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Khursandov J, Mashalov R, Makhkamov M, Turgunboev F, Sharipov A, Razzokov J. Exploring α-synuclein stability under the external electrostatic fields: Effect of repeat unit. J Struct Biol 2024; 216:108109. [PMID: 38964522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2024.108109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a category of neurodegenerative disorders (ND) that currently lack comprehensive and definitive treatment strategies. The etiology of PD can be attributed to the presence and aggregation of a protein known as α-synuclein. Researchers have observed that the application of an external electrostatic field holds the potential to induce the separation of the fibrous structures into peptides. To comprehend this phenomenon, our investigation involved simulations conducted on the α-synuclein peptides through the application of Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation techniques under the influence of a 0.1 V/nm electric field. The results obtained from the MD simulations revealed that in the presence of external electric field, the monomer and oligomeric forms of α-synuclein are experienced significant conformational changes which could prevent them from further aggregation. However, as the number of peptide units in the model system increases, forming trimers and tetramers, the stability against the electric field also increases. This enhanced stability in larger aggregates indicates a critical threshold in α-synuclein assembly where the electric field's effectiveness in disrupting the aggregation diminishes. Therefore, our findings suggest that early diagnosis and intervention could be crucial in preventing PD progression. When α-synuclein predominantly exists in its monomeric or dimeric form, applying even a lower electric field could effectively disrupt the initial aggregation process. Inhibition of α-synuclein fibril formation at early stages might serve as a viable solution to combat PD by halting the formation of more stable and pathogenic α-synuclein fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javokhir Khursandov
- Department of Physics, National University of Uzbekistan, Universitet 4, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan; Laboratory of Experimental Biophysics, Centre for Advanced Technologies, Universitet 7, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan
| | - Rasulbek Mashalov
- Department of Physics, National University of Uzbekistan, Universitet 4, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan; Laboratory of Experimental Biophysics, Centre for Advanced Technologies, Universitet 7, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan
| | - Mukhriddin Makhkamov
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Uzbekistan, Universitet 4, 100174 Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Department of Information Technologies, Tashkent International University of Education, Imom Bukhoriy 6, Tashkent 100207, Uzbekistan
| | - Farkhad Turgunboev
- Department of Physics, National University of Uzbekistan, Universitet 4, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan
| | - Avez Sharipov
- Depatment of Inorganic, Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Oybek Street 45, Tashkent 100015, Uzbekistan
| | - Jamoliddin Razzokov
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Research, National Research University TIIAME, Kori Niyoziy 39, Tashkent 100000, Uzbekistan; Department of Natural Sciences, Shakhrisabz State Pedagogical Institute, Shakhrisabz Street 10, Kashkadarya 181301, Uzbekistan; Department of Biotechnology, Tashkent State Technical University, Universitet 2, Tashkent 100095, Uzbekistan
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Yi LX, Tan EK, Zhou ZD. Tyrosine Hydroxylase Inhibitors and Dopamine Receptor Agonists Combination Therapy for Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4643. [PMID: 38731862 PMCID: PMC11083272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
There are currently no disease-modifying therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with dopaminergic neuronal loss. There is increasing evidence that endogenous dopamine (DA) can be a pathological factor in neurodegeneration in PD. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the key rate-limiting enzyme for DA generation. Drugs that inhibit TH, such as alpha-methyltyrosine (α-MT), have recently been shown to protect against neurodegeneration in various PD models. DA receptor agonists can activate post-synaptic DA receptors to alleviate DA-deficiency-induced PD symptoms. However, DA receptor agonists have no therapeutic effects against neurodegeneration. Thus, a combination therapy with DA receptor agonists plus TH inhibitors may be an attractive therapeutic approach. TH inhibitors can protect and promote the survival of remaining dopaminergic neurons in PD patients' brains, whereas DA receptor agonists activate post-synaptic DA receptors to alleviate PD symptoms. Additionally, other PD drugs, such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and anticholinergic drugs, may be used as adjunctive medications to improve therapeutic effects. This multi-drug cocktail may represent a novel strategy to protect against progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration and alleviate PD disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xiao Yi
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore;
| | - Eng King Tan
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore;
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore
- Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Zhi Dong Zhou
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore;
- Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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Terada T, Bunai T, Hashizume T, Matsudaira T, Yokokura M, Takashima H, Konishi T, Obi T, Ouchi Y. Neuroinflammation following anti-parkinsonian drugs in early Parkinson's disease: a longitudinal PET study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4708. [PMID: 38409373 PMCID: PMC10897150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The progression of neuroinflammation after anti-parkinsonian therapy on the Parkinson's disease (PD) brain and in vivo evidence of the therapy purporting neuroprotection remain unclear. To elucidate this, we examined changes in microglial activation, nigrostriatal degeneration, and clinical symptoms longitudinally after dopamine replacement therapy in early, optimally-controlled PD patients with and without zonisamide treatment using positron emission tomography (PET). We enrolled sixteen PD patients (Hoehn and Yahr stage 1-2), and age-matched normal subjects. PD patients were randomly divided into two groups: one (zonisamide+) that did and one (zonisamide-) that did not undergo zonisamide therapy. Annual changes in neuroinflammation ([11C]DPA713 PET), dopamine transporter availability ([11C]CFT PET) and clinical severity were examined. Voxelwise differentiations in the binding of [11C]DPA713 (BPND) and [11C]CFT (SUVR) were compared with normal data and between the zonisamide+ and zonisamide- PD groups. The cerebral [11C]DPA713 BPND increased with time predominantly over the parieto-occipital region in PD patients. Comparison of the zonisamide+ group with the zonisamide- group showed lower levels in the cerebral [11C]DPA713 BPND in the zonisamide+ group. While the striatal [11C]CFT SUVR decreased longitudinally, the [11C]CFT SUVR in the nucleus accumbens showed a higher binding in the zonisamide+ group. A significant annual increase in attention score were found in the zonisamide+ group. The current results indicate neuroinflammation proceeds to the whole brain even after anti-parkinsonian therapy, but zonisamide coadministration might have the potential to ameliorate proinflammatory responses, exerting a neuroprotective effect in more damaged nigrostriatal regions with enhanced attention in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Terada
- Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Bunai
- Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Takanori Hashizume
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsudaira
- Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masamichi Yokokura
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Takashima
- Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Konishi
- Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Shizuoka Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Obi
- Department of Neurology, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Ouchi
- Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan.
- Hamamatsu Medical Imaging Center, Hamamatsu Medical Photonics Foundation, Hamamatsu, Japan.
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Zhou ZD, Yi LX, Wang DQ, Lim TM, Tan EK. Role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:44. [PMID: 37718439 PMCID: PMC10506345 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A pathological feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and decreased dopamine (DA) content in the substantia nigra pars compacta in PD brains. DA is the neurotransmitter of dopaminergic neurons. Accumulating evidence suggests that DA interacts with environmental and genetic factors to contribute to PD pathophysiology. Disturbances of DA synthesis, storage, transportation and metabolism have been shown to promote neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in various PD models. DA is unstable and can undergo oxidation and metabolism to produce multiple reactive and toxic by-products, including reactive oxygen species, DA quinones, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde. Here we summarize and highlight recent discoveries on DA-linked pathophysiologic pathways, and discuss the potential protective and therapeutic strategies to mitigate the complications associated with DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Dong Zhou
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.
- Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Ling Xiao Yi
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Dennis Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Tit Meng Lim
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Eng King Tan
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608, Singapore.
- Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
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Gori SS, Thomas AG, Pal A, Wiseman R, Ferraris DV, Gao RD, Wu Y, Alt J, Tsukamoto T, Slusher BS, Rais R. D-DOPA Is a Potent, Orally Bioavailable, Allosteric Inhibitor of Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102018. [PMID: 36297453 PMCID: PMC9608075 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate carboxypeptidase-II (GCPII) is a zinc-dependent metalloenzyme implicated in numerous neurological disorders. The pharmacophoric requirements of active-site GCPII inhibitors makes them highly charged, manifesting poor pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. Herein, we describe the discovery and characterization of catechol-based inhibitors including L-DOPA, D-DOPA, and caffeic acid, with sub-micromolar potencies. Of these, D-DOPA emerged as the most promising compound, with good metabolic stability, and excellent PK properties. Orally administered D-DOPA yielded high plasma exposures (AUCplasma = 72.7 nmol·h/mL) and an absolute oral bioavailability of 47.7%. Unfortunately, D-DOPA brain exposures were low with AUCbrain = 2.42 nmol/g and AUCbrain/plasma ratio of 0.03. Given reports of isomeric inversion of D-DOPA to L-DOPA via D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO), we evaluated D-DOPA PK in combination with the DAAO inhibitor sodium benzoate and observed a >200% enhancement in both plasma and brain exposures (AUCplasma = 185 nmol·h/mL; AUCbrain = 5.48 nmol·h/g). Further, we demonstrated GCPII target engagement; orally administered D-DOPA with or without sodium benzoate caused significant inhibition of GCPII activity. Lastly, mode of inhibition studies revealed D-DOPA to be a noncompetitive, allosteric inhibitor of GCPII. To our knowledge, this is the first report of D-DOPA as a distinct scaffold for GCPII inhibition, laying the groundwork for future optimization to obtain clinically viable candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadakatali S. Gori
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ajit G. Thomas
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Arindom Pal
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robyn Wiseman
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dana V. Ferraris
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Run-duo Gao
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ying Wu
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jesse Alt
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence: (B.S.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Rana Rais
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence: (B.S.S.); (R.R.)
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