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Gomes TM, Sousa P, Campos C, Perestrelo R, Câmara JS. Secondary Bioactive Metabolites from Foods of Plant Origin as Theravention Agents against Neurodegenerative Disorders. Foods 2024; 13:2289. [PMID: 39063373 PMCID: PMC11275480 DOI: 10.3390/foods13142289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) are on the rise, robbing people of their memories and independence. While risk factors such as age and genetics play an important role, exciting studies suggest that a diet rich in foods from plant origin may offer a line of defense. These kinds of foods, namely fruits and vegetables, are packed with a plethora of powerful bioactive secondary metabolites (SBMs), including terpenoids, polyphenols, glucosinolates, phytosterols and capsaicinoids, which exhibit a wide range of biological activities including antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anti-Alzheimer's, antiproliferative, and antimicrobial properties, associated with preventive effects in the development of chronic diseases mediated by oxidative stress such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, respiratory diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and NDDs. This review explores the potential of SBMs as theravention agents (metabolites with therapeutic and preventive action) against NDDs. By understanding the science behind plant-based prevention, we may be able to develop new strategies to promote brain health and prevent the rise in NDDs. The proposed review stands out by emphasizing the integration of multiple SBMs in plant-based foods and their potential in preventing NDDs. Previous research has often focused on individual compounds or specific foods, but this review aims to present a comprehensive fingerprint of how a diet rich in various SBMs can synergistically contribute to brain health. The risk factors related to NDD development and the diagnostic process, in addition to some examples of food-related products and medicinal plants that significantly reduce the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma Marisa Gomes
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, NPRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (T.M.G.); (P.S.); (C.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Patrícia Sousa
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, NPRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (T.M.G.); (P.S.); (C.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Catarina Campos
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, NPRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (T.M.G.); (P.S.); (C.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Rosa Perestrelo
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, NPRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (T.M.G.); (P.S.); (C.C.); (R.P.)
| | - José S. Câmara
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, NPRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (T.M.G.); (P.S.); (C.C.); (R.P.)
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
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Anwar MM, Pérez-Martínez L, Pedraza-Alva G. Exploring the Significance of Microglial Phenotypes and Morphological Diversity in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Mechanisms to Potential Therapeutic Targets. Immunol Invest 2024:1-56. [PMID: 38836373 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2024.2358446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Studying various microglial phenotypes and their functions in neurodegenerative diseases is crucial due to the intricate nature of their phenomics and their vital immunological role. Microglia undergo substantial phenomic changes, encompassing morphological, transcriptional, and functional aspects, resulting in distinct cell types with diverse structures, functions, properties, and implications. The traditional classification of microglia as ramified, M1 (proinflammatory), or M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotypes is overly simplistic, failing to capture the wide range of recently identified microglial phenotypes in various brain regions affected by neurodegenerative diseases. Altered and activated microglial phenotypes deviating from the typical ramified structure are significant features of many neurodegenerative conditions. Understanding the precise role of each microglial phenotype is intricate and sometimes contradictory. This review specifically focuses on elucidating recent modifications in microglial phenotypes within neurodegenerative diseases. Recognizing the heterogeneity of microglial phenotypes in diseased states can unveil novel therapeutic strategies for targeting microglia in neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, the exploration of the use of healthy isolated microglia to mitigate disease progression has provided an innovative perspective. In conclusion, this review discusses the dynamic landscape of mysterious microglial phenotypes, emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding to pave the way for innovative therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR)/Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Leonor Pérez-Martínez
- Neuroimmunobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Bioprocesses, Institute of Biotechnology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Pedraza-Alva
- Neuroimmunobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Bioprocesses, Institute of Biotechnology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Ucar EA, Ozkan E, Shomalizadeh N, Sekerdağ-Kilic E, Akpunar F, Sapanci S, Kesibi J, Ozler C, Bilgez AS, Gursoy-Ozdemir Y. Carbenoxolone mitigates extensive fibrosis formation in PLP-induced EAE model and multiple sclerosis serum-exposed pericyte culture. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1403974. [PMID: 38746079 PMCID: PMC11091252 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1403974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common causes of disability in young adults. Nearly, 85% of MS cases start with attacks and remissions, classified as relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). With repeating attacks, MS causes brain-spinal cord atrophy and enhanced disability as disease progresses. PLP-induced EAE is one of the most established models for pathophysiology and treatment of RRMS. Recent studies demonstrated the possible role of pericytes in perivascular and intra-lesional fibrosis in PLP-induced EAE, whose importance remains elusive. Hence, we have investigated the possible role of pericytes in fibrosis formation and amelioration with a hemichannel blocker, Carbenoxolone (CBX). Methods PLP-induced experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) model is used and the effect of CBX is investigated. Clinical scores were recorded and followed. Perivascular Collagen 1 and 3 accumulations were demonstrated as markers of fibrosis in the spinal cord. To delineate the role of pericytes, human brain vascular pericytes (HBVP) were incubated with the sera of MS patients to induce in-vitro MS model and the fibrosis formation was investigated. Results In the PLP induced in-vivo model, both intracerebroventricular and intraperitoneal CBX have significantly mitigated the disease progression followed by clinical scores, demyelination, and fibrosis. Moreover, CBX significantly mitigated MS-serum-induced fibrosis in the HBVP cell culture. Discussion The study demonstrated two important findings. First, CBX decreases fibrosis formation in both in-vivo and in-vitro MS models. Secondly, it improves neurological scores and decreases demyelination in the EAE model. Therefore, CBX can be potential novel therapeutic option in treating Multiple Sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ege Anil Ucar
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koҫ University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Esra Ozkan
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koҫ University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Neurology, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Narges Shomalizadeh
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koҫ University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Emine Sekerdağ-Kilic
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koҫ University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Fatmanur Akpunar
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koҫ University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Selin Sapanci
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koҫ University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Judy Kesibi
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koҫ University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ceyda Ozler
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koҫ University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Alara Su Bilgez
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koҫ University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Yasemin Gursoy-Ozdemir
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koҫ University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Neurology, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Asghari K, Niknam Z, Mohammadpour-Asl S, Chodari L. Cellular junction dynamics and Alzheimer's disease: a comprehensive review. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:273. [PMID: 38302794 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09242-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive neuronal damage and cognitive decline. Recent studies have shed light on the involvement of not only the blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction but also significant alterations in cellular junctions in AD pathogenesis. In this review article, we explore the role of the BBB and cellular junctions in AD pathology, with a specific focus on the hippocampus. The BBB acts as a crucial protective barrier between the bloodstream and the brain, maintaining brain homeostasis and regulating molecular transport. Preservation of BBB integrity relies on various junctions, including gap junctions formed by connexins, tight junctions composed of proteins such as claudins, occludin, and ZO-1, as well as adherence junctions involving molecules like vascular endothelial (VE) cadherin, Nectins, and Nectin-like molecules (Necls). Abnormalities in these junctions and junctional components contribute to impaired neuronal signaling and increased cerebrovascular permeability, which are closely associated with AD advancement. By elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms governing BBB and cellular junction dysfunctions within the context of AD, this review offers valuable insights into the pathogenesis of AD and identifies potential therapeutic targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyvan Asghari
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Zahra Niknam
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shadi Mohammadpour-Asl
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Leila Chodari
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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Shoukat S, Zia MA, Uzair M, Alsubki RA, Sajid K, Shoukat S, Attia KA, Fiaz S, Ali S, Kimiko I, Ali GM. Synergistic neuroprotection by phytocompounds of Bacopa monnieri in scopolamine-induced Alzheimer's disease mice model. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7967-7979. [PMID: 37535247 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Millions of people around the globe are affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD). This crippling condition has no treatment despite intensive studies. Some phytocompounds have been shown to protect against Alzheimer's in recent studies. METHODS Thus, this work aimed to examine Bacopa monnieri phytocompounds' synergistic effects on neurodegeneration, antioxidant activity, and cognition in the scopolamine-induced AD mice model. The toxicity study of two phytocompounds: quercetin and bacopaside X revealed an LD50 of more than 2000 mg/kg since no deaths occurred. RESULTS The neuroprotection experiment consists of 6 groups i.e., control (saline), scopolamine (1 mg/kg), donepezil (5 mg/kg), Q (25 mg/kg), BX (20 mg/kg), and Q + BX (25 mg/kg + 20 mg/kg). Visual behavioral assessment using the Morris water maze showed that animals in the diseased model group (scopolamine) moved more slowly toward the platform and exhibited greater thigmotaxis behavior than the treatment and control groups. Likewise, the concentration of biochemical NO, GSH, and MDA improved in treatment groups concerning the diseased group. mRNA levels of different marker genes including ChAT, IL-1α, IL-1 β, TNF α, tau, and β secretase (BACE1) improved in treatment groups with respect to the disease group. CONCLUSION Both bacopaside X and quercetin synergistically have shown promising results in neuroprotection. Therefore, it is suggested that Q and BX may work synergistically due to their antioxidant and neuroprotective property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehla Shoukat
