproducible EV preparation method for monodisperse nano plasma membrane vesicles (nPMVs), which yields 10 to 100 times more particles per cell and hour than conventional EV preparation methods. nPMVs are produced by homogenizing giant plasma membrane vesicles following cell membrane blebbing and apoptotic body secretion induced by chemical stressors. nPMVs showed no significant differences compared to native EVs from the same cell line in cryo-TEM analysis, in vitro cellular interactions, and in vivo biodistribution studies in zebrafish larvae. Proteomics and lipidomics, on the other hand, suggested substantial differences consistent with the divergent origin of these two EV types and indicated that nPMVs primarily derive from apoptotic extracellular vesicles. nPMVs may provide an attractive source for developing EV-based pharmaceutical therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio L Alter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Detampel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roman B Schefer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Lotter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hauswirth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ramya D Puligilla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vera J Weibel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susanne H Schenk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolf Heusermann
- Imaging Core Facility, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Schürz
- Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nicole Meisner-Kober
- Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Cornelia Palivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tomaž Einfalt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ayilam Ramachandran R, Lemoff A, Robertson DM. Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Modulate Corneal Inflammation: Role in Microbial Keratitis? Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0003623. [PMID: 36995231 PMCID: PMC10112165 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00036-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis occurs following trauma, in immunocompromised patients, and in otherwise healthy contact lens wearers. Characterized by a light-blocking infiltrate, P. aeruginosa keratitis is the most serious complication associated with contact lens wear and, in severe cases, can lead to vision loss. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (B EVs) are membrane-enclosed nanometer-scale particles secreted from bacteria and are packed with bioactive molecules. B EVs have been shown to mediate biological functions that regulate host pathogenic responses. In the present study, we isolated P. aeruginosa-derived EVs using size exclusion chromatography and compared the proteomic compositions and functional activities of P. aeruginosa-derived EVs and P. aeruginosa-derived free protein (FP) on corneal epithelial cells and neutrophils. Importantly, P. aeruginosa-derived EVs and FP exhibited unique protein profiles, with EVs being enriched in P. aeruginosa virulence proteins. P. aeruginosa-derived EVs promoted corneal epithelial cell secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8, whereas these cytokines were not upregulated following treatment with FP. In contrast, FP had a negative effect on the host inflammatory response and impaired neutrophil killing. Both P. aeruginosa-derived EVs and FP promoted intracellular bacterial survival in corneal epithelial cells. Collectively, these data suggest that P. aeruginosa-derived EVs and FP may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of corneal infection by interfering with host innate immune defense mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Lemoff
- Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jainarayanan AK, Capera J, Céspedes PF, Conceição M, Elanchezhian M, Thomas T, Bonner S, Valvo S, Kurz E, Mahla RS, Berridge G, Hester S, Fischer R, Dustin LB, Wood MJA, Dustin ML. Comparison of different methods for isolating CD8 + T lymphocyte-derived extracellular vesicles and supramolecular attack particles. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 2:e74. [PMID: 38938417 PMCID: PMC11080737 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
CD8+ T lymphocytes play vital roles in killing infected or deranged host cells, recruiting innate immune cells, and regulating other aspects of immune responses. Like any other cell, CD8+ T cells also produce extracellular particles. These include extracellular vesicles (EVs) and non-vesicular extracellular particles (NVEPs). T cell-derived EVs are proposed to mediate cell-to-cell signalling, especially in the context of inflammatory responses, autoimmunity, and infectious diseases. CD8+ T cells also produce supramolecular attack particles (SMAPs), which are in the same size range as EVs and mediate a component of T cell mediated killing. The isolation technique selected will have a profound effect on yield, purity, biochemical properties and function of T cell-derived particles; making it important to directly compare different approaches. In this study, we compared commonly used techniques (membrane spin filtration, ultracentrifugation, or size exclusion liquid chromatography) to isolate particles from activated human CD8+ T cells and validated our results by single-particle methods, including nanoparticle tracking analysis, flow cytometry, electron microscopy and super-resolution microscopy of the purified sample as well as bulk proteomics and lipidomics analyses to evaluate the quality and nature of enriched T cell-derived particles. Our results show that there is a trade-off between the yield and the quality of T cell-derived particles. Furthermore, the protein and lipid composition of the particles is dramatically impacted by the isolation technique applied. We conclude that from the techniques evaluated, size exclusion liquid chromatography offers the highest quality of T cell derived EVs and SMAPs with acceptable yields for compositional and functional studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin K. Jainarayanan
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and, Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Interdisciplinary Bioscience Doctoral Training Program and Exeter CollegeUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Jesusa Capera
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and, Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Pablo F. Céspedes
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and, Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Mirudula Elanchezhian
- Department of Biological SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and ResearchMohaliIndia
| | - Tom Thomas
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and, Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Translational Gastroenterology UnitUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Scott Bonner
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Salvatore Valvo
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and, Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Elke Kurz
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and, Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Ranjeet Singh Mahla
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and, Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Georgina Berridge
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Svenja Hester
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Roman Fischer
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Lynn B. Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and, Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Matthew J. A. Wood
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular CentreUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Oxford‐Harrington Rare Disease CentreUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and, Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
MHC-dressing on dendritic cells: Boosting anti-tumor immunity via unconventional tumor antigen presentation. Semin Immunol 2023; 66:101710. [PMID: 36640616 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are crucial for anti-tumor immune responses due to their ability to activate cytotoxic effector CD8+ T cells. Canonically, in anti-tumor immunity, dendritic cells activate CD8+ T cells in a process termed cross-presentation. Recent studies have demonstrated that another type of antigen presentation, MHC-dressing, also serves to activate CD8+ T cells against tumor cell-derived antigens. Understanding MHC-dressing's specific contributions to anti-tumor immunity can open up novel therapeutic avenues. In this review, we summarize the early studies that identified MHC-dressing as a relevant antigen presentation pathway before diving into a deeper discussion of the biology of MHC-dressing, focusing in particular on which dendritic cell subsets are most capable of performing MHC-dressing and how MHC-dressing compares to other forms of antigen presentation. We conclude by discussing the implications MHC-dressing has for anti-tumor immunity.
