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McNew JF, Davis DJ, Grimsrud KN, Bryda EC. Comparison of Thermal and Mechanical Pain Testing Modalities in Sprague Dawley and Fischer 344 Rats ( Rattus norvegicus). Comp Med 2024; 74:173-178. [PMID: 39107939 PMCID: PMC11267441 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-24050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
While rodents are used extensively for studying pain, there is a lack of reported direct comparisons of thermal and mechanical pain testing methods in rats of different genetic backgrounds. Understanding the range of interindividual variability of withdrawal thresholds and thermal latencies based on these testing methods and/or genetic background is important for appropriate experimental design. Testing was performed in two common rat genetic backgrounds: outbred Sprague-Dawley (SD) and inbred Fischer 344 (F344). Male and female, 10- to 14-wk-old F344 and SD rats were used to assess withdrawal thresholds in 3 different modalities: the Randall-Selitto test (RST), Hargreaves test (HT), and tail flick test (TFT). The RST was performed by using an operator-controlled handheld instrument to generate a noxious pressure stimulus to the left hind paw. The HT and the TFT used an electronically controlled light source to deliver a noxious thermal stimulus to the left hind paw or tail tip, respectively. Rats of each sex and genetic background underwent one type of test on day 0 and day 7. Withdrawal thresholds and thermal latencies were compared among tests. No significant differences were observed. Our findings can serve as a guide for researchers considering these nociceptive tests for their experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F McNew
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Comparative Medicine Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Daniel J Davis
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Comparative Medicine Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Animal Modeling Core, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kristin N Grimsrud
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; and
| | - Elizabeth C Bryda
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Comparative Medicine Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Animal Modeling Core, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Rat Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Brécier A, Li VW, Smith CS, Halievski K, Ghasemlou N. Circadian rhythms and glial cells of the central nervous system. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:520-539. [PMID: 36352529 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells are the most abundant cells in the central nervous system and play crucial roles in neural development, homeostasis, immunity, and conductivity. Over the past few decades, glial cell activity in mammals has been linked to circadian rhythms, the 24-h chronobiological clocks that regulate many physiological processes. Indeed, glial cells rhythmically express clock genes that cell-autonomously regulate glial function. In addition, recent findings in rodents have revealed that disruption of the glial molecular clock could impact the entire organism. In this review, we discuss the impact of circadian rhythms on the function of the three major glial cell types - astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes - across different locations within the central nervous system. We also review recent evidence uncovering the impact of glial cells on the body's circadian rhythm. Together, this sheds new light on the involvement of glial clock machinery in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Brécier
- Pain Chronobiology & Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Queen's University, Botterell Hall, room 754, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Vina W Li
- Pain Chronobiology & Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Queen's University, Botterell Hall, room 754, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Chloé S Smith
- Pain Chronobiology & Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Queen's University, Botterell Hall, room 754, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Katherine Halievski
- Pain Chronobiology & Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Queen's University, Botterell Hall, room 754, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Nader Ghasemlou
- Pain Chronobiology & Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Queen's University, Botterell Hall, room 754, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, 76 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 2V7, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
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Shirakawa Y, Ohno SN, Yamagata KA, Kuramoto E, Oda Y, Nakamura TJ, Nakamura W, Sugimura M. Circadian rhythm of PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE expression in the trigeminal ganglion of mice. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1142785. [PMID: 37056311 PMCID: PMC10086191 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1142785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe trigeminal nerve conveys delicate sensations such as warmth, pain, and tactile pressure in the oral and facial regions, and most trigeminal afferent cell bodies are located in the trigeminal ganglion. Our previous study has shown that sensations in trigeminal nerve innervated areas, specifically in the maxillofacial region, exhibit diurnal variation and that sensitivity changes time-dependently. In this study, we aimed to clarify the rhythm of expression of clock gene in the trigeminal ganglion of mice to elucidate the mechanism of circadian regulation in the same area.MethodsImmunohistochemistry examined the expression of the PER2 protein in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and trigeminal ganglion of wild-type mice. To measure gene expression as bioluminescence, PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE knock-in (PER2::LUC) mice were used. Unilateral trigeminal ganglion and brain sections including the suprachiasmatic nucleus were incubated ex vivo. Bioluminescence levels were then measured using a highly sensitive photodetector. The same experiments were then conducted with Cry1 gene-deficient (Cry1−/−) or Cry2 gene-deficient (Cry2−/−) mice.ResultsIn the trigeminal ganglion, immunohistochemistry localized PER2 protein expression within the neuronal cell body. Mouse trigeminal ganglion ex vivo tissues showed distinct circadian oscillations in PER2::LUC levels in all genotypes, wild-type, Cry1−/−, and Cry2−/−. The period was shorter in the trigeminal ganglion than in the suprachiasmatic nucleus; it was shorter in Cry1−/− and longer in Cry2−/− mice than in the wild-type mice.ConclusionThe expression of Per2 in neurons of the trigeminal ganglion in ex vivo culture and the oscillation in a distinct circadian rhythm suggests that the trigeminal ganglion is responsible for the relay of sensory inputs and temporal gating through autonomous circadian oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Shirakawa
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Sachi N. Ohno
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- *Correspondence: Sachi N. Ohno,
| | - Kanae A. Yamagata
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Eriko Kuramoto
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Oda
- Department of Oral Chrono-Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro J. Nakamura
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wataru Nakamura
- Department of Oral Chrono-Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Sugimura
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Mitsutaka Sugimura,
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Bumgarner JR, McCray EW, Nelson RJ. The disruptive relationship among circadian rhythms, pain, and opioids. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1109480. [PMID: 36875657 PMCID: PMC9975345 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1109480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain behavior and the systems that mediate opioid analgesia and opioid reward processing display circadian rhythms. Moreover, the pain system and opioid processing systems, including the mesolimbic reward circuitry, reciprocally interact with the circadian system. Recent work has demonstrated the disruptive relationship among these three systems. Disruption of circadian rhythms can exacerbate pain behavior and modulate opioid processing, and pain and opioids can influence circadian rhythms. This review highlights evidence demonstrating the relationship among the circadian, pain, and opioid systems. Evidence of how disruption of one of these systems can lead to reciprocal disruptions of the other is then reviewed. Finally, we discuss the interconnected nature of these systems to emphasize the importance of their interactions in therapeutic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Bumgarner
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Evan W McCray
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Randy J Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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