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Zuo Y, Zhan L, Wen H, Xue J, Tan Y, Sun W, Xu E. Stabilization of nuclear β-catenin by inhibiting KDM2A mediates cerebral ischemic tolerance. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22796. [PMID: 36723950 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic postconditioning (HPC) with 8% oxygen increases nuclear accumulation of β-catenin through activating the classical Wnt pathway, thereby alleviating transient global cerebral ischemia (tGCI)-induced neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA1 subregion of adult rats. However, little is understood about the regulatory mechanism of nuclear β-catenin in HPC-mediated cerebral ischemic tolerance. Although lysine(K)-specific demethylase 2A (KDM2A) has been known as a crucial regulator of nuclear β-catenin destabilization, whether it plays an important role through modulating nuclear β-catenin in cerebral ischemic tolerance induced by HPC remains unknown. In this study, we explored the molecular mechanism of stabilizing nuclear β-catenin by inhibiting KDM2A-mediated demethylation in the HPC-offered neuroprotection against tGCI. In addition, we confirmed that nuclear methylated-β-catenin in CA1 decreased and nuclear β-catenin turnover increased after tGCI, which were reversed by HPC. The administration with methyltransferase inhibitor AdOx abrogated HPC-induced methylation and stabilization of nuclear β-catenin in CA1, as well as the neuroprotection against tGCI. Notably, HPC downregulated the expression of KDM2A in CA1 and reduced the interaction between KDM2A and β-catenin in the nucleus after tGCI. The knockdown of KDM2A with small-interfering RNA could upregulate nuclear methylated-β-catenin and stabilize β-catenin, thereby increasing survivin in CA1 and improving the cognitive function of rats after tGCI. Opposite results were observed by the administration of KDM2A-carried adenovirus vector. Furthermore, we demonstrated that KDM2A mediates the demethylation of nuclear β-catenin through jumonji C (JmjC) domain of KDM2A in HEK-293T and SH-SY5Y cells. Our data support that the inhibition of KDM2A-mediated demethylation of nuclear β-catenin contributes to HPC-induced neuroprotection against tGCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixuan Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haixia Wen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Xue
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yafu Tan
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Weiwen Sun
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - En Xu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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The Role of PKC and HIF-1 and the Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Compounds on Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1835898. [PMID: 35265143 PMCID: PMC8898791 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1835898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal death occurs during cerebral ischemia. However, when hemoperfusion and oxygen supply are resumed to the ischemic focus of the brain tissue, the brain tissue damage is further aggravated, resulting in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) to the patients. Protein kinase C (PKC) plays an important role in CIRI. Through the IP3/DAG/Ca2+ signaling pathway, it promotes the influx of calcium ions in neurons and causes calcium overload, which aggravates the damage. At the same time, when brain cells are hypoxic, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is expressed, which regulates the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and reduces nerve cell injury. It also fights hypoxic-ischemic injury by increasing the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to promote blood vessel formation. The PKC and HIF-1 signaling pathways are also linked to CIRI. HIF-1 activates the PKC and ERK pathways via the upregulation of VEGF, leading to increased Cx43 phosphorylation and dysfunction and aggravating CIRI. Existing studies have shown that certain traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compounds regulate the PKC and HIF-1 signaling pathways and alleviate CIRI. These compounds downregulate the PKC and the activity of the PKC-related signaling pathways to alleviate CIRI. They can also promote the expression of HIF-1, increase the content of VEGF in ischemic tissues to promote the generation of blood vessels, and improve microcirculation. TCM compounds can inhibit the cascade of reactions underlying disease occurrence and development by targeting multiple components using different herbal formulations to improve the structural and material changes in the brain cells, which alleviate CIRI and protect the brain tissue. This study briefly describes the role of PKC and HIF-1, their relationship in CIRI, and the effect of TCM on them.