Collapse
|
12
|
Poh QH, Rai A, Salamonsen LA, Greening DW. Omics insights into extracellular vesicles in embryo implantation and their therapeutic utility. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2200107. [PMID: 36591946 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Implantation success relies on intricate interplay between the developing embryo and the maternal endometrium. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent an important player of this intercellular signalling through delivery of functional cargo (proteins and RNAs) that reprogram the target cells protein and RNA landscape. Functionally, the signalling reciprocity of endometrial and embryo EVs regulates the site of implantation, preimplantation embryo development and hatching, antioxidative activity, embryo attachment, trophoblast invasion, arterial remodelling, and immune tolerance. Omics technologies including mass spectrometry have been instrumental in dissecting EV cargo that regulate these processes as well as molecular changes in embryo and endometrium to facilitate implantation. This has also led to discovery of potential cargo in EVs in human uterine fluid (UF) and embryo spent media (ESM) of diagnostic and therapeutic value in implantation success, fertility, and pregnancy outcome. This review discusses the contribution of EVs in functional hallmarks of embryo implantation, and how the integration of various omics technologies is enabling design of EV-based diagnostic and therapeutic platforms in reproductive medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Hui Poh
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alin Rai
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lois A Salamonsen
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David W Greening
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yi YW. Therapeutic Implications of the Drug Resistance Conferred by Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043704. [PMID: 36835116 PMCID: PMC9960576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Anticancer drug resistance is a significant impediment in current cancer treatment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from cancer cells were recently acknowledged as a critical mechanism of drug resistance, tumor progression, and metastasis. EVs are enveloped vesicles comprising a lipid bilayer that transfers various cargo, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites, from an originating cell to a recipient cell. Investigating the mechanisms whereby EVs confer drug resistance is still in the early stages. In this review, I analyze the roles of EVs derived from triple-negative breast cancer cells (TNBC-EVs) in anticancer drug resistance and discuss strategies to overcome TNBC-EV-mediated drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Weon Yi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Castillo-Romero KF, Santacruz A, González-Valdez J. Production and purification of bacterial membrane vesicles for biotechnology applications: Challenges and opportunities. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:107-124. [PMID: 36398478 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) are bi-layered nanostructures derived from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Among other pathophysiological roles, BMVs are critical messengers in intercellular communication. As a result, BMVs are emerging as a promising technology for the development of numerous therapeutic applications. Despite the remarkable progress in unveiling BMV biology and functions in recent years, their successful isolation and purification have been limited. Several challenges related to vesicle purity, yield, and scalability severely hamper the further development of BMVs for biotechnology and clinical applications. This review focuses on the current technologies and methodologies used in BMV production and purification, such as ultracentrifugation, density-gradient centrifugation, size-exclusion chromatography, ultrafiltration, and precipitation. We also discuss the current challenges related to BMV isolation, large-scale production, storage, and stability that limit their application. More importantly, the present work explains the most recent strategies proposed for overcoming those challenges. Finally, we summarize the ongoing applications of BMVs in the biotechnological field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keshia F Castillo-Romero
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Arlette Santacruz
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - José González-Valdez
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Michel LV, Gaborski T. Outer Membrane Vesicles as Molecular Biomarkers for Gram-negative Sepsis: Taking Advantage of Nature's Perfect Packages. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102483. [PMID: 36108741 PMCID: PMC9576880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is an often life-threatening response to infection, occurring when host pro-inflammatory immune responses become abnormally elevated and dysregulated. To diagnose sepsis, the patient must have a confirmed or predicted infection, as well as other symptoms associated with the pathophysiology of sepsis. However, a recent study found that a specific causal organism could not be determined in the majority (70.1%) of sepsis cases, likely due to aggressive antibiotics or localized infections. The timing of a patient's sepsis diagnosis is often predictive of their clinical outcome, underlining the need for a more definitive molecular diagnostic test. Here, we outline the advantages and challenges to using bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), nanoscale spherical buds derived from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, as a diagnostic biomarker for Gram-negative sepsis. Advantages include OMV abundance, their robustness in the presence of antibiotics, and their unique features derived from their parent cell that could allow for differentiation between bacterial species. Challenges include the rigorous purification methods required to isolate OMVs from complex biofluids and the additional need to separate OMVs from similarly-sized extracellular vesicles, which can share physical properties with OMVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Vacca Michel
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA.