- Department of Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, PARC Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, Affiliated with Quaid-e-Azam University, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Amir Zia
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Uzair
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Roua A Alsubki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kaynat Sajid
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Sana Shoukat
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kotb A Attia
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajid Fiaz
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Shaukat Ali
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Itoh Kimiko
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
- Institute of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Ikarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
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Anwar MM. The orchestrating role of deteriorating neurons and TREM-1 in crosstalk with SYK in Alzheimer's disease progression and neuroinflammation. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:2303-2310. [PMID: 37405587 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01270-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive type of neurodegenerative disease characterized by successive loss of the conventional structure and functions of neurons. In addition to dead neurons type detected within AD brain tissues, there are a predominantly varying number of deteriorating neurons (DTNs). As the number of deteriorating neurons increases, they exaggerate the release of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress that trigger the cascade of neuroinflammation. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) which is a transmembrane immune receptor type regularly expressed by phagocytic cells, may act as a stimulating factor for neuroinflammation. Once TREM-1 is activated, it directly activates spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) downstream signaling cascades, which can be considered an initiating phase for AD pathology and AD progression. Sequentially, SYK activates the pro-inflammatory microglia M1 phenotype which executes several inflammatory actions, leading to neurotoxicity. These released neurotoxins promote neuronal cell death, synaptic dysfunctions, and memory impairments. Thus, the current review outlines the direct etiological and pathologic features of Alzheimer's disease linked with deteriorating neurons, TREM-1, and SYK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Cairo, Egypt.
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Li B, Lu G, Liu W, Liao L, Ban J, Lu Z. Formulation and Evaluation of PLGA Nanoparticulate-Based Microneedle System for Potential Treatment of Neurological Diseases. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:3745-3760. [PMID: 37457799 PMCID: PMC10348379 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s415728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The tight structure of the blood-brain barrier severely limits the level of drug therapy for central nervous system disorders. In this study, a novel composite delivery system combining nanocarrier and microneedle technology was prepared to explore the possibility of transdermal delivery of drugs to work in the brain. Methods Nanoparticle solutions containing paroxetine and rhodamine-B were prepared using PLGA as a carrier by the emulsification-solvent volatilization method. Then, they were mixed with hyaluronic acid and the PLGA nanoparticulate-based microneedle system (Rh-NPs-DMNs) was prepared by a multi-step decompression-free diffusion method. The particle size, zeta potential, and micromorphology of the nano solution were measured; the appearance, mechanical strength, dissolution properties, and puncture effect of the Rh-NPs-DMNs were evaluated; also, it was evaluated for in vivo live imaging properties and in vitro skin layer transport and distribution properties. Results The mean particle size of Rh-NPs was 96.25 ± 2.26 nm; zeta potential of 15.89 ± 1.97 mV; PDI of 0.120 ± 0.079. Rh-NPs-DMNs had a high needle content of 96.11 ± 1.27% and a tip height of 651.23 ± 1.28 μm, with excellent mechanical properties (fracture force of 299.78 ± 1.74 N). H&E skin tissue staining showed that Rh-NPs-DMNs produced micron-sized mechanical pores approximately 550 μm deep immediately after drug administration, allowing for efficient circulation of the drug; and the results of in vivo imaging showed that Rh-B NPs DMNs had a faster transport rate than Rh-B DMNs, with strong fluorescent signals in both brain (P<0.01) and hippocampus (P<0.05) 48 h after drug administration. Conclusion Nanoparticles can prolong blood circulation time and intracerebral retention time and have certain brain-targeting properties due to their excellent physical properties. The use of microneedle technology combined with nanocarriers provides new ideas for delivery systems for the treatment of central neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- The Innovation Team for Integrating Pharmacy with Entrepreneurship, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Geng Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- The Innovation Team for Integrating Pharmacy with Entrepreneurship, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liqi Liao
