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Victor TR, Hage Z, Tsirka SE. Prophylactic administration of cannabidiol reduces microglial inflammatory response to kainate-induced seizures and neurogenesis. Neuroscience 2022; 500:1-11. [PMID: 35700815 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the dynamic innate immune cells of the central nervous system, become activated in epilepsy. The process of microglial activation in epilepsy results in the creation of an inflammatory environment around the site of seizure onset, which contributes to the epileptogenic process and epilepsy progression. Cannabidiol (CBD) has been effective for use as an adjunctive treatment for two severe pediatric seizure disorders. Newly recognized as an Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug treatment in epilepsy, it has gained in popularity primarily for pain management. Although CBD is readily available in stores and online retailers, its mechanism of action and specifically its effects on microglia and their functions are yet fully understood. In this study, we examine the effects of commercially available CBD on microglia inflammatory activation and neurogenic response, in the presence and absence of seizures. We use systemic administration of kainate to elicit seizures in mice, which are assessed behaviorally. Artisanal CBD is given in different modes of administration and timing to dissect its effect on seizure intensity, microglial activation and aberrant seizure-related neurogenesis. CBD significantly dampens microglial migration and accumulation to the hippocampus. While long term artisanal CBD use does not prevent or lessen seizure severity, CBD is a promising adjunctive partner for its ability to depress epileptogenic processes. These studies indicate that artisanal CBD is beneficial as it both decreases inflammation in the CNS and reduces the number of ectopic neurons deposited in the hippocampal area post seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya R Victor
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States
| | - Zachary Hage
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States
| | - Stella E Tsirka
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States.
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Cao Y, Sun C, Huang J, Sun P, Wang L, He S, Liao J, Lu Z, Lu Y, Zhong C. Dysfunction of the Hippocampal-Lateral Septal Circuit Impairs Risk Assessment in Epileptic Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:828891. [PMID: 35571372 PMCID: PMC9103201 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.828891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy, a chronic disease of the brain characterized by degeneration of the hippocampus, has impaired risk assessment. Risk assessment is vital for survival in complex environments with potential threats. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. The intricate balance of gene regulation and expression across different brain regions is related to the structure and function of specific neuron subtypes. In particular, excitation/inhibition imbalance caused by hyperexcitability of glutamatergic neurons and/or dysfunction of GABAergic neurons, have been implicated in epilepsy. First, we estimated the risk assessment (RA) by evaluating the behavior of mice in the center of the elevated plus maze, and found that the kainic acid-induced temporal lobe epilepsy mice were specifically impaired their RA. This experiment evaluated approach-RA, with a forthcoming approach to the open arm, and avoid-RA, with forthcoming avoidance of the open arm. Next, results from free-moving electrophysiological recordings showed that in the hippocampus, ∼7% of putative glutamatergic neurons and ∼15% of putative GABAergic neurons were preferentially responsive to either approach-risk assessment or avoid-risk assessment, respectively. In addition, ∼12% and ∼8% of dorsal lateral septum GABAergic neurons were preferentially responsive to approach-risk assessment and avoid-risk assessment, respectively. Notably, during the impaired approach-risk assessment, the favorably activated dorsal dentate gyrus and CA3 glutamatergic neurons increased (∼9%) and dorsal dentate gyrus and CA3 GABAergic neurons decreased (∼7%) in the temporal lobe epilepsy mice. Then, we used RNA sequencing and immunohistochemical staining to investigate which subtype of GABAergic neuron loss may contribute to excitation/inhibition imbalance. The results show that temporal lobe epilepsy mice exhibit significant neuronal loss and reorganization of neural networks. In particular, the dorsal dentate gyrus and CA3 somatostatin-positive neurons and dorsal lateral septum cholecystokinin-positive neurons are selectively vulnerable to damage after temporal lobe epilepsy. Optogenetic activation of the hippocampal glutamatergic neurons or chemogenetic inhibition of the hippocampal somatostatin neurons directly disrupts RA, suggesting that an excitation/inhibition imbalance in the dHPC dorsal lateral septum circuit results in the impairment of RA behavior. Taken together, this study provides insight into epilepsy and its comorbidity at different levels, including molecular, cell, neural circuit, and behavior, which are expected to decrease injury and premature mortality in patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chongyang Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianyu Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuyu He
- Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, China Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianxiang Liao
- Epilepsy Center, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhonghua Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
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Domínguez-Rivas E, Ávila-Muñoz E, Schwarzacher SW, Zepeda A. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the context of lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation: A molecular, cellular and behavioral review. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 97:286-302. [PMID: 34174334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous generation of new neurons occurs in at least two well-defined niches in the adult rodent brain. One of these areas is the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG) in the hippocampus. While the DG is associated with contextual and spatial learning and memory, hippocampal neurogenesis is necessary for pattern separation. Hippocampal neurogenesis begins with the activation of neural stem cells and culminates with the maturation and functional integration of a portion of the newly generated glutamatergic neurons into the hippocampal circuits. The neurogenic process is continuously modulated by intrinsic factors, one of which is neuroinflammation. The administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been widely used as a model of neuroinflammation and has yielded a body of evidence for unveiling the detrimental impact of inflammation upon the neurogenic process. This work aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the effects of the systemic and central administration of LPS upon the different stages of neurogenesis and discuss their effects at the molecular, cellular, and behavioral levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Domínguez-Rivas
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Evangelina Ávila-Muñoz
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Stephan W Schwarzacher
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Angélica Zepeda
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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