| | - Thomas Gaborski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vos J, Tejeda-Mora H, Merino A, Wu L, Woud WW, Demmers JAA, van IJcken WFJ, Reinders MEJ, Hoogduijn MJ. Bio-distribution and longevity of mesenchymal stromal cell derived membrane particles. J Control Release 2022; 350:642-651. [PMID: 36063958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vesicle-based medicines hold great promise for therapy development but essential knowledge on the bio-distribution and longevity of vesicles after administration is lacking. We generated vesicles from the membranes of human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) and we demonstrated earlier that these so-called membrane particles (MP) mediate immunomodulatory and regenerative responses in target cells. In the present study we examined the bio-distribution and longevity of MP after intravenous administration in mice. While most vesicle tracking methods are based on imaging techniques, which require labeling of vesicles and can only detect dense accumulations of vesicles, we used proteomics analysis to detect the presence of MP-derived proteins in multiple organs and tissues. MP proteins were mainly present in plasma and leukocytes at 1 h after injection, indicating that MP - in contrast to whole MSC - do not accumulate in the lungs upon first passage but remain in circulation. After 24 h, MP proteins were still present in plasma but were most abundant in the liver. RNA sequencing of livers demonstrated that MP impact liver function and in particular induce metabolic pathways. These data provide a clear view of the bio-distribution and longevity of MP, which is likely extrapolatable to other types of vesicles, and demonstrate that MP circulate for up to 24 h and may be a tool for targeting the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Vos
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - H Tejeda-Mora
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - A Merino
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L Wu
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - W W Woud
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - J A A Demmers
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - W F J van IJcken
- Center for Biomics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - M E J Reinders
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - M J Hoogduijn
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Effect of cell culture media on extracellular vesicle secretion from mesenchymal stromal cells and neurons. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151270. [PMID: 35987046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by neuronal cells in vitro have promising therapeutic potential for brain diseases. Optimization of cell culture conditions and methodologies for high-yield isolation of EVs for preclinical and clinical applications, however, remains a challenge. OBJECTIVE To probe the cell culture conditions required for optimal EV secretion by human-derived neuronal cells. METHODOLOGY First, we optimized the EV purification protocol using human mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) cultures. Next, we compared the effects of different variables in human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived neuronal cultures on EV secretion. EVs were isolated from cell conditioned media (CCM) and control media with no cells (NCC) using ultrafiltration combined with size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). The hPSC neurons were cultured in 2 different media from which EVs were collected at 2 maturation time-points (days 46 and 60). Stimulation with 25 mM KCl was also evaluated as an activator of EV secretion by neurons. The collected SEC fractions were analyzed by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), protein concentration assay, and blinded transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS A peak in cup-shaped particles was observed in SEC fractions 7-10 of MSC samples, but not corresponding media controls, indicating successful isolation of EVs. Culture medium had no significant effect on EV yield. The EV yield of the samples did not differ significantly according to the culture media used or the cell maturation time-points. Stimulation of neurons with KCl for 3 h reduced rather than increased the EV yield. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated successful EV isolation from MSC and neuronal cells using an ultrafiltration-SEC method. The EV yield from MSC and neuronal cultures exhibited a large batch effect, apparently related to the culture media used, highlighting the importance of including NCC as a negative control in all cell culture experiments.
Collapse
|
18
|
Detailed Characterization of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Different Cell Types Based on Tetraspanin Composition by ExoView R100 Platform. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158544. [PMID: 35955677 PMCID: PMC9369185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) hold enormous potential as biomarkers, drug carriers, and therapeutic agents. However, due to previous limitations in the phenotypic characterization of sEV at the single vesicle level, knowledge of cell type-specific sEV signatures remains sparse. With the introduction of next-generation sEV analysis devices, such as the single-particle interferometric reflectance imaging sensor (SP-IRIS)-based ExoView R100 platform, single sEV analyses are now possible. While the tetraspanins CD9, CD63, and CD81 were generally considered pan-sEV markers, it became clear that sEV of different cell types contain several combinations and amounts of these proteins on their surfaces. To gain better insight into the complexity and heterogeneity of sEV, we used the ExoView R100 platform to analyze the CD9/CD63/CD81 phenotype of sEV released by different cell types at a single sEV level. We demonstrated that these surface markers are sufficient to distinguish cell-type-specific sEV phenotypes. Furthermore, we recognized that tetraspanin composition in some sEV populations does not follow a random pattern. Notably, the tetraspanin distribution of sEV derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) alters depending on cell culture conditions. Overall, our data provide an overview of the cell-specific characteristics of sEV populations, which will increase the understanding of sEV physiology and improve the development of new sEV-based therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
|
19
|
Characterizing Extracellular Vesicles Using Nanoparticle-Tracking Analysis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2508:353-373. [PMID: 35737250 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2376-3_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized lipid bound particles secreted by cells. EVs transfer biologic material and can be found in all body fluids. Accurately characterizing the size and concentration of EVs is difficult because of the nanoscale size of EVs. An evolving solution to this problem is tracking the Brownian motion of EVs in suspension, a technique known as nanoparticle-tracking analysis (NTA). This technique is used by many researchers in the EV field. The ability to accurately replicate data between studies and laboratories is critical to advancing the knowledge surrounding EVs for use in liquid biopsy and cancer studies, in general. Thus, this chapter provides a step-by-step guide on isolating EVs using a variety of methods, for characterizing EVs using the NS300 NTA instrument, troubleshooting tips, and a robust guide to reporting key parameters that will help improve cross-lab reproducibility of NTA data.
