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Saleem A, Javed M, Akhtar MF, Sharif A, Akhtar B, Naveed M, Saleem U, Baig MMFA, Zubair HM, Bin Emran T, Saleem M, Ashraf GM. Current Updates on the Role of MicroRNA in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Gene Ther 2024; 24:122-134. [PMID: 37861022 DOI: 10.2174/0115665232261931231006103234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small noncoding RNAs that play a significant role in the regulation of gene expression. The literature has explored the key involvement of miRNAs in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases (NDD), such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). The miRNA regulates various signalling pathways; its dysregulation is involved in the pathogenesis of NDD. OBJECTIVE The present review is focused on the involvement of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of NDD and their role in the treatment or management of NDD. The literature provides comprehensive and cutting-edge knowledge for students studying neurology, researchers, clinical psychologists, practitioners, pathologists, and drug development agencies to comprehend the role of miRNAs in the NDD's pathogenesis, regulation of various genes/signalling pathways, such as α-synuclein, P53, amyloid-β, high mobility group protein (HMGB1), and IL-1β, NMDA receptor signalling, cholinergic signalling, etc. Methods: The issues associated with using anti-miRNA therapy are also summarized in this review. The data for this literature were extracted and summarized using various search engines, such as Google Scholar, Pubmed, Scopus, and NCBI using different terms, such as NDD, PD, AD, HD, nanoformulations of mRNA, and role of miRNA in diagnosis and treatment. RESULTS The miRNAs control various biological actions, such as neuronal differentiation, synaptic plasticity, cytoprotection, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and chaperone-mediated autophagy, and neurite growth in the central nervous system and diagnosis. Various miRNAs are involved in the regulation of protein aggregation in PD and modulating β-secretase activity in AD. In HD, mutation in the huntingtin (Htt) protein interferes with Ago1 and Ago2, thus affecting the miRNA biogenesis. Currently, many anti-sense technologies are in the research phase for either inhibiting or promoting the activity of miRNA. CONCLUSION This review provides new therapeutic approaches and novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of NDDs by using miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammara Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Maira Javed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Furqan Akhtar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, 5400, Pakistan
| | - Ali Sharif
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Allied Health Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Uzma Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | | | - Hafiz Muhammad Zubair
- Post Graduate Medical College, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong-4381, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Sharjah, College of Health Sciences, and Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, Sharjah 27272, UAE
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Sorouri F, Hosseini P, Sharifzadeh M, Kiani S, Khoobi M. In Situ Cross-Linkable Hyaluronic-Ferulic Acid Conjugate Containing Bucladesine Nanoparticles Promotes Neural Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:42251-42270. [PMID: 37647536 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctional clinical outcomes following spinal cord injury (SCI) result from glial scar formation, leading to the inhibition of new axon growth and impaired regeneration. Nevertheless, nerve regeneration after SCI is possible, provided that the state of neuron development in the injured environment is improved. Hence, biomaterial-based therapy would be a promising strategy to endow a desirable environment for tissue repair. Herein, we designed a novel multifunctional injectable hydrogel with antioxidant, neuroprotective, and neuroregenerative effects. Bucladesine-encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles (BCS NPs) were first prepared and embedded in a matrix of thiol-functionalized hyaluronic acid modified with ferulic acid (HASH-FA). The target hydrogel (HSP-F/BCS) was then created through Michael-type addition between HASH-FA containing BCS NPs and four-arm polyethylene glycol-maleimide (4-Arm-PEG-Mal). The obtained hydrogel with shear thinning behavior showed viscoelastic and mechanical properties similar to the normal nerve tissue. FA conjugation significantly improved the antioxidant activity of HA, and suppressed intracellular ROS formation. In situ injection of the HSP-F/BCS hydrogel in a rat contusion model of SCI inhibited glial scar progression, reduced microglia/macrophage infiltration, promoted angiogenesis, and induced myelinated axon regeneration. As a result, a significant improvement in motor performance was observed compared to other experimental groups. Taken together, the HSP-F/BCS hydrogel developed in this study could be a promising system for SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Sorouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center (MBRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran 14176-14411, Iran
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16656-59911, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176-14411, Iran
| | - Parastoo Hosseini
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16656-59911, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176-14411, Iran
| | - Sahar Kiani
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16656-59911, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoobi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center (MBRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran 14176-14411, Iran
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176-14411, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176-14411, Iran
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Jiang X, Yu X, Chen J, Jing C, Xu L, Chen Z, Liu F, Chen L. Ferulic acid improves motor function induced by spinal cord injury in rats via inhibiting neuroinflammation and apoptosis. Acta Cir Bras 2021; 36:e360705. [PMID: 34495140 PMCID: PMC8428671 DOI: 10.1590/acb360705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effect of ferulic acid (FA) on spinal cord injury
(SCI)-induced motor dysfunction and to explore the possible pharmacological
mechanisms. Methods Adult male Wistar rats were used in our study. SCI was achieved by clipping
the spinal cord T9 of the rat by a vascular clip for 2 minutes. The motor
function of the rat was evaluated by Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scoring
method (BBB) and inclined plane test. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining,
NISSL staining, and transmission electron microscopic examination were used
to evaluate alterations at the histological level. Polymerase chain reaction
(PCR), Western blots, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were
employed in biochemical analysis. Results The BBB score and inclined plane test score significantly decreased after SCI
surgery, whereas chronic FA treatment (dose of 90 mg/kg, i.g.) for 28 days
improved SCI-induced motor dysfunction. HE staining showed that SCI surgery
induced internal spinal cord edema, but the structural changes of the spinal
cord could be reversed by FA treatment. NISSL staining and transmission
electron microscopic examination confirmed the improvement of the effect of
