Naturalistic neuroscience and virtual reality

Long-term memory facilitates spontaneous memory usage through multiple pathways

Memories scaffold ongoing cognition and behavior.1,2,3,4,5 Surprisingly, when given the "sensorimnemonic" choice6 between using working memory (WM) and sampling sensory information from the environment, reliance on WM is much lower than expected.7,8,9,10,11,12,13 Here, we ask how the availability of long-term memory (LTM), alongside WM, changes how participants spontaneously sample sensory information in service of memory encoding, rely on their memory, and coordinate the two. Participants copied a model display by selecting realistic objects from a resource pool and placing them into a workspace.13,14 We tracked head, hand, and eye movements during free-flowing interactions with the virtual environment. To test the contributions of LTM engagement during natural behavior, we manipulated the repetition of stimulus arrangements over 2 days and used novel arrangements as a baseline. LTM availability had multiple consequences, resulting in an increased reliance on memory content. Further, LTM improved the efficiency of sensory sampling, evidenced by shorter encoding times of repeated objects. In the extreme, mnemonic sampling directly substituted sensory sampling, as some objects were not sampled at all before successful copying in repeated trials. These changes unfolded concurrently within the same task. Finally, incidentally formed memories during the task were accessible for explicit report. Performance in a subsequent surprise memory task showed that participants placed more objects correctly in repeated arrangements. Our findings demonstrate concurrent spontaneous deployment of multiple LTM mechanisms, alongside WM and sensory processing, showcasing impressive flexibility in balancing the engagement of sensory and different types of memory information to guide adaptive behavior. VIDEO ABSTRACT.

How can ethology inform the neuroscience of fear, aggression and dominance?

The study of behaviour is dominated by two approaches. On the one hand, ethologists aim to understand how behaviour promotes adaptation to natural contexts. On the other, neuroscientists aim to understand the molecular, cellular, circuit and psychological origins of behaviour. These two complementary approaches must be combined to arrive at a full understanding of behaviour in its natural setting. However, methodological limitations have restricted most neuroscientific research to the study of how discrete sensory stimuli elicit simple behavioural responses under controlled laboratory conditions that are only distantly related to those encountered in real life. Fortunately, the recent advent of neural monitoring and manipulation tools adapted for use in freely behaving animals has enabled neuroscientists to incorporate naturalistic behaviours into their studies and to begin to consider ethological questions. Here, we examine the promises and pitfalls of this trend by describing how investigations of rodent fear, aggression and dominance behaviours are changing to take advantage of an ethological appreciation of behaviour. We lay out current impediments to this approach and propose a framework for the evolution of the field that will allow us to take maximal advantage of an ethological approach to neuroscience and to increase its relevance for understanding human behaviour.

Toward a neuroscience of natural behavior

One of the most exciting new developments in systems neuroscience is the progress being made toward neurophysiological experiments that move beyond simplified laboratory settings and address the richness of natural behavior. This is enabled by technological advances such as wireless recording in freely moving animals, automated quantification of behavior, and new methods for analyzing large data sets. Beyond new empirical methods and data, however, there is also a need for new theories and concepts to interpret that data. Such theories need to address the particular challenges of natural behavior, which often differ significantly from the scenarios studied in traditional laboratory settings. Here, we discuss some strategies for developing such novel theories and concepts and some example hypotheses being proposed.

Virtual Reality for the Rehabilitation of Acquired Cognitive Disorders: A Narrative Review

This review article explores the use of Virtual Reality (VR) technology in cognitive rehabilitation for individuals with neurological conditions, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases. The introduction highlights the challenges posed by cognitive impairments and the limitations of traditional rehabilitation methods. VR is presented as a transformative tool that immerses individuals in interactive environments, offering promising opportunities for enhancing cognitive functions and improving quality of life. This article covers the foundational principles of VR, its applications across different clinical conditions and cognitive domains, and evaluates empirical evidence supporting its efficacy. It also discusses the advantages, limitations, challenges, and ethical considerations in the use of VR for cognitive rehabilitation. This review concludes by exploring future developments, including advancements in VR technology, the integration of Augmented Reality (AR) and artificial intelligence (AI), and the importance of standardized assessment tools for the objective evaluation of rehabilitation outcomes.