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Garrido-Peña A, Sanchez-Martin P, Reyes-Sanchez M, Levi R, Rodriguez FB, Castilla J, Tornero J, Varona P. Modulation of neuronal dynamics by sustained and activity-dependent continuous-wave near-infrared laser stimulation. NEUROPHOTONICS 2024; 11:024308. [PMID: 38764942 PMCID: PMC11100521 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.11.2.024308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Significance Near-infrared laser illumination is a non-invasive alternative/complement to classical stimulation methods in neuroscience but the mechanisms underlying its action on neuronal dynamics remain unclear. Most studies deal with high-frequency pulsed protocols and stationary characterizations disregarding the dynamic modulatory effect of sustained and activity-dependent stimulation. The understanding of such modulation and its widespread dissemination can help to develop specific interventions for research applications and treatments for neural disorders. Aim We quantified the effect of continuous-wave near-infrared (CW-NIR) laser illumination on single neuron dynamics using sustained stimulation and an open-source activity-dependent protocol to identify the biophysical mechanisms underlying this modulation and its time course. Approach We characterized the effect by simultaneously performing long intracellular recordings of membrane potential while delivering sustained and closed-loop CW-NIR laser stimulation. We used waveform metrics and conductance-based models to assess the role of specific biophysical candidates on the modulation. Results We show that CW-NIR sustained illumination asymmetrically accelerates action potential dynamics and the spiking rate on single neurons, while closed-loop stimulation unveils its action at different phases of the neuron dynamics. Our model study points out the action of CW-NIR on specific ionic-channels and the key role of temperature on channel properties to explain the modulatory effect. Conclusions Both sustained and activity-dependent CW-NIR stimulation effectively modulate neuronal dynamics by a combination of biophysical mechanisms. Our open-source protocols can help to disseminate this non-invasive optical stimulation in novel research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Garrido-Peña
- Grupo de Neurocomputación Biológica, Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Sanchez-Martin
- Grupo de Neurocomputación Biológica, Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Reyes-Sanchez
- Grupo de Neurocomputación Biológica, Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Levi
- Grupo de Neurocomputación Biológica, Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco B. Rodriguez
- Grupo de Neurocomputación Biológica, Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Castilla
- Hospital los Madroños, Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Brunete, Spain
| | - Jesus Tornero
- Hospital los Madroños, Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Brunete, Spain
| | - Pablo Varona
- Grupo de Neurocomputación Biológica, Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Visvanathar R, Papanikolaou M, Nôga DA, Pádua-Reis M, Tort ABL, Blunder M. Hippocampal Cb 2 receptors: an untold story. Rev Neurosci 2021; 33:413-426. [PMID: 34717053 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The field of cannabinoid research has been receiving ever-growing interest. Ongoing debates worldwide about the legislation of medical cannabis further motivates research into cannabinoid function within the central nervous system (CNS). To date, two well-characterized cannabinoid receptors exist. While most research has investigated Cb1 receptors (Cb1Rs), Cb2 receptors (Cb2Rs) in the brain have started to attract considerable interest in recent years. With indisputable evidence showing the wide-distribution of Cb2Rs in the brain of different species, they are no longer considered just peripheral receptors. However, in contrast to Cb1Rs, the functionality of central Cb2Rs remains largely unexplored. Here we review recent studies on hippocampal Cb2Rs. While conflicting results about their function have been reported, we have made significant progress in understanding the involvement of Cb2Rs in modulating cellular properties and network excitability. Moreover, Cb2Rs have been shown to be expressed in different subregions of the hippocampus, challenging our prior understanding of the endocannabinoid system. Although more insight into their functional roles is necessary, we propose that targeting hippocampal Cb2Rs may offer novel therapies for diseases related to memory and adult neurogenesis deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Visvanathar
- Behavioral Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Papanikolaou
- Behavioral Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Diana Aline Nôga
- Behavioral Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marina Pádua-Reis
- Behavioral Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Martina Blunder
- Behavioral Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Langlet F. Targeting Tanycytes: Balance between Efficiency and Specificity. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:574-581. [PMID: 31986518 DOI: 10.1159/000505549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tanycytes are peculiar ependymoglial cells lining the bottom and the lateral wall of the third ventricle. For a decade, the utilization of molecular genetic approaches allowed us to make important discoveries about their diverse physiological functions. Here, I review the current methods used to target tanycytes, focusing on their specificity, their efficiency, their limitations, as well as their potential future improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Langlet