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Guldbrandsen HO, Staehr C, Iversen NK, Postnov DD, Matchkov VV. Does Src Kinase Mediated Vasoconstriction Impair Penumbral Reperfusion? Stroke 2021; 52:e250-e258. [PMID: 33947213 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.032737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite successful recanalization, a significant number of patients with ischemic stroke experience impaired local brain tissue reperfusion with adverse clinical outcome. The cause and mechanism of this multifactorial complication are yet to be understood. At the current moment, major attention is given to dysfunction in blood-brain barrier and capillary blood flow but contribution of exaggerated constriction of cerebral arterioles has also been suggested. In the brain, arterioles significantly contribute to vascular resistance and thus control of perfusion. Accordingly, pathological changes in arteriolar wall function can, therefore, limit sufficient reperfusion in ischemic stroke, but this has not yet received sufficient attention. Although an increased vascular tone after reperfusion has been demonstrated in several studies, the mechanism behind it remains to be characterized. Importantly, the majority of conventional mechanisms controlling vascular contraction failed to explain elevated cerebrovascular tone after reperfusion. We propose here that the Na,K-ATPase-dependent Src kinase activation are the key mechanisms responsible for elevation of cerebrovascular tone after reperfusion. The Na,K-ATPase, which is essential to control intracellular ion homeostasis, also executes numerous signaling functions. Under hypoxic conditions, the Na,K-ATPase is endocytosed from the membrane of vascular smooth muscle cells. This initiates the Src kinase signaling pathway that sensitizes the contractile machinery to intracellular Ca2+ resulting in hypercontractility of vascular smooth muscle cells and, thus, elevated cerebrovascular tone that can contribute to impaired reperfusion after stroke. This mechanism integrates with cerebral edema that was suggested to underlie impaired reperfusion and is further supported by several studies, which are discussed in this article. However, final demonstration of the molecular mechanism behind Src kinase-associated arteriolar hypercontractility in stroke remains to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Staehr
- Department of Biomedicine, MEMBRANES, Health (H.O.G., C.S., V.V.M.), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Nina Kerting Iversen
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Medicine (N.K.I.), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Dmitry D Postnov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Denmark (D.D.P.)
| | - Vladimir V Matchkov
- Department of Biomedicine, MEMBRANES, Health (H.O.G., C.S., V.V.M.), Aarhus University, Denmark
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Hao Y, Xin M, Feng L, Wang X, Wang X, Ma D, Feng J. Review Cerebral Ischemic Tolerance and Preconditioning: Methods, Mechanisms, Clinical Applications, and Challenges. Front Neurol 2020; 11:812. [PMID: 33071923 PMCID: PMC7530891 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and it is increasing in prevalence. The limited therapeutic window and potential severe side effects prevent the widespread clinical application of the venous injection of thrombolytic tissue plasminogen activator and thrombectomy, which are regarded as the only approved treatments for acute ischemic stroke. Triggered by various types of mild stressors or stimuli, ischemic preconditioning (IPreC) induces adaptive endogenous tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by activating a multitude cascade of biomolecules, for example, proteins, enzymes, receptors, transcription factors, and others, which eventually lead to transcriptional regulation and epigenetic and genomic reprogramming. During the past 30 years, IPreC has been widely studied to confirm its neuroprotection against subsequent I/R injury, mainly including local ischemic preconditioning (LIPreC), remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPreC), and cross preconditioning. Although LIPreC has a strong neuroprotective effect, the clinical application of IPreC for subsequent cerebral ischemia is difficult. There are two main reasons for the above result: Cerebral ischemia is unpredictable, and LIPreC is also capable of inducing unexpected injury with only minor differences to durations or intensity. RIPreC and pharmacological preconditioning, an easy-to-use and non-invasive therapy, can be performed in a variety of clinical settings and appear to be more suitable for the clinical management of ischemic stroke. Hoping to advance our understanding of IPreC, this review mainly focuses on recent advances in IPreC in stroke management, its challenges, and the potential study directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Hao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meiying Xin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liangshu Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Di Ma
