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Di Fiore JM, Liu G, Loparo KA, Bearer CF. The effect of early postnatal auditory stimulation on outcomes in preterm infants. Pediatr Res 2024; 96:1389-1396. [PMID: 38909158 PMCID: PMC11624134 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Preterm infants are deprived of in utero sensory stimulation during the third trimester, an important period of central nervous system development. As a result, maturational trajectories are often reduced in infants born preterm. One such system affected is the brain including the auditory and respiratory control pathways. During normal pregnancy the intrauterine environment attenuates external auditory stimuli while exposing the fetus to filtered maternal voice, intra-abdominal sounds, and external stimuli. In contrast, during the third trimester of development, preterm infants are exposed to a vastly different soundscape including non-attenuated auditory sounds and a lack of womb related stimuli, both of which may affect postnatal brain maturation. Therefore, fostering a nurturing postnatal auditory environment during hospitalization may have a significant impact on related outcomes of preterm infants. Studies using a range of postnatal auditory stimulations have suggested that exposure to sounds or lack thereof can have a significant impact on outcomes. However, studies are inconsistent with sound levels, duration of exposure to auditory stimuli, and the gestational age at which infants are exposed. IMPACT: Auditory stimulation can provide a low cost and low risk intervention to stabilize respiration, improve neuronal maturation and reduce long-term sequelae in preterm infants. The potential benefits of auditory stimulation are dependent on the type of sound, the duration of exposure and age at time of exposure. Future studies should focus on the optimal type and duration of sound exposure and postnatal developmental window to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliann M Di Fiore
- Dept of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44016, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, 44016, USA
| | - Gloria Liu
- Dept of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44016, USA
| | - Kenneth A Loparo
- ISSACS: Institute for Smart, Secure and Connected Systems, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Cynthia F Bearer
- Dept of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44016, USA.
- Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, 44016, USA.
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Filippa M, Kuhn P. Early parental vocal contact in neonatal units: rationale and clinical guidelines for implementation. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1441576. [PMID: 39410994 PMCID: PMC11473331 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1441576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper aims to present clear and evidence-based proposals for the integration of Early Parental Vocal Contact into the clinical practices of neonatal units. In the first part, we present a comprehensive rationale exploring the ontogenesis of voice perception in both term and preterm newborns that establishes a foundational understanding. This knowledge serves as a crucial starting point for developing evidence-based auditory and multisensory interventions aimed at fostering the developmental trajectory of preterm infants. Drawing insights from neuroscience and brain development, our proposals underscore the significance of tailoring auditory environments within neonatal settings. Special attention is given to the unique needs of preterm infants, factoring in their gestational age and maturation levels. In the second part clinical guidelines for implementation are provided and healthcare professionals are supported to assist parents in modulating their vocal interactions, aligning them with the infant's responses. Furthermore, we provide practical suggestions for engaging in discussions with parents about the content, duration, and frequency of vocal interventions. Finally, we delve into the potential roles of caregivers, parents, and health professionals within this enriched parental vocal interactional environment. Our perspective is firmly grounded in an infant and family-centered developmental care philosophy, aiming to enhance the overall well-being and the neurodevelopment of preterm infants in neonatal units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Filippa
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Kuhn
- Department of Neonatal Medicine, Hautepierre Hospital University Hospital, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
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Gorina-Careta N, Arenillas-Alcón S, Puertollano M, Mondéjar-Segovia A, Ijjou-Kadiri S, Costa-Faidella J, Gómez-Roig MD, Escera C. Exposure to bilingual or monolingual maternal speech during pregnancy affects the neurophysiological encoding of speech sounds in neonates differently. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1379660. [PMID: 38841122 PMCID: PMC11150635 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1379660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Exposure to maternal speech during the prenatal period shapes speech perception and linguistic preferences, allowing neonates to recognize stories heard frequently in utero and demonstrating an enhanced preference for their mother's voice and native language. Yet, with a high prevalence of bilingualism worldwide, it remains an open question whether monolingual or bilingual maternal speech during pregnancy influence differently the fetus' neural mechanisms underlying speech sound encoding. Methods In the present study, the frequency-following response (FFR), an auditory evoked potential that reflects the complex spectrotemporal dynamics of speech sounds, was recorded to a two-vowel /oa/ stimulus in a sample of 129 healthy term neonates within 1 to 3 days after birth. Newborns were divided into two groups according to maternal language usage during the last trimester of gestation (monolingual; bilingual). Spectral amplitudes and spectral signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) at the stimulus fundamental (F0) and first formant (F1) frequencies of each vowel were, respectively, taken as measures of pitch and formant structure neural encoding. Results Our results reveal that while spectral amplitudes at F0 did not differ between groups, neonates from bilingual mothers exhibited a lower spectral SNR. Additionally, monolingually exposed neonates exhibited a higher spectral amplitude and SNR at F1 frequencies. Discussion We interpret our results under the consideration that bilingual maternal speech, as compared to monolingual, is characterized by a greater complexity in the speech sound signal, rendering newborns from bilingual mothers more sensitive to a wider range of speech frequencies without generating a particularly strong response at any of them. Our results contribute to an expanding body of research indicating the influence of prenatal experiences on language acquisition and underscore the necessity of including prenatal language exposure in developmental studies on language acquisition, a variable often overlooked yet capable of influencing research outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natàlia Gorina-Careta