- The Innovation Team for Integrating Pharmacy with Entrepreneurship, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Ban
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- The Innovation Team for Integrating Pharmacy with Entrepreneurship, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhufen Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Anwar MM, Mabrouk AA. Hepatic and cardiac implications of increased toxic amyloid-beta serum level in lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation in rats: new insights into alleviating therapeutic interventions. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:1257-1277. [PMID: 37017850 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a devastating predisposing factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). A number of clinical findings have reported peripheral disorders among AD patients. Amyloid beta (Aβ) is a toxic physiological aggregate that serves as a triggering factor for hepatic and cardiac disorders related to neurotoxicity. As a drawback of Aβ excessive accumulation in the brain, part of Aβ is believed to readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) into the peripheral circulation resulting in serious inflammatory and toxic cascades acting as a direct bridge to cardiac and hepatic pathophysiology. The main aim is to find out whether neuroinflammation-related AD may result in cardiac and liver dysfunctions. Potential therapeutic interventions are also suggested to alleviate AD's cardiac and hepatic defects. Male rats were divided into: control group I, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-neuroinflammatory-induced group II, LPS-neuroinflammatory-induced group treated with sodium hydrogen sulphide donor (NaHS) (group III), and LPS-neuroinflammatory-induced group treated with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (group IV). Behavior and histopathological studies were conducted in addition to the estimation of different biological biomarkers. It was revealed that the increased toxic Aβ level in blood resulted in cardiac and hepatic malfunctions as a drawback of exaggerated inflammatory cascades. The administration of NaHS and MSCs proved their efficiency in combating neuroinflammatory drawbacks by hindering cardiac and hepatic dysfunctions. The consistent direct association of decreased heart and liver functions with increased Aβ levels highlights the direct involvement of AD in other organ complications. Thereby, these findings will open new avenues for combating neuroinflammatory-related AD and long-term asymptomatic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR)/Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Abeer A Mabrouk
- Department of Biochemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR)/Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Cairo, Egypt
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Anwar MM. The emerging mechanism behind viral infections and extracellular vesicles hypotheses leading to neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease pathology. IBRAIN 2023; 9:63-71. [PMID: 37786515 PMCID: PMC10529198 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of repeated and intense research, the etiology of sudden Alzheimer's disease (AD) symptoms is still unclear. AD progressive pathology mainly involves neuron damage, depositions of amyloid-beta (Aβ), and hyperphosphorylated tau protein. All these defects are manifested by exaggerated cytokine storm and neuroinflammation leading to irreversible brain damage in the long term. Despite the numerous risks and drawbacks associated with AD, it is believed that there is a hidden unknown causative and predisposing factors for AD. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles released by cells as a type of intercellular communication. Several pieces of evidence support the inclusion of viral components within EVs facilitating their penetration into the blood-brain barrier leading to neuroinflammation. In light of the SARS-CoV-19 pandemic and its related neurological complications, it is mandatory to highlight the possibility and viability of viral infections such as varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) on the onset of AD. Herein, the author is investigating the potential role of VZV and HSV along with highlighting the suggested route of pathogenesis entry resulting in AD manifestations. Additionally, this review aims to summarize the role of EVs in mediating the central nervous system viral infections leading to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M. Anwar
- Department of BiochemistryNational Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR)/Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA)CairoEgypt
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Anwar MM, Fathi MH. Early approaches of YKL-40 as a biomarker and therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2023; 13:85-99. [PMID: 36644988 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2022-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate whether the estimation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain YKL-40 levels may be used as an efficient biomarker for Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods: Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) was injected into the right substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Rats were divided into: control group, early LPS-induced PD group (14 days), and advanced LPS-induced PD group (28 days). YKL-40 and other related factors were detected in CSF and brain tissue. Results: Increased expression of YKL-40 was observed in brain tissue and CSF of PD-induced rats associated with triggered inflammatory cytokine release. Conclusion: The current study was limited to detecting YKL-40 and other inflammatory factors in brain and CSF. YKL-40 may be considered as an early biomarker and therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, National Organization for Drug Control & Research (NODCAR)/Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Fathi
- Department of Nucleic Acid & Protein structure, Center of Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Cairo, Egypt
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