1
|
Holland-Winkler AM, Greene DR, Oberther TJ. The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2169. [PMID: 38673442 PMCID: PMC11050272 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13082169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The occupational requirements of full-time non-administrative firefighters include shift-work schedules and chronic exposure to alerting emergency alarms, hazardous working conditions, and psychologically traumatic events that they must attend and respond to. These compiling and enduring aspects of the career increase the firefighter's risk for insomnia and mental health conditions compared to the general population. Poor sleep quality and mental health impairments are known to coincide with and contribute to the symptom severity of one another. Thus, it is important to determine approaches that may improve sleep and/or mental health specifically for firefighters, as their occupation varies in many aspects from any other occupation. This review will discuss symptoms of insomnia and mental health conditions such as PTSD, anxiety, depression, substance abuse, and suicide in firefighters. The influencing factors of sleep and mental health will be examined including anxiety sensitivity, emotional regulation, and distress tolerance. Current sleep and mental health interventions specific to full-time firefighters are limited in number; however, the existing experimental studies will be outlined. Lastly, this review will provide support for exploring exercise as a possible intervention that may benefit the sleep and mental health of this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelia M. Holland-Winkler
- Department of Kinesiology, Augusta University, 3109 Wrightsboro Road, Augusta, GA 30909, USA; (D.R.G.); (T.J.O.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Adams GJ, O'Brien PA. The unified theory of sleep: Eukaryotes endosymbiotic relationship with mitochondria and REM the push-back response for awakening. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2023; 15:100100. [PMID: 37484687 PMCID: PMC10362302 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2023.100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Unified Theory suggests that sleep is a process that developed in eukaryotic animals from a relationship with an endosymbiotic bacterium. Over evolutionary time the bacterium evolved into the modern mitochondrion that continues to exert an effect on sleep patterns, e.g. the bacterium Wolbachia establishes an endosymbiotic relationship with Drosophila and many other species of insects and is able to change the host's behaviour by making it sleep. The hypothesis is supported by other host-parasite relationships, e.g., Trypanosoma brucei which causes day-time sleepiness and night-time insomnia in humans and cattle. For eukaryotes such as Monocercomonoids that don't contain mitochondria we find no evidence of them sleeping. Mitochondria produce the neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), and ornithine a precursor of the neurotransmitter GABA, together with substances such as 3,4dihydroxy phenylalanine (DOPA) a precursor for the neurotransmitter dopamine: These substances have been shown to affect the sleep/wake cycles in animals such as Drosophilia and Hydra. Eukaryote animals have traded the very positive side of having mitochondria providing aerobic respiration for them with the negative side of having to sleep. NREM (Quiet sleep) is the process endosymbionts have imposed upon their host eukaryotes and REM (Active sleep) is the push-back adaptation of eukaryotes with brains, returning to wakefulness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip A. O'Brien
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mattingly SM, Martinez G, Young J, Cain MK, Striegel A. Snoozing: an examination of a common method of waking. Sleep 2022; 45:6661272. [PMID: 35951011 PMCID: PMC9548674 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives Snoozing was defined as using multiple alarms to accomplish waking, and considered as a method of sleep inertia reduction that utilizes the stress system. Surveys measured snoozing behavior including who, when, how, and why snoozing occurs. In addition, the physiological effects of snoozing on sleep were examined via wearable sleep staging and heart rate (HR) activity, both over a long time scale, and on the days that it occurs. We aimed to establish snoozing as a construct in need of additional study. Methods A novel survey examined snoozing prevalence, how snoozing was accomplished, and explored possible contributors and motivators of snoozing behavior in 450 participants. Trait- and day-level surveys were combined with wearable data to determine if snoozers sleep differently than nonsnoozers, and how snoozers and nonsnoozers differ in other areas, such as personality. Results 57% of participants snoozed. Being female, younger, having fewer steps, having lower conscientiousness, having more disturbed sleep, and being a more evening chronotype increased the likelihood of being a snoozer. Snoozers had elevated resting HR and showed lighter sleep before waking. Snoozers did not sleep less than nonsnoozers nor did they feel more sleepiness or nap more often. Conclusions Snoozing is a common behavior associated with changes in sleep physiology before waking, both in a trait- and state-dependent manner, and is influenced by demographic and behavioral traits. Additional research is needed, especially in detailing the physiology of snoozing, its impact on health, and its interactions with observational studies of sleep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Mattingly
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, IN , USA