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Tian R, Wu B, Fu C, Guo K. miR-137 prevents inflammatory response, oxidative stress, neuronal injury and cognitive impairment via blockade of Src-mediated MAPK signaling pathway in ischemic stroke. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:10873-10895. [PMID: 32496209 PMCID: PMC7346022 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible role of the microRNA (miRNA or miR) miR-137 in ischemic stroke. miRNAs are very stable in the blood and may serve as potential diagnostic and therapeutic markers. Wild-type, Src-/- and miR-137-/- mice were treated with p38 siRNA or Erk2 siRNA to identify their roles in the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, neuronal injury and cognitive impairment in brain tissues of mice following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) operation. We evaluated several factors including; inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, viability and apoptosis of astrocytes in order to identify the functions of miR-137 and Src in ischemic stroke. miR-137 alleviated the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, neuronal injury and cognitive impairment, and restricted apoptosis via targeting Src and inactivating the MAPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, up-regulation of miR-137 or inhibition of Src inhibited the secretion of inflammatory factors, suppressed oxidative stress, and reduced apoptosis of astrocytes. In conclusion, our work suggests that, in mice, miR-137 confers neuroprotective effects against ischemic stroke via attenuation of oxidative, apoptotic, and inflammatory pathways through inhibiting Src-dependent MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhui Tian
- Department of Psychology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Psychology, The Sixth People's Hospital of Changchun, Changchun 130000, P.R. China
| | - Cong Fu
- Department of Psychology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
| | - Kaimin Guo
- Department of Andrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
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Belov Kirdajova D, Kriska J, Tureckova J, Anderova M. Ischemia-Triggered Glutamate Excitotoxicity From the Perspective of Glial Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:51. [PMID: 32265656 PMCID: PMC7098326 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of neurological disorders shares a final common deadly pathway known as excitotoxicity. Among these disorders, ischemic injury is a prominent cause of death and disability worldwide. Brain ischemia stems from cardiac arrest or stroke, both responsible for insufficient blood supply to the brain parenchyma. Glucose and oxygen deficiency disrupts oxidative phosphorylation, which results in energy depletion and ionic imbalance, followed by cell membrane depolarization, calcium (Ca2+) overload, and extracellular accumulation of excitatory amino acid glutamate. If tight physiological regulation fails to clear the surplus of this neurotransmitter, subsequent prolonged activation of glutamate receptors forms a vicious circle between elevated concentrations of intracellular Ca2+ ions and aberrant glutamate release, aggravating the effect of this ischemic pathway. The activation of downstream Ca2+-dependent enzymes has a catastrophic impact on nervous tissue leading to cell death, accompanied by the formation of free radicals, edema, and inflammation. After decades of “neuron-centric” approaches, recent research has also finally shed some light on the role of glial cells in neurological diseases. It is becoming more and more evident that neurons and glia depend on each other. Neuronal cells, astrocytes, microglia, NG2 glia, and oligodendrocytes all have their roles in what is known as glutamate excitotoxicity. However, who is the main contributor to the ischemic pathway, and who is the unsuspecting victim? In this review article, we summarize the so-far-revealed roles of cells in the central nervous system, with particular attention to glial cells in ischemia-induced glutamate excitotoxicity, its origins, and consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Belov Kirdajova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Kriska
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Tureckova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Zhao CC, Jiang MY, Zhang LY, Hu YY, Hu ZJ, Zhang MY, Qi J, Su AC, Lou N, Xian XH, Zhang JG, Li WB, Zhang M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma participates in the acquisition of brain ischemic tolerance induced by ischemic preconditioning via glial glutamate transporter 1 in vivo and in vitro. J Neurochem 2019; 151:608-625. [PMID: 31314916 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Glial glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) plays a vital role in the induction of brain ischemic tolerance (BIT) by ischemic preconditioning (IPC). However, the mechanism still needs to be further explained. The aim of this study was to investigate whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) participates in regulating GLT-1 during the acquisition of BIT induced by IPC. Initially, cerebral IPC induced BIT and enhanced PPARγ and GLT-1 expression in the CA1 hippocampus in rats. The ratio of