FA on the injury site. In the biochemical analysis, it could be found that
FA inhibitedSCI-induced mRNA and protein overexpression of pro-inflammatory
cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), as well as iNOS and COX-2 via the modulation
of NF-κB level in the spinal cord of SCI rat. Moreover, the SCI-induced
decrease of Bcl-2/Bax ratio was also reversed by FA treatment. However, the
effect of FA on the expression of Beclin-1 was not statistically
significant. Conclusions FA showed a therapeutic effect on SCI, which may be associated with the
regulation of neuroinflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jiang
- Zhejiang University Mingzhou Hospital, China
| | | | - Jin Chen
- Zhejiang University Mingzhou Hospital, China
| | | | - Lexing Xu
- Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, China
| | | | - Fuhe Liu
- Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, China
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Targeting miRNA by Natural Products: A Novel Therapeutic Approach for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6641031. [PMID: 34426744 PMCID: PMC8380168 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6641031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as multifactorial chronic liver disease and the lack of a specific treatment have begun a new era in its treatment using gene expression changes and microRNAs. This study aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of natural compounds in NAFLD by regulating miRNA expression. MicroRNAs play essential roles in regulating the cell's biological processes, such as apoptosis, migration, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and adipocyte differentiation, by controlling the posttranscriptional gene expression level. The impact of current NAFLD pharmacological management, including drug and biological therapies, is uncertain. In this context, various dietary fruits or medicinal herbal sources have received worldwide attention versus NAFLD development. Natural ingredients such as berberine, lychee pulp, grape seed, and rosemary possess protective and therapeutic effects against NAFLD by modifying the gene's expression and noncoding RNAs, especially miRNAs.
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Hussein M, Magdy R. MicroRNAs in central nervous system disorders: current advances in pathogenesis and treatment. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-021-00289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short, non-coding, regulatory RNA molecules that function as post transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Altered expression of multiple miRNAs was found to be extensively involved in the pathogenesis of different neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington’s disease. miRNAs are implicated in the pathogenesis of excitotoxicity, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and blood–brain barrier protection. Consequently, miRNAs can serve as biomarkers for different neurological disorders. In recent years, advances in the miRNA field led to identification of potentially novel prospects in the development of new therapies for incurable CNS disorders. MiRNA-based therapeutics include miRNA mimics and inhibitors that can decrease or increase the expression of target genes. Better understanding of the mechanisms by which miRNAs are implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders may provide novel targets to researchers for innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Lu J, Luo Y, Mei S, Fang Y, Zhang J, Chen S. The Effect of Melatonin Modulation of Non-coding RNAs on Central Nervous System Disorders: An Updated Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 19:3-23. [PMID: 32359338 PMCID: PMC7903498 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200503024700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone produced in and secreted by the pineal gland. Besides its role in regulating circadian rhythms, melatonin has a wide range of protective functions in the central nervous system (CNS) disorders. The mechanisms underlying this protective function are associated with the regulatory effects of melatonin on related genes and proteins. In addition to messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) that can be translated into protein, an increasing number of non-coding RNAs in the human body are proven to participate in many diseases. This review discusses the current progress of research on the effects of melatonin modulation of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNA, long ncRNA, and circular RNA. The role of melatonin in regulating common pathological mechanisms through these ncRNAs is also summarized. Furthermore, the ncRNAs, currently shown to be involved in melatonin signaling in CNS diseases, are discussed. The information compiled in this review will open new avenues for future research into melatonin mechanisms and provide a further understanding of ncRNAs in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Yujie Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Shuhao Mei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
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Rahmani A, Saleki K, Javanmehr N, Khodaparast J, Saadat P, Nouri HR. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle-based therapies protect against coupled degeneration of the central nervous and vascular systems in stroke. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 62:101106. [PMID: 32565329 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based treatments have been suggested as promising candidates for stroke. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been reported as potential therapeutics for a wide range of diseases. In particular, clinical trial studies have suggested MSCs for stroke therapy. The focus of MSC treatments has been directed towards cell replacement. However, recent research has lately highlighted their paracrine actions. The secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is offered to be the main therapeutic mechanism of MSC therapy. However, EV-based treatments may provide a wider therapeutic window compared to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), the traditional treatment for stroke. Exosomes are nano-sized EVs secreted by most cell types, and can be isolated from conditioned cell media or body fluids such as plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Exosomes apply their effects through targeting their cargos such as microRNAs (miRs), DNAs, messenger RNAs, and proteins at the host cells, which leads to a shift in the behavior of the recipient cells. It has been indicated that exosomes, in particular their functional cargoes, play a significant role in the coupled pathogenesis and recovery of stroke through affecting the neurovascular unit (NVU). Therefore, it seems that exosomes could be utilized as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in stroke treatment. The miRs are small endogenous non-coding RNA molecules which serve as the main functional cargo of exosomes, and apply their effects as epigenetic regulators. These versatile non-coding RNA molecules are involved in various stages of stroke and affect stroke-related factors. Moreover, the involvement of aging-induced changes to specific miRs profile in stroke further highlights the role of miRs. Thus, miRs could be utilized as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools in stroke. In this review, we discuss the roles of stem cells, exosomes, and their application in stroke therapy. We also highlight the usage of miRs as a therapeutic choice in stroke therapy.
