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Liu S, Hong Y, Wang BR, Wei ZQ, Zhao HD, Jiang T, Zhang YD, Shi JQ. The presence and clinical significance of autoantibodies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a narrative review. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:4133-4149. [PMID: 38733435 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a debilitating and rapidly fatal neurodegenerative disease, which is characterized by the selective loss of the upper and lower motor neurons. The pathogenesis of ALS remains to be elucidated and has been connected to genetic, environmental and immune conditions. Evidence from clinical and experimental studies has suggested that the immune system played an important role in ALS pathophysiology. Autoantibodies are essential components of the immune system. Several autoantibodies directed at antigens associated with ALS pathogenesis have been identified in the serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid of ALS patients. The aim of this review is to summarize the presence and clinical significance of autoantibodies in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210006, PR China
| | - Ye Hong
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210006, PR China
| | - Bian-Rong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210006, PR China
| | - Zi-Qiao Wei
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211166, PR China
| | - Hong-Dong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210006, PR China
| | - Teng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210006, PR China
| | - Ying-Dong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210006, PR China
| | - Jian-Quan Shi
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210006, PR China.
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Huang TN, Shih YT, Yen TL, Hsueh YP. Vcp overexpression and leucine supplementation extend lifespan and ameliorate neuromuscular junction phenotypes of a SOD1G93A-ALS mouse model. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:935-944. [PMID: 38382647 PMCID: PMC11102594 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Many genes with distinct molecular functions have been linked to genetically heterogeneous amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), including SuperOxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1) and Valosin-Containing Protein (VCP). SOD1 converts superoxide to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. VCP acts as a chaperon to regulate protein degradation and synthesis and various other cellular responses. Although the functions of these two genes differ, in the current report we show that overexpression of wild-type VCP in mice enhances lifespan and maintains the size of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) of both male and female SOD1G93A mice, a well-known ALS mouse model. Although VCP exerts multiple functions, its regulation of ER formation and consequent protein synthesis has been shown to play the most important role in controlling dendritic spine formation and social and memory behaviors. Given that SOD1 mutation results in protein accumulation and aggregation, it may direct VCP to the protein degradation pathway, thereby impairing protein synthesis. Since we previously showed that the protein synthesis defects caused by Vcp deficiency can be improved by leucine supplementation, to confirm the role of the VCP-protein synthesis pathway in SOD1-linked ALS, we applied leucine supplementation to SOD1G93A mice and, similar to Vcp overexpression, we found that it extends SOD1G93A mouse lifespan. In addition, the phenotypes of reduced muscle strength and fewer NMJs of SOD1G93A mice are also improved by leucine supplementation. These results support the existence of crosstalk between SOD1 and VCP and suggest a critical role for protein synthesis in ASL. Our study also implies a potential therapeutic treatment for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzyy-Nan Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec 2, Academia Rd, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Tzu Shih
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec 2, Academia Rd, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tzu-Li Yen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec 2, Academia Rd, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ping Hsueh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec 2, Academia Rd, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
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Sonkodi B. Progressive Irreversible Proprioceptive Piezo2 Channelopathy-Induced Lost Forced Peripheral Oscillatory Synchronization to the Hippocampal Oscillator May Explain the Onset of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Pathomechanism. Cells 2024; 13:492. [PMID: 38534336 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a mysterious lethal multisystem neurodegenerative disease that gradually leads to the progressive loss of motor neurons. A recent non-contact dying-back injury mechanism theory for ALS proposed that the primary damage is an acquired irreversible intrafusal proprioceptive terminal Piezo2 channelopathy with underlying genetic and environmental risk factors. Underpinning this is the theory that excessively prolonged proprioceptive mechanotransduction under allostasis may induce dysfunctionality in mitochondria, leading to Piezo2 channelopathy. This microinjury is suggested to provide one gateway from physiology to pathophysiology. The chronic, but not irreversible, form of this Piezo2 channelopathy is implicated in many diseases with unknown etiology. Dry eye disease is one of them where replenishing synthetic proteoglycans promote nerve regeneration. Syndecans, especially syndecan-3, are proposed as the first critical link in this hierarchical ordered depletory pathomechanism as proton-collecting/distributing antennas; hence, they may play a role in ALS pathomechanism onset. Even more importantly, the shedding or charge-altering variants of Syndecan-3 may contribute to the Piezo2 channelopathy-induced disruption of the Piezo2-initiated proton-based ultrafast long-range signaling through VGLUT1 and VGLUT2. Thus, these alterations may not only cause disruption to ultrafast signaling to the hippocampus in conscious proprioception, but could disrupt the ultrafast proprioceptive signaling feedback to the motoneurons. Correspondingly, an inert Piezo2-initiated proton-based ultrafast signaled proprioceptive skeletal system is coming to light that is suggested to be progressively lost in ALS. In addition, the lost functional link of the MyoD family of inhibitor proteins, as auxiliary subunits of Piezo2, may not only contribute to the theorized acquired Piezo2 channelopathy, but may explain how these microinjured ion channels evolve to be principal transcription activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Sonkodi
- Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, Hungarian University of Sports Science, 1123 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Sports Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
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Eisen A, Vucic S, Mitsumoto H. History of ALS and the competing theories on pathogenesis: IFCN handbook chapter. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2023; 9:1-12. [PMID: 38213309 PMCID: PMC10776891 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnp.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the human motor system, first described in the 19th Century. The etiology of ALS appears to be multifactorial, with a complex interaction of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors underlying the onset of disease. Importantly, there are no known naturally occurring animal models, and transgenic mouse models fail to faithfully reproduce ALS as it manifests in patients. Debate as to the site of onset of ALS remain, with three competing theories proposed, including (i) the dying-forward hypothesis, whereby motor neuron degeneration is mediated by hyperexcitable corticomotoneurons via an anterograde transsynaptic excitotoxic mechanism, (ii) dying-back hypothesis, proposing the ALS begins in the peripheral nervous system with a toxic factor(s) retrogradely transported into the central nervous system and mediating upper motor neuron dysfunction, and (iii) independent hypothesis, suggesting that upper and lower motor neuron degenerated independently. Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies, along with pathological and genetic findings have supported the dying forward hypothesis theory, although the science is yet to be settled. The review provides a historical overview of ALS, discusses phenotypes and likely pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Eisen
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steve Vucic
- Director Brain and Nerve Research Center, Clinical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Hiroshi Mitsumoto
- Wesley J. Howe Professor of Neurology, Columbia University, The Neurological Institute of New York, and New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center, United States
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Arkhipov AY, Fedorov NS, Nurullin LF, Khabibrakhmanov AN, Mukhamedyarov MA, Samigullin DV, Malomouzh AI. Activation of TRPV1 Channels Inhibits the Release of Acetylcholine and Improves Muscle Contractility in Mice. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:4157-4172. [PMID: 37689594 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
TRPV1 represents a non-selective transient receptor potential cation channel found not only in sensory neurons, but also in motor nerve endings and in skeletal muscle fibers. However, the role of TRPV1 in the functioning of the neuromuscular junction has not yet been fully established. In this study, the Levator Auris Longus muscle preparations were used to assess the effect of pharmacological activation of TRPV1 channels on neuromuscular transmission. The presence of TRPV1 channels in the nerve terminal and in the muscle fiber was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. It was verified by electrophysiology that the TRPV1 channel agonist capsaicin inhibits the acetylcholine release, and this effect was completely absent after preliminary application of the TRPV1 channel blocker SB 366791. Nerve stimulation revealed an increase of amplitude of isometric tetanic contractions upon application of capsaicin which was also eliminated after preliminary application of SB 366791. Similar data were obtained during direct muscle stimulation. Thus, pharmacological activation of TRPV1 channels affects the functioning of both the pre- and postsynaptic compartment of the neuromuscular junction. A moderate decrease in the amount of acetylcholine released from the motor nerve allows to maintain a reserve pool of the mediator to ensure a longer signal transmission process, and an increase in the force of muscle contraction, in its turn, also implies more effective physiological muscle activity in response to prolonged stimulation. This assumption is supported by the fact that when muscle was indirect stimulated with a fatigue protocol, muscle fatigue was attenuated in the presence of capsaicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsenii Y Arkhipov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, Box 261, Kazan, Russia, 420111
| | - Nikita S Fedorov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, Box 261, Kazan, Russia, 420111
- Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Street, Kazan, Russia, 420008
| | - Leniz F Nurullin
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, Box 261, Kazan, Russia, 420111
- Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova Street, Kazan, Russia, 420012
| | | | | | - Dmitry V Samigullin
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, Box 261, Kazan, Russia, 420111
- A.N. Tupolev Kazan National Research Technical University, 10, K. Marx Street, Kazan, Russia, 420111
| | - Artem I Malomouzh
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, Box 261, Kazan, Russia, 420111.
- A.N. Tupolev Kazan National Research Technical University, 10, K. Marx Street, Kazan, Russia, 420111.
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