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen H, Sun T, Jiang C. Extracellular vesicle-based macromolecule delivery systems in cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2022; 348:572-589. [PMID: 35714733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Great attention has been paid to the impressive role the macromolecules played in cancer immunotherapy, however, the applications were largely limited by their poor circulation stability, low cellular uptake efficiency, and off-target effects. As an important messenger of intercellular communication, extracellular vesicles (EVs) exhibit unique advantages in macromolecule delivery compared to traditional synthetic carriers, offering new possibilities for modern drug delivery. These naturally derived carriers can achieve stable, efficient, and selective delivery of macromolecules and improve the efficacy and potentiality of macromolecular drugs in cancer immunotherapy. This review provides a brief overview of the unique features of EVs related to macromolecule delivery, the strategies and recent advances of using EVs as macromolecule delivery carriers in cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Extracellular Vesicles from Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Are Effectively Separated by Sepharose CL-6B—Comparison of Four Gravity-Flow Size Exclusion Chromatography Methods. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040785. [PMID: 35453535 PMCID: PMC9032713 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a versatile group of cell-secreted membranous nanoparticles present in body fluids. They have an exceptional diagnostic potential due to their molecular content matching the originating cells and accessibility from body fluids. However, methods for EV isolation are still in development, with size exclusion chromatography (SEC) emerging as a preferred method. Here we compared four types of SEC to isolate EVs from the CSF of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. A pool of nine CSF samples was separated by SEC columns packed with Sepharose CL-6B, Sephacryl S-400 or Superose 6PG and a ready-to-use qEV10/70 nm column. A total of 46 fractions were collected and analysed by slot-blot followed by Ponceau staining. Immunodetection was performed for albumin, EV markers CD9, CD81, and lipoprotein markers ApoE and ApoAI. The size and concentration of nanoparticles in fractions were determined by tunable resistive pulse sensing and EVs were visualised by transmission electron microscopy. We show that all four SEC techniques enabled separation of CSF into nanoparticle- and free protein-enriched fractions. Sepharose CL-6B resulted in a significantly higher number of separated EVs while lipoproteins were eluted together with free proteins. Our data indicate that Sepharose CL-6B is suitable for isolation of EVs from CSF and their separation from lipoproteins.
Collapse
|
22
|
Beck S, Hochreiter B, Schmid JA. Extracellular Vesicles Linking Inflammation, Cancer and Thrombotic Risks. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:859863. [PMID: 35372327 PMCID: PMC8970602 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.859863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) being defined as lipid-bilayer encircled particles are released by almost all known mammalian cell types and represent a heterogenous set of cell fragments that are found in the blood circulation and all other known body fluids. The current nomenclature distinguishes mainly three forms: microvesicles, which are formed by budding from the plasma membrane; exosomes, which are released, when endosomes with intraluminal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane; and apoptotic bodies representing fragments of apoptotic cells. Their importance for a great variety of biological processes became increasingly evident in the last decade when it was discovered that they contribute to intercellular communication by transferring nucleotides and proteins to recipient cells. In this review, we delineate several aspects of their isolation, purification, and analysis; and discuss some pitfalls that have to be considered therein. Further on, we describe various cellular sources of EVs and explain with different examples, how they link cancer and inflammatory conditions with thrombotic processes. In particular, we elaborate on the roles of EVs in cancer-associated thrombosis and COVID-19, representing two important paradigms, where local pathological processes have systemic effects in the whole organism at least in part via EVs. Finally, we also discuss possible developments of the field in the future and how EVs might be used as biomarkers for diagnosis, and as vehicles for therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Beck
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg and Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sarah Beck, ; Johannes A. Schmid,
| | - Bernhard Hochreiter
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes A. Schmid
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Sarah Beck, ; Johannes A. Schmid,
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tejeda-Mora H, Leon LG, Demmers J, Baan CC, Reinders MEJ, Bleck B, Lombardo E, Merino A, Hoogduijn MJ. Proteomic Analysis of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Reconstructed Membrane Particles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312935. [PMID: 34884740 PMCID: PMC8657583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are a potential therapy for immunological and degenerative diseases. However, large-scale production of EV free from contamination by soluble proteins is a major challenge. The generation of particles from isolated membranes of MSC, membrane particles (MP), may be an alternative to EV. In the present study we generated MP from the membranes of lysed MSC after removal of the nuclei. The yield of MP per MSC was 1 × 105 times higher than EV derived from the same number of MSC. To compare the proteome of MP and EV, proteomic analysis of MP and EV was performed. MP contained over 20 times more proteins than EV. The proteins present in MP evidenced a multi-organelle origin of MP. The projected function of the proteins in EV and MP was very different. Whilst proteins in EV mainly play a role in extracellular matrix organization, proteins in MP were interconnected in diverse molecular pathways, including protein synthesis and degradation pathways and demonstrated enzymatic activity. Treatment of MSC with IFNγ led to a profound effect on the protein make up of EV and MP, demonstrating the possibility to modify the phenotype of EV and MP through modification of parent MSC. These results demonstrate that MP are an attractive alternative to EV for the development of potential therapies. Functional studies will have to demonstrate therapeutic efficacy of MP in preclinical disease models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hector Tejeda-Mora
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (H.T.-M.); (C.C.B.); (M.E.J.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Leticia G. Leon
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Jeroen Demmers
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Carla C. Baan