| | - Gonzalo Martinez
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, IN , USA
| | - Jessica Young
- Lucy Family Institute for Data and Society, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, IN , USA
| | | | - Aaron Striegel
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, IN , USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Barbato G. REM Sleep: An Unknown Indicator of Sleep Quality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:12976. [PMID: 34948586 PMCID: PMC8702162 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182412976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Standard polysomnographic analysis of sleep has not provided evidence of an objective measure of sleep quality; however, factors such as sleep duration and sleep efficiency are those more consistently associated with the subjective perception of sleep quality. Sleep reduction as currently occurs in our 24/7 society has had a profound impact on sleep quality; the habitual sleep period should fit within what is a limited nighttime window and may not be sufficient to satisfy the whole sleep process; moreover, the use of artificial light during the evening and early night hours can delay and disturb the circadian rhythms, especially affecting REM sleep. The correct phase relationship of the sleep period with the circadian pacemaker is an important factor to guarantee adequate restorative sleep duration and sleep continuity, thus providing the necessary background for a good night's sleep. Due to the fact that REM sleep is controlled by the circadian clock, it can provide a window-like mechanism that defines the termination of the sleep period when there is still the necessity to complete the sleep process (not only wake-related homeostasis) and to meet the circadian end of sleep timing. An adequate amount of REM sleep appears necessary to guarantee sleep continuity, while periodically activating the brain and preparing it for the return to consciousness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Barbato
- Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80122 Caserta, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Feige B, Baglioni C, Boehm P, Heinrich A, Trumm S, Benz F, Nissen C, Domschke K, Frase L, Riemann D. Event-related potentials in insomnia reflect altered perception of sleep. Sleep 2021; 44:6290313. [PMID: 34059920 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Insomnia is defined by the subjective complaint of poor sleep as well as daytime impairments. Since polysomnography (PSG) typically shows only modest sleep impairment, some still unidentified property of sleep, not mirrored in PSG, may be modified in insomnia.One possible mechanistic hypothesis is that insomnia patients may be more sensitive to inevitably occurring internal or external stimuli during the night, causing brief sleep disruptions then perceived as wake time. METHODS Auditory event-related potentials (ERP) to low intensity (50 dB SPL) synthesized guitar tones played continuously throughout two nights of polysomnographically registered sleep were obtained in fifty patients with insomnia disorder (ID, without comorbidities) and 50 age- and sex- matched good sleeper controls (GSC) for each sleep stage and NREM/REM cycle. Phasic and tonic REM were treated as separate stages. Latencies and amplitudes of components P1, N1 and P2 were measured and analyzed by multivariate repeated-measures ANCOVA including effects of group, night, cycle and age. RESULTS ID showed reduced P2 amplitudes relative to GSC specifically in phasic REM sleep. The same reduction also correlated with the amount of sleep misperception across groups. Independent component analysis showed a frontal negativity to contribute most to this group difference. CONCLUSIONS The present finding can be interpreted as increased mismatch negativity (MMN) in ID, reflecting automated detection of change in the auditory system and a concomitant orienting response. Specifically phasic REM sleep appears to be vulnerable to sensory afferences in ID patients, possibly contributing to the perception of being awake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Feige
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Hauptstraße, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstraße, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chiara Baglioni
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Hauptstraße, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstraße, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Boehm
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Hauptstraße, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstraße, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Heinrich
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Hauptstraße, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstraße, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Trumm
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Hauptstraße, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstraße, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fee Benz
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Hauptstraße, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstraße, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Nissen
- University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstraße, Freiburg, Germany.,Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hauptstraße, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Breisacherstraße, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Frase
