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Seyedaghamiri F, Geranmayeh MH, Ghadiri T, Ebrahimi-Kalan A, Hosseini L. A new insight into the role of pericytes in ischemic stroke. Acta Neurol Belg 2024; 124:767-774. [PMID: 37805645 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The functional structure of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) deteriorates after stroke by developing diffuse microvascular and neurovascular dysfunction and loss of white matter integrity. This causes nervous tissue injury and causes sensory and motor disabilities in stroke patients. Improving the integrity of the BBB and neurovascular remodeling after stroke can promote post-stroke injury conditions. Pericytes are contractile cells abundant in the BBB and sandwiched between astrocytes and endothelial cells of the microvessels. Stroke could lead to the degeneration of pericytes in the BBB. However, recent evidence shows that promoting pericytes enhances BBB integrity and neurovascular remodeling. Furthermore, pericytes achieve multipotent properties under hypoxic conditions, allowing them to transdifferentiate into the brain resident cells such as microglia. Microglia regulate immunity and inflammatory response after stroke. The current review studies recent findings in the intervening mechanisms underlying the regulatory effect of pericytes in BBB recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemehsadat Seyedaghamiri
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Tahereh Ghadiri
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abbas Ebrahimi-Kalan
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Hosseini
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Shamshiripour P, Rahnama M, Nikoobakht M, Hajiahmadi F, Moradi AR, Ahmadvand D. A dynamic study of VEGF-A siDOX-EVs trafficking through the in-vitro insert co-culture blood-brain barrier model by digital holographic microscopy. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1292083. [PMID: 38529380 PMCID: PMC10961383 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1292083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Modeling the blood-brain barrier has long been a challenge for pharmacological studies. Up to the present, numerous attempts have been devoted to recapitulating the endothelial barrier in vitro to assess drug delivery vehicles' efficiency for brain disorders. In the current work, we presented a new approach for analyzing the morphometric parameters of the cells of an insert co-culture blood-brain barrier model using rat brain astrocytes, rat brain microvascular endothelial cells, and rat brain pericytes. This analytical approach could aid in getting further information on drug trafficking through the blood-brain barrier and its impact on the brain indirectly. Methods In the current work, we cultured rat brain astrocytes, rat brain microvascular endothelial cells, and rat brain pericytes and then used an insert well to culture the cells in contact with each other to model the blood-brain barrier. Then, the morphometric parameters of the porous membrane of the insert well, as well as each cell type were imaged by digital holographic microscopy before and after cell seeding. At last, we performed folate conjugation on the surface of the EVs we have previously tested for glioma therapy in our previous work called VEGF-A siDOX-EVs and checked how the trafficking of EVs improves after folate conjugation as a clathrin-mediated delivery setup. the trafficking and passage of EVs were assessed by flow cytometry and morphometric analysis of the digital holographic microscopy holograms. Results Our results indicated that EVs successfully entered through the proposed endothelial barrier assessed by flow cytometry analysis and furthermore, folate conjugation significantly improved EV passage through the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, our results indicated that the VEGF-A siDOX-EVs insert cytotoxic impact on the cells of the bottom of the culture plate. Conclusion folate-conjugation on the surface of EVs improves their trafficking through the blood-brain barrier and by using digital holographic microscopy analysis, we could directly assess the morphometric changes of the blood-brain barrier cells for pharmacological purposes as an easy, label-free, and real-time analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Shamshiripour
- Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pathology, Shahid Beheshti Medical University (SBMU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrana Rahnama
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nikoobakht
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Hajiahmadi
- University of California San Francisco, Cellular Molecular Pharmacology School, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ali-reza Moradi
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran
- School of NanoScience, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | - Davoud Ahmadvand