- Brainlab – Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Departament de Psicologia Clinica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociènces, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Arenillas-Alcón
- Brainlab – Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Departament de Psicologia Clinica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociènces, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Puertollano
- Brainlab – Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Departament de Psicologia Clinica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociènces, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Mondéjar-Segovia
- Brainlab – Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Departament de Psicologia Clinica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociènces, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Siham Ijjou-Kadiri
- Brainlab – Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Departament de Psicologia Clinica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociènces, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Costa-Faidella
- Brainlab – Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Departament de Psicologia Clinica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociènces, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Dolores Gómez-Roig
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- BCNatal – Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Hospital Clínic), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Escera
- Brainlab – Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Departament de Psicologia Clinica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociènces, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Filippa M, Nardelli M, Sansavini A, Meloni S, Picciolini O, Lunardi C, Cecchi A, Corvaglia L, Grandjean D, Scilingo EP, Della Casa E, Berardi A, Ferrari F. Maternal singing sustains preterm hospitalized newborns' autonomic nervous system maturation: an RCT. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:1110-1116. [PMID: 38057574 PMCID: PMC10920191 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02932-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premature birth is known to affect the newborn's autonomic nervous system (ANS) maturation, with potential short and long-term impact on their neurobehavioral development. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of maternal directed singing and speaking on the preterm infants' autonomic nervous system (ANS) maturation as measured by the heart rate variability (HRV) parameters. METHODS In this multi-center randomized clinical trial, 30 stable preterm infants (m = 29,6 weeks of gestational age), without any abnormalities were randomized into an intervention (16) or a control group (14). HRV was measured weekly, for a total of 80 recordings during hospitalization, as well as before and after each session of singing or speaking. RESULTS The intervention group showed a significant increase of the percentage value of HRV power in the high frequency range when compared to the control group (p = 0.044). More specifically, the maternal singing significantly increased the high frequency power and decreased the low/high frequency power ratio (p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS The preterm infant's vagal activity significantly increased in the intervention group, potentially enhancing their ANS maturation. The effect is specifically evidenced in the singing condition. IMPACT Maternal singing affects the autonomic nervous system maturation of preterm hospitalized newborns in the NICU. No previous studies investigated how early vocal parental intervention can affect preterm infants developement, throught their autonomic nervous system maturation. Early Vocal Contact as an early intervention involving parents has a positive impact on preterm infant's development and it can be easily implemented in the care of preterm infants. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04759573, retrospectively registered, 17 February 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Filippa
- Division of Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, 24, rue General Dufour, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Mimma Nardelli
- Bioengineering and Robotics Research Centre E. Piaggio and Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sansavini
- Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Meloni
- Pediatric Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza, 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Odoardo Picciolini
- Pediatric Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza, 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Lunardi
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Careggi University Hospital of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cecchi
- Division of Neonatology, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence School of Medicine, Florence, Italy
| | - Luigi Corvaglia
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS AOU Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Didier Grandjean
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, 24, rue General Dufour, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Enzo Pasquale Scilingo
- Bioengineering and Robotics Research Centre E. Piaggio and Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Della Casa
- Women's and Children's Health Department, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Alberto Berardi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Mother, Children and Adults, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ferrari
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Mother, Children and Adults, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
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Arenillas-Alcón S, Ribas-Prats T, Puertollano M, Mondéjar-Segovia A, Gómez-Roig MD, Costa-Faidella J, Escera C. Prenatal daily musical exposure is associated with enhanced neural representation of speech fundamental frequency: Evidence from neonatal frequency-following responses. Dev Sci 2023; 26:e13362. [PMID: 36550689 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fetal hearing experiences shape the linguistic and musical preferences of neonates. From the very first moment after birth, newborns prefer their native language, recognize their mother's voice, and show a greater responsiveness to lullabies presented during pregnancy. Yet, the neural underpinnings of this experience inducing plasticity have remained elusive. Here we recorded the frequency-following response (FFR), an auditory evoked potential elicited to periodic complex sounds, to show that prenatal music exposure is associated to enhanced neural encoding of speech stimuli periodicity, which relates to the perceptual experience of pitch. FFRs were recorded in a sample of 60 healthy neonates born at term and aged 12-72 hours. The sample was divided into two groups according to their prenatal musical exposure (29 daily musically exposed; 31 not-daily musically exposed). Prenatal exposure was assessed retrospectively by a questionnaire in which mothers reported how often they sang or listened to music through loudspeakers during the last trimester of pregnancy. The FFR was recorded to either a /da/ or an /oa/ speech-syllable stimulus. Analyses were centered on stimuli sections of identical duration (113 ms) and fundamental frequency (F0 = 113 Hz). Neural encoding of stimuli periodicity was quantified as the FFR spectral amplitude at the stimulus F0 . Data revealed that newborns exposed daily to music exhibit larger spectral amplitudes at F0 as compared to not-daily musically-exposed newborns, regardless of the eliciting stimulus. Our results suggest that prenatal music exposure facilitates the tuning to human speech fundamental frequency, which may support early language processing and acquisition. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Frequency-following responses to speech were collected from a sample of neonates prenatally exposed to music daily and compared to neonates not-daily exposed to music. Neonates who experienced daily prenatal music exposure exhibit enhanced frequency-following responses to the periodicity of speech sounds. Prenatal music exposure is associated with a fine-tuned encoding of human speech fundamental frequency, which may facilitate early language processing and acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Arenillas-Alcón
- Brainlab - Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Teresa Ribas-Prats
- Brainlab - Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Puertollano
- Brainlab - Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Mondéjar-Segovia
- Brainlab - Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Gómez-Roig
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Catalonia, Spain
- BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Hospital Clínic), University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Costa-Faidella
- Brainlab - Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carles Escera
- Brainlab - Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Catalonia, Spain
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Paula V, Vesa P, Anastasia G, Anja T, Laurel J T, Teija K. Beneficial effects of a music listening intervention on neural speech processing in 0-28-month-old children at risk for dyslexia. Dev Sci 2023; 26:e13426. [PMID: 37350469 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Familial risk for developmental dyslexia can compromise auditory and speech processing and subsequent language and literacy development. According to the phonological deficit theory, supporting phonological development during the sensitive infancy period could prevent or ameliorate future dyslexic symptoms. Music is an established method for supporting auditory and speech processing and even language and literacy, but no previous studies have investigated its benefits for infants at risk for developmental language and reading disorders. We pseudo-randomized N∼150 infants at risk for dyslexia to vocal or instrumental music listening interventions at 0-6 months, or to a no-intervention control group. Music listening was used as an easy-to-administer, cost-effective intervention in early infancy. Mismatch responses (MMRs) elicited by speech-sound changes were recorded with electroencephalogram (EEG) before (at birth) and after (at 6 months) the intervention and at a 28 months follow-up. We expected particularly the vocal intervention to promote phonological development, evidenced by enhanced speech-sound MMRs and their fast maturation. We found enhanced positive MMR amplitudes in the vocal music listening intervention group after but not prior to the intervention. Other music activities reported by parents did not differ between the three groups, indicating that the group effects were attributable to the intervention. The results speak for the use of vocal music in early infancy to support speech processing and subsequent language development in infants at developmental risk. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Dyslexia-risk infants were pseudo-randomly assigned to a vocal or instrumental music listening intervention at home from birth to 6 months of age. Neural mismatch responses (MMRs) to speech-sound changes were enhanced in the vocal music intervention group after but not prior to the intervention. Even passive vocal music listening in early infancy can support phonological development known to be deficient in dyslexia-risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virtala Paula
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and Brain, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Putkinen Vesa
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and Brain, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Gallen Anastasia
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and Brain, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thiede Anja
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and Brain, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Trainor Laurel J
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- McMaster Institute for Music and the Mind, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kujala Teija
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and Brain, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Hervé E, Mento G, Desnous B, François C. Challenges and new perspectives of developmental cognitive EEG studies. Neuroimage 2022; 260:119508. [PMID: 35882267 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite shared procedures with adults, electroencephalography (EEG) in early development presents many specificities that need to be considered for good quality data collection. In this paper, we provide an overview of the most representative early cognitive developmental EEG studies focusing on the specificities of this neuroimaging technique in young participants, such as attrition and artifacts. We also summarize the most representative results in developmental EEG research obtained in the time and time-frequency domains and use more advanced signal processing methods. Finally, we briefly introduce three recent standardized pipelines that will help promote replicability and comparability across experiments and ages. While this paper does not claim to be exhaustive, it aims to give a sufficiently large overview of the challenges and solutions available to conduct robust cognitive developmental EEG studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Hervé
- CNRS, LPL, Aix-Marseille University, 5 Avenue Pasteur, Aix-en-Provence 13100, France
| | - Giovanni Mento
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy; Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Béatrice Desnous
- APHM, Reference Center for Rare Epilepsies, Timone Children Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13005, France; Inserm, INS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Clément François
- CNRS, LPL, Aix-Marseille University, 5 Avenue Pasteur, Aix-en-Provence 13100, France.
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