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Hauptstraße, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstraße, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Hauptstraße, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstraße, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Horne J. REM sleep vs exploratory wakefulness: Alternatives within adult ‘sleep debt’? Sleep Med Rev 2020; 50:101252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
7
|
Houldin E, Fang Z, Ray LB, Owen AM, Fogel SM. Toward a complete taxonomy of resting state networks across wakefulness and sleep: an assessment of spatially distinct resting state networks using independent component analysis. Sleep 2018; 42:5208407. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Evan Houldin
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Zhuo Fang
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Laura B Ray
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- University of Ottawa Institute for Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Adrian M Owen
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Stuart M Fogel
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- University of Ottawa Institute for Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Canada
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Solheim B, Langsrud K, Kallestad H, Engstrøm M, Bjorvatn B, Sand T. Sleep structure and awakening threshold in delayed sleep-wake phase disorder patients compared to healthy sleepers. Sleep Med 2018; 46:61-68. [PMID: 29773213 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Difficult early morning awakening is a primary symptom of delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD), however, it remains poorly investigated. Our main objective was to quantify the awakening threshold in DSWPD-patients and healthy controls as well as investigate a possible relationship with sleep stages. A secondary objective was to compare habitual sleep measured by polysomnography and actigraphy between patients and controls. METHODS Twenty DSWPD patients and 16 controls had two polysomnographic recordings at a sleep laboratory. Participants followed their habitual sleep-wake schedule on the first night and a forced sleep-wake schedule (00:00-07:00 h) on the second night. We used a custom-made alarm clock was for the forced-night awakening, starting at 72 dB sound intensity which increased up to 104 dB. RESULTS Mean awakening threshold in dB was higher in patients compared to controls; 75.5 vs. 72.6, p = 0.01, and the difference could not be explained statistically by sleep-time. Patients who were in REM sleep upon attempted awakening had a higher awakening threshold compared to patients who were in NREM sleep; 80.0 vs 74.7, F = 6.4, p = 0.02. Patients had increased sleep onset latency both at home with actigraphy and by PSG during the first laboratory night (20.6 vs 12.1 min, p = 0.004), however no further differences between the groups were observed regarding sleep structure. CONCLUSIONS A high early-morning forced awakening threshold in DSWPD was related to REM sleep. Sleep onset problems, even with habitual bedtimes, may also be an integral feature of DSWPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandy Solheim
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Knut Langsrud
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Division of Mental Health Care, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway
| | - Håvard Kallestad
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Division of Mental Health Care, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway
| | - Morten Engstrøm
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway
| | - Bjørn Bjorvatn
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Trond Sand
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Feige B, Nanovska S, Baglioni C, Bier B, Cabrera L, Diemers S, Quellmalz M, Siegel M, Xeni I, Szentkiralyi A, Doerr JP, Riemann D. Insomnia—perchance a dream? Results from a NREM/REM sleep awakening study in good sleepers and patients with insomnia. Sleep 2018; 41:4845543. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Feige
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Svetoslava Nanovska
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chiara Baglioni
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benedict Bier
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura Cabrera
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Diemers
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Quellmalz
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Siegel
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ireni Xeni
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andras Szentkiralyi
- Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Germany
| | - John-Peter Doerr
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
A good night's sleep is essential to overall physical, cognitive, and emotional well-being. Sleep deprivation, whether general or related to time changes (e.g., daylight saving time), contributes to decreased cognition, impaired memory, poor coordination, mood fluctuations, increased risk of heart disease and diabetes, and weight gain, among others. The sleep cycle is defined by five stages and two distinct parts-rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep-that work to promote not only the quantity of sleep but also the quality of sleep, which impacts overall health. Each stage of sleep is influenced by various neurochemical actions among the brain regions. The neurochemistry and neuropath-ways related to the sleep/wake cycle as well as the mechanisms of action of sleep-inducing and wake-promoting medications are explored. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 55(10), 19-26.].