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (H.T.-M.); (C.C.B.); (M.E.J.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Marlies E. J. Reinders
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (H.T.-M.); (C.C.B.); (M.E.J.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Bertram Bleck
- Takeda, Gastrointestinal Drug Discovery Unit, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Eleuterio Lombardo
- Takeda Madrid, Cell Therapy Technology Center-Cell Therapies, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana Merino
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (H.T.-M.); (C.C.B.); (M.E.J.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Martin J. Hoogduijn
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (H.T.-M.); (C.C.B.); (M.E.J.R.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ter-Ovanesyan D, Norman M, Lazarovits R, Trieu W, Lee JH, Church GM, Walt DR. Framework for rapid comparison of extracellular vesicle isolation methods. eLife 2021; 10:70725. [PMID: 34783650 PMCID: PMC8651285 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by all cells into biofluids and hold great promise as reservoirs of disease biomarkers. One of the main challenges in studying EVs is a lack of methods to quantify EVs that are sensitive enough and can differentiate EVs from similarly sized lipoproteins and protein aggregates. We demonstrate the use of ultrasensitive, single-molecule array (Simoa) assays for the quantification of EVs using three widely expressed transmembrane proteins: the tetraspanins CD9, CD63, and CD81. Using Simoa to measure these three EV markers, as well as albumin to measure protein contamination, we were able to compare the relative efficiency and purity of several commonly used EV isolation methods in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): ultracentrifugation, precipitation, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). We further used these assays, all on one platform, to improve SEC isolation from plasma and CSF. Our results highlight the utility of quantifying EV proteins using Simoa and provide a rapid framework for comparing and improving EV isolation methods from biofluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maia Norman
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, United States.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, United States.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Roey Lazarovits
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, United States
| | - Wendy Trieu
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, United States
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, United States
| | - George M Church
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - David R Walt
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, United States.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Qin B, Hu XM, Su ZH, Zeng XB, Ma HY, Xiong K. Tissue-derived extracellular vesicles: Research progress from isolation to application. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 226:153604. [PMID: 34500372 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are the structures that all cells release into the environment. They are separated by a lipid bilayer and contain the cellular components that release them. To date, most studies have been performed on EVs derived from cell supernatants or different body fluids, while the number of studies on EV isolation directly from tissues is still limited. Studies of EV isolation directly from tissues may provide us with better information. This review summarizes the role of EV in the extracellular matrix, the protocol for isolation of EV in the tissue interstitium, and the application of the protocol in different tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, Xialu District Guilin North Road No.16, Huangshi 435003, China
| | - Xi-Min Hu
- Clinical Medicine Eight-year Program, 02 Class, 17 Grade, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Zhen-Hong Su
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, Xialu District Guilin North Road No.16, Huangshi 435003, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, Xialu District Guilin North Road No.16, Huangshi 435003, China
| | - Hong-Ying Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, Xialu District Guilin North Road No.16, Huangshi 435003, China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
O'Neil EV, Burns GW, Ferreira CR, Spencer TE. Characterization and regulation of extracellular vesicles in the lumen of the ovine uterus†. Biol Reprod 2021; 102:1020-1032. [PMID: 32055841 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretions of the endometrium are vital for peri-implantation growth and development of the sheep conceptus. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are present in the uterine lumen, emanate from both the endometrial epithelia of the uterus and trophectoderm of the conceptus, and hypothesized to mediate communication between those cell types during pregnancy establishment in sheep. Size-exclusion chromatography and nanoparticle tracking analysis determined that total EV number in the uterine lumen increased from days 10 to 14 of the cycle but was lower on days 12 and 14 of pregnancy in sheep. Intrauterine infusions of interferon tau (IFNT) did not affect total EV number in the uterine lumen. Quantitative mass spectrometric analyses defined proteins and lipids in EVs isolated from the uterine lumen of day 14 cyclic and pregnant sheep. In vitro analyses found that EVs decreased ovine trophectoderm cell proliferation and increased IFNT production without effects on gene expression as determined by RNA-seq. Collective results support the idea EVs impact conceptus growth during pregnancy establishment via effects on trophectoderm cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanore V O'Neil
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gregory W Burns
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Christina R Ferreira
- Bindley Bioscience Center and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Thomas E Spencer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Herrmann IK, Wood MJA, Fuhrmann G. Extracellular vesicles as a next-generation drug delivery platform. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:748-759. [PMID: 34211166 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00931-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 762] [Impact Index Per Article: 254.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular-vesicle-based cell-to-cell communication is conserved across all kingdoms of life. There is compelling evidence that extracellular vesicles are involved in major (patho)physiological processes, including cellular homoeostasis, infection propagation, cancer development and cardiovascular diseases. Various studies suggest that extracellular vesicles have several advantages over conventional synthetic carriers, opening new frontiers for modern drug delivery. Despite extensive research, clinical translation of extracellular-vesicle-based therapies remains challenging. Here, we discuss the uniqueness of extracellular vesicles along with critical design and development steps required to utilize their full potential as drug carriers, including loading methods, in-depth characterization and large-scale manufacturing. We compare the prospects of extracellular vesicles with those of the well established liposomes and provide guidelines to direct the process of developing vesicle-based drug delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Katrin Herrmann