nuclear/cytoplasmic PPARγ was also increased. At the same time, the up-regulation of PPARγ expression in astrocytes in the CA1 hippocampus was revealed by double immunofluorescence for PPARγ and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Then, the mechanism by which PPARγ regulates GLT-1 was studied in rat cortical astrocyte-neuron cocultures. We found that IPC [45 min of oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)] protected neuronal survival after lethal OGD (4 h of OGD), which usually leads to neuronal death. The activation of PPARγ occurred earlier than the up-regulation of GLT-1 in astrocytes after IPC, as determined by western blot and immunofluorescence. Moreover, the preadministration of the PPARγ antagonist T0070907 or PPARγ siRNA significantly attenuated GLT-1 up-regulation and the neuroprotective effects induced by IPC in vitro. Finally, the effect of the PPARγ antagonist on GLT-1 expression and BIT was verified in vivo. We observed that the preadministration of T0070907 by intracerebroventricular injection dose-dependently attenuated the up-regulation of GLT-1 and BIT induced by cerebral IPC in rats. In conclusion, PPARγ participates in regulating GLT-1 during the acquisition of BIT induced by IPC. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14532. Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Cong Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yang Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Yan Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Jie Hu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yue Zhang
- Clinical Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - A-Chou Su
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Lou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hui Xian
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Ge Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Aging and Cognition Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Aging and Cognition Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
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Ali AAH, Stahr A, Ingenwerth M, Theis M, Steinhäuser C, von Gall C. Connexin30 and Connexin43 show a time-of-day dependent expression in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus and modulate rhythmic locomotor activity in the context of chronodisruption. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:61. [PMID: 31186021 PMCID: PMC6560876 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The astroglial connexins Cx30 and Cx43 contribute to many important CNS functions including cognitive behaviour, motoric capacity and regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. The sleep wake cycle, is controlled by the circadian system. The central circadian rhythm generator resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). SCN neurons are tightly coupled in order to generate a coherent circadian rhythm. The SCN receives excitatory glutamatergic input from the retina which mediates entrainment of the circadian system to the environmental light-dark cycle. Connexins play an important role in electric coupling of SCN neurons and astrocytic-neuronal signalling that regulates rhythmic SCN neuronal activity. However, little is known about the regulation of Cx30 and Cx43 expression in the SCN, and the role of these connexins in light entrainment of the circadian system and in circadian rhythm generation. Methods We analysed time-of-day dependent as well as circadian expression of Cx30 and Cx43 mRNA and protein in the mouse SCN by means of qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Moreover, we analysed rhythmic spontaneous locomotor activity in mice with a targeted deletion of Cx30 and astrocyte specific deletion of Cx43 (DKO) in different light regimes by means of on-cage infrared detectors. Results Fluctuation of Cx30 protein expression is strongly dependent on the light-dark cycle whereas fluctuation of Cx43 protein expression persisted in constant darkness. DKO mice entrained to the light-dark cycle. However, re-entrainment after a phase delay was slightly impaired in DKO mice. Surprisingly, DKO mice were more resilient to chronodisruption. Conclusion Circadian fluctuation of Cx30 and Cx43 protein expression in the SCN is differently regulated. Cx30 and astroglial Cx43 play a role in rhythm stability and re-entrainment under challenging conditions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-019-0370-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira A H Ali
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Merowinger Platz 1A, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Stahr
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Merowinger Platz 1A, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc Ingenwerth
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Theis
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University Bonn, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University Bonn, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Charlotte von Gall
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Merowinger Platz 1A, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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