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,
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Bickle J. Laser Lights and Designer Drugs: New Techniques for Descending Levels of Mechanisms “in a Single Bound”? Top Cogn Sci 2019; 12:1241-1256. [DOI: 10.1111/tops.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Bickle
- Mississippi State Univesity
- University of Mississippi Medical Center
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5
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Povich M. Model-based cognitive neuroscience: Multifield mechanistic integration in practice. THEORY & PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0959354319863880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Autonomist accounts of cognitive science suggest that cognitive model building and theory construction (can or should) proceed independently of findings in neuroscience. Common functionalist justifications of autonomy rely on there being relatively few constraints between neural structure and cognitive function. In contrast, an integrative mechanistic perspective stresses the mutual constraining of structure and function. In this article, I show how Model-Based Cognitive Neuroscience (MBCN) epitomizes the integrative mechanistic perspective and concentrates the most revolutionary elements of the cognitive neuroscience revolution. I also show how the prominent subset account of functional realization supports the integrative mechanistic perspective I take on MBCN and use it to clarify the intralevel and interlevel components of integration.
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Abstract
The history of neuroscience is the memory of the discipline and this memory depends on the study of the present traces of the past; the things left behind: artifacts, equipment, written documents, data books, photographs, memoirs, etc. History, in all of its definitions, is an integral part of neuroscience and I have used examples from the literature and my personal experience to illustrate the importance of the different aspects of history in neuroscience. Each time we talk about the brain, do an experiment, or write a research article, we are involved in history. Each published experiment becomes a historical document; it relies on past research (the "Introduction" section), procedures developed in the past ("Methods" section) and as soon as new data are published, they become history and become embedded into the history of the discipline ("Discussion" section). In order to be transparent and able to be replicated, each experiment requires its own historical archive. Studying history means researching books, documents and objects in libraries, archives, and museums. It means looking at data books, letters and memos, talking to scientists, and reading biographies and autobiographies. History can be made relevant by integrating historical documents into classes and by using historical websites. Finally, conducting historical research can be interesting, entertaining, and can lead to travel to out-of-the-way and exotic places and meeting interesting people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E. Brown
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Quillfeldt JA. Temporal Flexibility of Systems Consolidation and the Synaptic Occupancy/Reset Theory (SORT): Cues About the Nature of the Engram. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2019; 11:1. [PMID: 30814946 PMCID: PMC6381034 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2019.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to adapt to new situations involves behavioral changes expressed either from an innate repertoire, or by acquiring experience through memory consolidation mechanisms, by far a much richer and flexible source of adaptation. Memory formation consists of two interrelated processes that take place at different spatial and temporal scales, Synaptic Consolidation, local plastic changes in the recruited neurons, and Systems Consolidation, a process of gradual reorganization of the explicit/declarative memory trace between hippocampus and the neocortex. In this review, we summarize some converging experimental results from our lab that support a normal temporal framework of memory systems consolidation as measured both from the anatomical and the psychological points of view, and propose a hypothetical model that explains these findings while predicting other phenomena. Then, the same experimental design was repeated interposing additional tasks between the training and the remote test to verify for any interference: we found that (a) when the animals were subject to a succession of new learnings, systems consolidation was accelerated, with the disengagement of the hippocampus taking place before the natural time point of this functional switch, but (b) when a few reactivation sessions reexposed the animal to the training context without the shock, systems consolidation was delayed, with the hippocampus prolonging its involvement in retrieval. We hypothesize that new learning recruits from a fixed number of plastic synapses in the CA1 area to store the engram index, while reconsolidation lead to a different outcome, in which additional synapses are made available. The first situation implies the need of a reset mechanism in order to free synapses needed for further learning, and explains the acceleration observed under intense learning activity, while the delay might be explained by a different process, able to generate extra free synapses: depending on the cognitive demands, it deals either with a fixed or a variable pool of available synapses. The Synaptic Occupancy/Reset Theory (SORT) emerged as an explanation for the temporal flexibility of systems consolidation, to encompass the two different dynamics of explicit memories, as well as to bridge both synaptic and systems consolidation in one single mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alberto Quillfeldt