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Energy and Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Matthew John Andrew Wood
- Department of Paediatrics and Oxford Harrington Rare Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gregor Fuhrmann
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Biogenic Nanotherapeutics Group (BION), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Chair for Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Perocheau D, Touramanidou L, Gurung S, Gissen P, Baruteau J. Clinical applications for exosomes: Are we there yet? Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:2375-2392. [PMID: 33751579 PMCID: PMC8432553 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles essential for cell-cell communication in health and disease with the ability to transport nucleic acids, functional proteins and other metabolites. Their clinical use as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic carriers has become a major field of research over recent years, generating rapidly expanding scientific interest and financial investment. Their reduced immunogenicity compared to liposomes or viral vectors and their ability to cross major physiological barriers like the blood-brain barrier make them an appealing and innovative option as biomarkers and therapeutic agents. Here, we review the latest clinical developments of exosome biotechnology for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including the most recent COVID-19-related exosome-based clinical trials. We present current exosome engineering strategies for optimal clinical safety and efficacy, and assess the technology developed for good manufacturing practice compliant scaling up and storage approaches along with their limitations in pharmaceutical industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dany Perocheau
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Loukia Touramanidou
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sonam Gurung
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Gissen
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Metabolic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Julien Baruteau
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Metabolic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pinedo M, de la Canal L, de Marcos Lousa C. A call for Rigor and standardization in plant extracellular vesicle research. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12048. [PMID: 33936567 PMCID: PMC8077130 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Pinedo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET Funes Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - Laura de la Canal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET Funes Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - Carine de Marcos Lousa
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences Leeds Beckett University Leeds UK.,Centre for Plant Sciences University of Leeds Leeds UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Stam J, Bartel S, Bischoff R, Wolters JC. Isolation of extracellular vesicles with combined enrichment methods. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1169:122604. [PMID: 33713953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are currently of tremendous interest in many research disciplines and EVs have potential for development of EV diagnostics or therapeutics. Most well-known single EV isolation methods have their particular advantages and disadvantages in terms of EV purity and EV yield. Combining EV isolation methods provides additional potential to improve the efficacy of both purity and yield. This review assesses the contribution and efficacy of using combined EV isolation methods by performing a two-step systematic literature analysis from all papers applying EV isolation in the year 2019. This resulted in an overview of the various methods being applied for EV isolations. A second database was generated for all studies within the first database that fairly compared multiple EV isolation methods by determining both EV purity and EV yield after isolation. From these databases it is shown that the most used EV isolation methods are not per definition the best methods based on EV purity or EV yield, indicating that more factors play a role in the choice which EV isolation method to choose than only the efficacy of the method. From the included studies it is shown that ~60% of all the included EV isolations were performed with combined EV isolation methods. The majority of EV isolations were performed with differential ultracentrifugation alone or in combination with differential ultrafiltration. When efficacy of EV isolation methods was determined in terms of EV purity and EV yield, combined EV isolation methods clearly outperformed single EV isolation methods, regardless of the type of starting material used. A recommended starting point would be the use of size-exclusion chromatography since this method, especially when combined with low-speed centrifugation, resulted in the highest EV purity, while still providing a reasonable EV yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine Stam
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine Bartel
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles from Biological Fluids via the Aggregation-Precipitation Approach for Downstream miRNAs Detection. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11030384. [PMID: 33668297 PMCID: PMC7996260 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have high potential as sources of biomarkers for non-invasive diagnostics. Thus, a simple and productive method of EV isolation is demanded for certain scientific and medical applications of EVs. Here we aim to develop a simple and effective method of EV isolation from different biofluids, suitable for both scientific, and clinical analyses of miRNAs transported by EVs. The proposed aggregation-precipitation method is based on the aggregation of EVs using dextran blue and the subsequent precipitation of EVs using 1.5% polyethylene glycol solutions. The developed method allows the effective isolation of EVs from plasma and urine. As shown using TEM, dynamic light scattering, and miRNA analyses, this method is not inferior to ultracentrifugation-based EV isolation in terms of its efficacy, lack of inhibitors for polymerase reactions and applicable for both healthy donors and cancer patients. This method is fast, simple, does not need complicated equipment, can be adapted for different biofluids, and has a low cost. The aggregation-precipitation method of EV isolation accessible and suitable for both research and clinical laboratories. This method has the potential to increase the diagnostic and prognostic utilization of EVs and miRNA-based diagnostics of urogenital pathologies.