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Abbaszadeh F, Fakhri S, Khan H. Targeting apoptosis and autophagy following spinal cord injury: Therapeutic approaches to polyphenols and candidate phytochemicals. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105069. [PMID: 32652198 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a neurological disorder associated with the loss of sensory and motor function. Understanding the precise dysregulated signaling pathways, especially apoptosis and autophagy following SCI, is of vital importance in developing innovative therapeutic targets and treatments. The present study lies in the fact that it reveals the precise dysregulated signaling mediators of apoptotic and autophagic pathways following SCI and also examines the effects of polyphenols and other candidate phytochemicals. It provides new insights to develop new treatments for post-SCI complications. Accordingly, a comprehensive review was conducted using electronic databases including, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Medline, along with the authors' expertise in apoptosis and autophagy as well as their knowledge about the effects of polyphenols and other phytochemicals on SCI pathogenesis. The primary mechanical injury to spinal cord is followed by a secondary cascade of apoptosis and autophagy that play critical roles during SCI. In terms of pharmacological mechanisms, caspases, Bax/Bcl-2, TNF-α, and JAK/STAT in apoptosis along with LC3 and Beclin-1 in autophagy have shown a close interconnection with the inflammatory pathways mainly glutamatergic, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, ERK/MAPK, and other cross-linked mediators. Besides, apoptotic pathways have been shown to regulate autophagy mediators and vice versa. Prevailing evidence has highlighted the importance of modulating these signaling mediators/pathways by polyphenols and other candidate phytochemicals post-SCI. The present review provides dysregulated signaling mediators and therapeutic targets of apoptotic and autophagic pathways following SCI, focusing on the modulatory effects of polyphenols and other potential phytochemical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
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Therapeutic potential of stem cells for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:1073-1101. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Do Different Species of Sargassum in Haizao Yuhu Decoction Cause Different Effects in a Rat Goiter Model? EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:5645620. [PMID: 30723515 PMCID: PMC6339761 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5645620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Sargassum species combined with Glycyrrhiza uralensis is a famous herbal pair in traditional Chinese medicine, as one of the so-called “eighteen antagonistic medicaments.” In the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, two different species of Sargassum, Sargassum pallidum and Sargassum fusiforme, are recorded but they are not clearly differentiated in clinical use. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the two species of Sargassum could result in different effects when combined with G. uralensis in Haizao Yuhu Decoction (HYD), which is used for treating thyroid-related diseases, especially goiter. HYD containing S. pallidum or S. fusiforme was administered to rats with propylthiouracil-induced goiter. After 4 weeks, pathological changes in the thyroid tissue and the relative thyroid weight indicated that HYD containing S. pallidum or S. fusiforme protected thyroid tissues from propylthiouracil damage. Neither species increased the propylthiouracil-induced decrease in serum levels of thyroid hormones. However, there were some differences in their actions, and only HYD containing S. fusiforme abated the propylthiouracil-induced elevation of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and activated thyroglobulin mRNA expression.
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Mulberrin (Mul) reduces spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in rats via miroRNA-337 by targeting Nrf-2. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:1480-1487. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injuries, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI), are important causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. MicroRNA (miRNA), small non-coding RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression, can serve as diagnostic biomarkers and are emerging as novel therapeutic targets for CNS injuries. MiRNA-based therapeutics include miRNA mimics and inhibitors (antagomiRs) to respectively decrease and increase the expression of target genes. In this review, we summarize current miRNA-based therapeutic applications in stroke, TBI and SCI. Administration methods, time windows and dosage for effective delivery of miRNA-based drugs into CNS are discussed. The underlying mechanisms of miRNA-based therapeutics are reviewed including oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, blood-brain barrier protection, angiogenesis and neurogenesis. Pharmacological agents that protect against CNS injuries by targeting specific miRNAs are presented along with the challenges and therapeutic potential of miRNA-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sun
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Da Zhi Liu
- Department of Neurology and the M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Glen C Jickling
- Department of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank R Sharp
- Department of Neurology and the M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ke-Jie Yin
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Ke-Jie Yin, Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, BST S514, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Da Zhi Liu, Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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