- Psychobiology and Neurocomputation Lab, Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Neurosciences Graduate Program, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Vaez Ghaemi R, Co IL, McFee MC, Yadav VG. Brain Organoids: A New, Transformative Investigational Tool for Neuroscience Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1800174. [PMID: 32627343 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain organoids are self-assembled, three-dimensionally structured tissues that are typically derived from pluripotent stem cells. They are multicellular aggregates that more accurately recapitulate the tissue microenvironment compared to the other cell culture systems and can also reproduce organ function. They are promising models for evaluating drug leads, particularly those that target neurodegeneration, since they are genetically and phenotypically stable over prolonged durations of culturing and they reasonably reproduce critical physiological phenomena such as biochemical gradients and responses by the native tissue to stimuli. Beyond drug discovery, the use of brain organoids could also be extended to investigating early brain development and identifying the mechanisms that elicit neurodegeneration. Herein, the current state of the fabrication and use of brain organoids in drug development and medical research is summarized. Although the use of brain organoids represents a quantum leap over existing investigational tools used by the pharmaceutical industry, they are nonetheless imperfect systems that could be greatly improved through bioengineering. To this end, some key scientific challenges that would need to be addressed in order to enhance the relevance of brain organoids as model tissue are listed. Potential solutions to these challenges, including the use of bioprinting, are highlighted thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza Vaez Ghaemi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering & School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ileana L Co
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering & School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Matthew C McFee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering & School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Vikramaditya G Yadav
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering & School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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The Circuit Motif as a Conceptual Tool for Multilevel Neuroscience. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:128-136. [PMID: 29397990 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Modern neuroscientific techniques that specifically manipulate and measure neuronal activity in behaving animals now allow bridging of the gap from the cellular to the behavioral level. However, in doing so, they also pose new challenges. Research using incompletely defined manipulations in a high-dimensional space without clear hypotheses is likely to suffer from multiple well-known conceptual and statistical problems. In this context it is essential to develop hypotheses with testable implications across levels. Here we propose that a focus on circuit motifs can help achieve this goal. Viewing neural structures as an assembly of circuit motif building blocks is not new. However, recent tool advances have made it possible to extensively map, specifically manipulate, and quantitatively investigate circuit motifs and thereby reexamine their relevance to brain function.
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Parker D. Kuhnian revolutions in neuroscience: the role of tool development. BIOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY 2018; 33:17. [PMID: 29755159 PMCID: PMC5937865 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-018-9628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The terms "paradigm" and "paradigm shift" originated in "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" by Thomas Kuhn. A paradigm can be defined as the generally accepted concepts and practices of a field, and a paradigm shift its replacement in a scientific revolution. A paradigm shift results from a crisis caused by anomalies in a paradigm that reduce its usefulness to a field. Claims of paradigm shifts and revolutions are made frequently in the neurosciences. In this article I will consider neuroscience paradigms, and the claim that new tools and techniques rather than crises have driven paradigm shifts. I will argue that tool development has played a minor role in neuroscience revolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Parker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY UK
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11
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Krakauer JW, Ghazanfar AA, Gomez-Marin A, MacIver MA, Poeppel D. Neuroscience Needs Behavior: Correcting a Reductionist Bias. Neuron 2017; 93:480-490. [PMID: 28182904 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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