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Hara T, Hamano M, Ho BQ, Ota J, Yoshimoto Y, Arimitsu N. Method for analyzing sequential services using EEG: Micro-meso analysis of emotional changes in real flight service. Physiol Behav 2023; 272:114359. [PMID: 37769860 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Capturing customers' emotional changes in sequential service should be realized using physiological measurements to assess customer delight. Questionnaire-based customer surveys may miss significant and dissipating emotional responses. This study developed a micro‑meso analysis method of capturing emotional changes for sequential service using electroencephalograph (EEG) measurement, dealing with both service encounters (micro-level) and servicescape (meso‑level) over a couple of hours. Customers' emotion states were defined based on emotional arousal and valence. Emotional responses caused by human interactions were evaluated, and periods of high positive affect throughout the customer journey were visualized. Experiments in actual flight services demonstrated successful emotion estimation across flight phases using a single-channel EEG measurement over two hours. Analysis results on the measurement data revealed emotional peaks outside service encounters that are not captured in customers' individual self-reports. The results also statistically revealed that two individual services (asking about a refill and conversations started by flight attendants) evoked high positive affect. Temporal dynamic analyses around high positive affect suggested patterns of interplay between joy and surprise, which are key components of customer delight. Compared with questionnaire-based evaluation, the proposed method contributes significantly to empirical studies on sequential services in marketing and design by enabling the extraction of "high positive affect," which needs to be identified for customer delight. This study supplements existing research on the interactions among physiology (EEG), behavior (emotional changes), and customer service research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunori Hara
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 Japan.
| | - Masafumi Hamano
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Bach Q Ho
- Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa II Campus, University of Tokyo, 6-2-3 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Jun Ota
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Yoko Yoshimoto
- ANA Strategic Research Institute Co., Ltd., 1-5-2 Shimbashi, Higashishimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-7140, Japan
| | - Narito Arimitsu
- ANA Strategic Research Institute Co., Ltd., 1-5-2 Shimbashi, Higashishimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-7140, Japan
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Bangel KA, Bais M, Eijsker N, Schuurman PR, van den Munckhof P, Figee M, Smit DJA, Denys D. Acute effects of deep brain stimulation on brain function in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 148:109-117. [PMID: 36774324 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) yet neural markers of optimized stimulation parameters are largely unknown. We aimed to describe (sub-)cortical electrophysiological responses to acute DBS at various voltages in OCD. METHODS We explored how DBS doses between 3-5 V delivered to the ventral anterior limb of the internal capsule of five OCD patients affected electroencephalograms and intracranial local field potentials (LFPs). We focused on theta power/ phase-stability, given their previously established role in DBS for OCD. RESULTS Cortical theta power and theta phase-stability did not increase significantly with DBS voltage. DBS-induced theta power peaks were seen at the previously defined individualized therapeutic voltage. Although LFP power generally increased with DBS voltages, this occurred mostly in frequency peaks that overlapped with stimulation artifacts limiting its interpretability. Though highly idiosyncratic, three subjects showed significant acute DBS effects on electroencephalogram theta power and four subjects showed significant carry-over effects (pre-vs post DBS, unstimulated) on LFP and electroencephalogram theta power. CONCLUSIONS Our findings challenge the presence of a consistent dose-response relationship between stimulation voltage and brain activity. SIGNIFICANCE Theta power may be investigated further as a neurophysiological marker to aid personalized DBS voltage optimization in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin A Bangel
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK; Department of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Melisse Bais
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nadine Eijsker
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P Richard Schuurman
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pepijn van den Munckhof
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Figee
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Dirk J A Smit
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Campbell BA, Favi Bocca L, Escobar Sanabria D, Almeida J, Rammo R, Nagel SJ, Machado AG, Baker KB. The impact of pulse timing on cortical and subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation evoked potentials. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:1009223. [PMID: 36204716 PMCID: PMC9532054 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1009223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of pulse timing is an important factor in our understanding of how to effectively modulate the basal ganglia thalamocortical (BGTC) circuit. Single pulse low-frequency DBS-evoked potentials generated through electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) provide insight into circuit activation, but how the long-latency components change as a function of pulse timing is not well-understood. We investigated how timing between stimulation pulses delivered in the STN region influence the neural activity in the STN and cortex. DBS leads implanted in the STN of five patients with Parkinson's disease were temporarily externalized, allowing for the delivery of paired pulses with inter-pulse intervals (IPIs) ranging from 0.2 to 10 ms. Neural activation was measured through local field potential (LFP) recordings from the DBS lead and scalp EEG. DBS-evoked potentials were computed using contacts positioned in dorsolateral STN as determined through co-registered post-operative imaging. We quantified the degree to which distinct IPIs influenced the amplitude of evoked responses across frequencies and time using the wavelet transform and power spectral density curves. The beta frequency content of the DBS evoked responses in the STN and scalp EEG increased as a function of pulse-interval timing. Pulse intervals <1.0 ms apart were associated with minimal to no change in the evoked response. IPIs from 1.5 to 3.0 ms yielded a significant increase in the evoked response, while those >4 ms produced modest, but non-significant growth. Beta frequency activity in the scalp EEG and STN LFP response was maximal when IPIs were between 1.5 and 4.0 ms. These results demonstrate that long-latency components of DBS-evoked responses are pre-dominantly in the beta frequency range and that pulse interval timing impacts the level of BGTC circuit activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A. Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Leonardo Favi Bocca
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - David Escobar Sanabria
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Julio Almeida
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Richard Rammo
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sean J. Nagel
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Andre G. Machado
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Kenneth B. Baker
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Kenneth B. Baker
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Survey of Machine Learning Techniques in the Analysis of EEG Signals for Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12146967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects 7–10 million people worldwide. Its diagnosis is clinical and can be supported by image-based tests, which are expensive and not always accessible. Electroencephalograms (EEG) are non-invasive, widely accessible, low-cost tests. However, the signals obtained are difficult to analyze visually, so advanced techniques, such as Machine Learning (ML), need to be used. In this article, we review those studies that consider ML techniques to study the EEG of patients with PD. Methods: The review process was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, which are used to provide quality standards for the objective evaluation of various studies. All publications before February 2022 were included, and their main characteristics and results were evaluated and documented through three key points associated with the development of ML techniques: dataset quality, data preprocessing, and model evaluation. Results: 59 studies were included. The predominating models were Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). In total, 31 articles diagnosed PD with a mean accuracy of 97.35 ± 3.46%. There was no standard cleaning protocol for EEG and a great heterogeneity in EEG characteristics was shown, although spectral features predominated by 88.37%. Conclusions: Neither the cleaning protocol nor the number of EEG channels influenced the classification results. A baseline value was provided for the PD diagnostic problem, although recent studies focus on the identification of cognitive impairment.
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