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Brown LS, King NE, Courtney JM, Gasperini RJ, Foa L, Howells DW, Sutherland BA. Brain pericytes in culture display diverse morphological and functional phenotypes. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:2999-3014. [PMID: 37322257 PMCID: PMC10693527 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-023-09814-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pericytes play several important functions in the neurovascular unit including contractile control of capillaries, maintenance of the BBB, regulation of angiogenesis, and neuroinflammation. There exists a continuum of pericyte subtypes along the vascular tree which exhibit both morphological and transcriptomic differences. While different functions have been associated with the pericyte subtypes in vivo, numerous recent publications have used a primary human brain vascular pericytes (HBVP) cell line where this pericyte heterogeneity has not been considered. Here, we used primary HBVP cultures, high-definition imaging, cell motility tracking, and immunocytochemistry to characterise morphology, protein expression, and contractile behaviour to determine whether heterogeneity of pericytes also exists in cultures. We identified five distinct morphological subtypes that were defined using both qualitative criteria and quantitative shape analysis. The proportion of each subtype present within the culture changed as passage number increased, but pericytes did not change morphological subtype over short time periods. The rate and extent of cellular and membrane motility differed across the subtypes. Immunocytochemistry revealed differential expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) across subtypes. αSMA is essential for cell contractility, and consequently, only subtypes with high αSMA expression contracted in response to physiological vasoconstrictors endothelin-1 (ET1) and noradrenaline (NA). We conclude that there are distinct morphological subtypes in HBVP culture, which display different behaviours. This has significance for the use of HBVP when modelling pericyte physiology in vitro where relevance to in vivo pericyte subtypes along the vascular tree must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan S Brown
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Level 4 Medical Sciences Precinct, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Natalie E King
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Level 4 Medical Sciences Precinct, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Jo-Maree Courtney
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Level 4 Medical Sciences Precinct, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Robert J Gasperini
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Level 4 Medical Sciences Precinct, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Lisa Foa
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Level 4 Medical Sciences Precinct, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - David W Howells
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Level 4 Medical Sciences Precinct, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Brad A Sutherland
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Level 4 Medical Sciences Precinct, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia.
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Mechanisms of the "No-Reflow" Phenomenon After Acute Myocardial Infarction: Potential Role of Pericytes. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023; 8:204-220. [PMID: 36908667 PMCID: PMC9998747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes contract during myocardial ischemia resulting in capillary constriction and no reflow. Reversing pericyte contraction pharmacologically reduces no reflow and infarct size. These findings open up an entire new venue of research aimed at altering pericyte function in myocardial ischemia and infarction.
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Hibbs E, Love S, Miners JS. Pericyte Contractile Responses to Endothelin-1 and Aβ Peptides: Assessment by Electrical Impedance Assay. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:723953. [PMID: 34489644 PMCID: PMC8417582 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.723953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are vascular mural cells that contract and relax in response to vasoactive stimuli to regulate neurovascular coupling and cerebral blood flow. Pericytes are damaged and degenerate in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We previously showed that the level of the regulatory vasoconstrictor, endothelin-1 (EDN1), is elevated in AD cerebral cortex and upregulated by amyloid-beta (Aβ). We have used electrical impedance analysis to monitor the contractile and proliferative response of cultured human fetal and adult brain-derived pericytes to EDN1 in real-time. EDN1 caused transient, dose-dependent contraction of fetal and adult brain pericytes that was mediated by EDN1 type A receptors and increased the subsequent proliferation of fetal but not adult cells. The contractile responses to EDN1 were weaker in the adult pericytes. The EDN1-mediated contractile response of fetal pericytes was unchanged after exposure to Aβ1 - 40 or Aβ1 - 42 (0.1-10 μM) for 1 h but both contraction and subsequent relaxation were significantly impaired upon exposure to Aβ for 24 h. These data suggest that chronic exposure to Aβ interferes with EDN1-mediated pericyte contractility, potentially contributing to neurovascular uncoupling and reduced cerebral blood flow in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott Hibbs
- Dementia Research Group, Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Seth Love
- Dementia Research Group, Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - J Scott Miners
- Dementia Research Group, Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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