1
|
Kryczyk-Kozioł J, Moniak P, Zagrodzki P, Lauterbach R, Huras H, Staśkiewicz M, Krośniak M, Paśko P, Podsiadły R, Dobrowolska-Iwanek J. The Assessment of Iodine Concentrations in Colostrum and Breast Milk Using ICP-MS: The Impact of Delivery Type, Thyroid Function and Gestational Diabetes-A Pilot Study. Foods 2024; 13:2241. [PMID: 39063324 PMCID: PMC11275260 DOI: 10.3390/foods13142241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Considering the spectrum of benefits of breast milk feeding, determining the essential components of an infant's only food-mother's milk-seems justified, especially in the case of those whose deficiency (e.g., iodine) may result in developmental disorders. The main aim of this study was the determination of the total iodine content of breast milk (including colostrum and mature milk). A secondary objective was to assess the influence of factors such as the type of delivery, hypothyroidism, gestational diabetes or the stage of lactation on this parameter. The study materials were colostrum and milk after 1 (n = 14), 2 and 3 months (n = 8) of lactation with a range of iodine concentrations (µg/L): 195-1648 and 170-842, 174-650 and 273-751, respectively. Iodine was determined using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Multivariate statistical analysis revealed, e.g., that delivery by caesarean section or dose of L-thyroxine taken by women to normalise thyroid hormones, had a significant effect on iodine concentrations in breast milk. Further research aimed at assessing the quality of breast milk should also include determining the factors influencing it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Kryczyk-Kozioł
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.K.-K.); (P.M.); (P.Z.); (P.P.)
| | - Paulina Moniak
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.K.-K.); (P.M.); (P.Z.); (P.P.)
| | - Paweł Zagrodzki
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.K.-K.); (P.M.); (P.Z.); (P.P.)
| | - Ryszard Lauterbach
- Department of Neonatology, Jagiellonian University Hospital, Kopernika 23, 31-501 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Hubert Huras
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Jagiellonian University Hospital, Kopernika 23, 31-501 Kraków, Poland; (H.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Magdalena Staśkiewicz
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Jagiellonian University Hospital, Kopernika 23, 31-501 Kraków, Poland; (H.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Mirosław Krośniak
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.K.-K.); (P.M.); (P.Z.); (P.P.)
| | - Paweł Paśko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.K.-K.); (P.M.); (P.Z.); (P.P.)
| | - Robert Podsiadły
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Justyna Dobrowolska-Iwanek
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.K.-K.); (P.M.); (P.Z.); (P.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Iodine is a micronutrient needed for the production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, growth, and development. Iodine deficiency or excess may alter the thyroid hormone synthesis. The potential effects on infant development depend on the degree, timing, and duration of exposure. The iodine requirement is particularly high during infancy because of elevated thyroid hormone turnover. Breastfed infants rely on iodine provided by human milk, but the iodine concentration in breast milk is determined by the maternal iodine intake. Diets in many countries cannot provide sufficient iodine, and deficiency is prevented by iodine fortification of salt. However, the coverage of iodized salt varies between countries. Epidemiological data suggest large differences in the iodine intake in lactating women, infants, and toddlers worldwide, ranging from deficient to excessive intake. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge and recent advances in the understanding of iodine nutrition and its association with thyroid function in lactating women, infants, and toddlers. We discuss risk factors for iodine malnutrition and the impact of targeted intervention strategies on these vulnerable population groups. We highlight the importance of appropriate definitions of optimal iodine nutrition and the need for more data assessing the risk of mild iodine deficiency for thyroid disorders during the first 2 years in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Andersson
- Nutrition Research Unit, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian P Braegger
- Nutrition Research Unit, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Breast Milk Iodine Concentration (BMIC) as a Biomarker of Iodine Status in Lactating Women and Children <2 Years of Age: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091691. [PMID: 35565659 PMCID: PMC9104537 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Iodine is needed for the production of thyroid hormones, which are essential for infant growth and development. Given that there are wide variations in breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) and urinary iodine concentration (UIC), it is unclear if BMIC is associated with UIC in populations residing in iodine sufficient or deficient areas. Aim: To investigate if BMIC can be used as a biomarker for iodine status in lactating women and children <2 years of age. Methods: Electronic databases; PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus were searched until year 2021, for studies investigating the relationship between BMIC and UIC. Studies were reviewed for eligibility, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, followed by data extraction, according to the PRISMA guidelines. Results: Overall, 51 studies met the criteria for inclusion in the systematic review. BMIC ranged from 18 to 1153 µg/L. In iodine-deficient and iodine-sufficient lactating women, BMIC ranged from 26 to 185 µg/L and 15 to 1006 µg/L, respectively. In most studies, the categorisation of iodine status assessed by median UIC was consistent with the categorisation of iodine status assessed by median BMIC cut off of ≥100 µg/L, to determine iodine sufficiency in lactating women and children <2 years of age. Conclusions: The systematic review indicated that BMIC is a promising biomarker of iodine status in lactating women and children <2 years of age. However, these data need to be interpreted cautiously, given the study limitations in the included studies. Future studies should consider investigating the optimal median BMIC, as there is a lack of high-quality observational and intervention studies in lactating women and infants.
Collapse
|