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Hambrecht-Wiedbusch VS, Li D, Mashour GA. Paradoxical Emergence: Administration of Subanesthetic Ketamine during Isoflurane Anesthesia Induces Burst Suppression but Accelerates Recovery. Anesthesiology 2017; 126:482-494. [PMID: 28099246 PMCID: PMC5309196 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000001512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Promoting arousal by manipulating certain brain regions and/or neurotransmitters has been a recent research focus, with the goal of trying to improve recovery from general anesthesia. The current study tested the hypothesis that a single subanesthetic dose of ketamine during isoflurane anesthesia would increase cholinergic tone in the prefrontal cortex and accelerate recovery. METHODS Adult male rats were implanted with electroencephalography electrodes (frontal, parietal, and occipital cortex) and a microdialysis guide cannula targeted for the prefrontal cortex. After establishing general anesthesia with isoflurane, animals were randomly assigned to receive a saline control or ketamine injection. When isoflurane was discontinued nearly 90 min after drug or saline administration, recovery from anesthesia was measured by experimenters and blinded observers. During the entire experiment, electrophysiologic signals were recorded and acetylcholine was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. RESULTS A single dose of subanesthetic ketamine caused an initial 125% increase in burst suppression ratio (last isoflurane sample: 37.48 ± 24.11% vs. isoflurane after ketamine injection: 84.36 ± 8.95%; P < 0.0001), but also a significant 44% reduction in emergence time (saline: 877 ± 335 s vs. ketamine: 494 ± 108 s; P = 0.0005; n = 10 per treatment). Furthermore, ketamine caused a significant 317% increase in cortical acetylcholine release (mean after ketamine injection: 0.18 ± 0.16 pmol vs. ketamine recovery: 0.75 ± 0.41 pmol; P = 0.0002) after isoflurane anesthesia was discontinued. CONCLUSIONS Administration of subanesthetic doses of ketamine during isoflurane anesthesia increases anesthetic depth but-paradoxically-accelerates the recovery of consciousness, possibly through cholinergic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviane S. Hambrecht-Wiedbusch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center of Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Duan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center of Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - George A. Mashour
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center of Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mader EC, Mader ACL. Sleep as spatiotemporal integration of biological processes that evolved to periodically reinforce neurodynamic and metabolic homeostasis: The 2m3d paradigm of sleep. J Neurol Sci 2016; 367:63-80. [PMID: 27423566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sleep continues to perplex scientists and researchers. Despite decades of sleep research, we still lack a clear understanding of the biological functions and evolution of sleep. In this review, we will examine sleep from a functional and phylogenetic perspective and describe some important conceptual gaps in understanding sleep. Classical theories of the biology and evolution of sleep emphasize sensory activation, energy balance, and metabolic homeostasis. Advances in electrophysiology, functional neuroimaging, and neuroplasticity allow us to view sleep within the framework of neural dynamics. With this paradigm shift, we have come to realize the importance of neurodynamic homeostasis in shaping the biology of sleep. Evidently, animals sleep to achieve neurodynamic and metabolic homeostasis. We are not aware of any framework for understanding sleep where neurodynamic, metabolic, homeostatic, chronophasic, and afferent variables are all taken into account. This motivated us to propose the two-mode three-drive (2m3d) paradigm of sleep. In the 2m3d paradigm, local neurodynamic/metabolic (N/M) processes switch between two modes-m0 and m1-in response to three drives-afferent, chronophasic, and homeostatic. The spatiotemporal integration of local m0/m1 operations gives rise to the global states of sleep and wakefulness. As a framework of evolution, the 2m3d paradigm allows us to view sleep as a robust adaptive strategy that evolved so animals can periodically reinforce neurodynamic and metabolic homeostasis while remaining sensitive to their internal and external environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Claro Mader
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Department of Neurology, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Difficult morning awakening from rapid eye movement sleep and impaired cognitive function in delayed sleep phase disorder patients. Sleep Med 2014; 15:1264-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|