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang JM, Li YJ, Wu JY, Cai JX, Wen J, Xiang DX, Hu XB, Li WQ. Comparative evaluation of methods for isolating small extracellular vesicles derived from pancreatic cancer cells. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:37. [PMID: 33568197 PMCID: PMC7877077 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00550-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are nanosized vesicles involved in cell-to-cell communication. sEVs have been widely studied for clinical applications such as early detection of diseases and as therapeutics. Various methods for sEVs isolation are been using, but different methods may result in different qualities of sEVs and impact downstream analysis and applications. Here, we compared current isolation methods and performed a comparative analysis of sEVs from supernatant of cultured pancreatic cancer cells. METHODS Ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration and co-precipitation as concentration methods were firstly evaluated for yield, size, morphology and protein level of pellets. Then, isolate sEVs obtained by four different purification methods: size exclusion chromatography, density gradient ultracentrifugation, ultracentrifugation, and immunoaffinity capturing, were analysed and compared. RESULTS For the concentration process, ultracentrifugation method obtained high quality and high concentration of pellets. For the purification process, immunoaffinity capturing method obtained the purest sEVs with less contaminants, while density gradient ultracentrifugation-based method obtained sEVs with the smallest size. Proteomic analysis revealed distinct protein contents of purified sEVs from different methods. CONCLUSIONS For isolating sEVs derived from supernatant of cultured pancreatic cancer cell line, ultracentrifugation-based method is recommended for concentration of sEVs, density gradient ultracentrifugation-based method may be applied for obtaining purified sEVs with controlled size, immunoaffinity capturing may be suitable for studies requiring sEVs with high purity but may loss subtypes of sEVs without specific protein marker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Min Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jun-Yong Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia-Xin Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Da-Xiong Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiong-Bin Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wen-Qun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Marostica G, Gelibter S, Gironi M, Nigro A, Furlan R. Extracellular Vesicles in Neuroinflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:623039. [PMID: 33553161 PMCID: PMC7858658 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.623039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogenous group of membrane-bound particles that play a pivotal role in cell–cell communication, not only participating in many physiological processes, but also contributing to the pathogenesis of several diseases. The term EVs defines many and different vesicles based on their biogenesis and release pathway, including exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), and apoptotic bodies. However, their classification, biological function as well as protocols for isolation and detection are still under investigation. Recent evidences suggest the existence of novel subpopulations of EVs, increasing the degree of heterogeneity between EV types and subtypes. EVs have been shown to have roles in the CNS as biomarkers and vehicles of drugs and other therapeutic molecules. They are known to cross the blood brain barrier, allowing CNS EVs to be detectable in peripheral fluids, and their cargo may give information on parental cells and the pathological process they are involved in. In this review, we summarize the knowledge on the function of EVs in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and discuss recent evidences for their potential applications as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Marostica
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Gelibter
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maira Gironi
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Nigro
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Almiñana C, Rudolf Vegas A, Tekin M, Hassan M, Uzbekov R, Fröhlich T, Bollwein H, Bauersachs S. Isolation and Characterization of Equine Uterine Extracellular Vesicles: A Comparative Methodological Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020979. [PMID: 33478136 PMCID: PMC7835857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified in the uterine fluid in different species and have been pointed as key players in the embryo-maternal dialogue, maternal recognition of pregnancy and establishment of pregnancy. However, little is known about the uterine EVs in the mare. Therefore, the present study aimed at characterizing EVs from uterine lavage of cyclic mares by comparing five EVs isolation methods and the combination of them: (1) ultracentrifugation (UC); (2) concentration of lavage volume by Centricon ultrafiltration (CE); (3) the use of CE with different washing steps (phosphate-buffered saline with or without trehalose); (4) size-exclusion chromatography with iZON-qEV columns, and (5) a combination of the methods with best results based on EVs yield, purity, and protein cargo profiles. Transmission electron microscopy and Western blotting confirmed the isolation of EVs by all methods but with quantitative and qualitative differences. Mass spectrometry provided differences in protein profiles between methods, number of identified proteins, and protein classes. Our results indicate that the combination of CE/trehalose/iZON/UC is an optimal method to isolate equine uterine EVs with good yield and purity that can be applied in future studies to determine the role of equine uterine EVs in embryo-maternal interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Almiñana
- Functional Genomics Group, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland; (A.R.V.); (S.B.)
- UMR85 PRC, INRAE, CNRS 7247, Université de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Alba Rudolf Vegas
- Functional Genomics Group, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland; (A.R.V.); (S.B.)
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Department for Farm Animals, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.T.); (M.H.); (H.B.)
| | - Muhittin Tekin
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Department for Farm Animals, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.T.); (M.H.); (H.B.)
| | - Mubbashar Hassan
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Department for Farm Animals, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.T.); (M.H.); (H.B.)
| | - Rustem Uzbekov
- Laboratoire Biologie Cellulaire et Microscopie Electronique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, 37032 Tours, France;
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Gene Center, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Heinrich Bollwein
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Department for Farm Animals, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.T.); (M.H.); (H.B.)
| | - Stefan Bauersachs
- Functional Genomics Group, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland; (A.R.V.); (S.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lehrich BM, Liang Y, Fiandaca MS. Foetal bovine serum influence on in vitro extracellular vesicle analyses. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12061. [PMID: 33532042 PMCID: PMC7830136 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M. Lehrich
- Medical Scientist Training ProgramUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Carnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Yaxuan Liang
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural SciencesBeijing Normal University at ZhuhaiZhuhaiChina
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Extracellular vesicles as natural therapeutic agents and innate drug delivery systems for cancer treatment: Recent advances, current obstacles, and challenges for clinical translation. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 80:340-355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
37
|
Hosseinkhani B, van den Akker NMS, Molin DGM, Michiels L. (Sub)populations of extracellular vesicles released by TNF-α -triggered human endothelial cells promote vascular inflammation and monocyte migration. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1801153. [PMID: 32944190 PMCID: PMC7480596 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1801153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial research has been devoted to discovering the translational potential of extracellular vesicles (EV) as a reliable liquid biopsy in the diagnosis and monitoring of several life-affecting diseases, including chronic inflammatory diseases (CID). So far, the role of EV in the development of CID remains largely unknown due to the lack of specific tools to separate the disease-associated EV subtypes. Therefore, this study aims to fractionate inflammation-associated EV (sub)populations using a two-step separation strategy based on their size combined with a specific inflammatory marker (ICAM-1) and to unravel their proteome signature and functional integrity at the onset of vascular inflammation. Here, we report that vascular endothelial cells upon inflammation release two heterogeneous size-based populations of EV (EV-10 K and EV-110 K) sharing a cocktail of inflammatory proteins, chemokines, and cytokines (chiefly: ICAM-1, CCL-2, CCL-4, CCL-5, IL-8 and CXCL-10). The co-enrichment of ICAM-1 and classical EV markers within these two size-based populations gave us a promising opportunity to further separate the inflammation-associated EV subpopulations, using an immuno-affinity methodology. Protein profiling of EV subpopulations highlighted that the phenotypic state of inflamed endothelial cells is preferentially mirrored in secreted medium- and large-sized ICAM-1 (+) EV. As functional players, the smaller-sized EV and especially their ICAM-1 (+) EV subpopulation promote the migration of THP-1 monocytes, whereas the large ICAM-1 (+) EV were more potent to induce ICAM-1 expression in recipient endothelial cells. This study provides new insights into the immunomodulatory content of inflammation-associated EV (sub)populations and their functional contributions to the initiation of vascular inflammation (ICAM-1 expression) and monocyte mobilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baharak Hosseinkhani
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Nynke M S van den Akker
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel G M Molin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Michiels
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Vis MAM, Ito K, Hofmann S. Impact of Culture Medium on Cellular Interactions in in vitro Co-culture Systems. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:911. [PMID: 32850750 PMCID: PMC7417654 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-culturing of cells in in vitro tissue models is widely used to study how they interact with each other. These models serve to represent a variety of processes in the human body such as development, homeostasis, regeneration, and disease. The success of a co-culture is dependent on a large number of factors which makes it a complex and ambiguous task. This review article addresses co-culturing challenges regarding the cell culture medium used in these models, in particular concerning medium composition, volume, and exchange. The effect of medium exchange on cells is often an overlooked topic but particularly important when cell communication via soluble factors and extracellular vesicles, the so-called cell secretome (CS) is being studied. Culture medium is regularly exchanged to supply new nutrients and to eliminate waste products produced by the cells. By removing medium, important CSs are also removed. After every medium change, the cells must thus restore their auto- and paracrine communication through these CSs. This review article will also discuss the possibility to integrate biosensors into co-cultures, in particular to provide real-time information regarding media composition. Overall, the manner in which culture medium is currently used will be re-evaluated. Provided examples will be on the subject of bone tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A M Vis
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Sandra Hofmann
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Composition of Caenorhabditis elegans extracellular vesicles suggests roles in metabolism, immunity, and aging. GeroScience 2020; 42:1133-1145. [PMID: 32578074 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been instrumental in the identification of evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of aging. C. elegans also has recently been found to have evolutionarily conserved extracellular vesicle (EV) signaling pathways. We have been developing tools that allow for the detailed study of EV biology in C. elegans. Here we apply our recently published method for high specificity purification of EVs from C. elegans to carry out target-independent proteomic and RNA analysis of nematode EVs. We identify diverse coding and non-coding RNA and protein cargo types commonly found in human EVs. The EV cargo spectrum is distinct from whole worms, suggesting that protein and RNA cargos are actively recruited to EVs. Gene ontology analysis revealed C. elegans EVs are enriched for extracellular-associated and signaling proteins, and network analysis indicates enrichment for metabolic, immune, and basement membrane associated proteins. Tissue enrichment and gene expression analysis suggests the secreted EV proteins are likely to be derived from intestine, muscle, and excretory tissue. An unbiased comparison of the EV proteins with a large database of C. elegans genome-wide microarray data showed significant overlap with gene sets that are associated with aging and immunity. Taken together our data suggest C. elegans could be a promising in vivo model for studying the genetics and physiology of EVs in a variety of contexts including aging, metabolism, and immune response.
Collapse
|