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Thapa K, Julianingsih D, Tung CW, Phan A, Hashmi MA, Bleich K, Biswas D. Berry Pomace Extracts as a Natural Washing Aid to Mitigate Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli in Fresh Produce. Foods 2024; 13:2746. [PMID: 39272511 DOI: 10.3390/foods13172746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) outbreaks have been frequently linked to the consumption of produce. Furthermore, produce grown on organic farms possess a higher risk, as the farmers avoid antibiotics and chemicals. This study sets out to evaluate the effectiveness of advanced postharvest disinfection processes using berry pomace extracts (BPEs) in reducing EHEC load in two common leafy greens, spinach and lettuce. Spinach and lettuce were inoculated with ~5 log CFU/leaf EHEC EDL-933 and then treated with three different concentrations of BPE (1, 1.5, and 2 gallic acid equivalent, GAE mg/mL) for increasing periods of time. After the wash, the bacteria were quantified. Changes in the relative expression of virulence genes and the genes involved in cell division and replication and response against stress/antibiotics were studied. We observed a significant reduction in EHEC EDL933, ranging from 0.5 to 1.6 log CFU/spinach leaf (p < 0.05) washed with BPE water. A similar trend of reduction, ranging from 0.3 to 1.3 log CFU/mL, was observed in pre-inoculated lettuce washed with BPE water. We also quantified the remaining bacterial population in the residual treatment solutions and found the survived bacterial cells (~3 log CFU/mL) were low despite repeated washing with the same solution. In addition, we evaluated the phenolic concentration in leftover BPE, which did not change significantly, even after multiple uses. Alterations in gene expression levels were observed, with downregulation ranging from 1 to 3 log folds in the genes responsible for the adhesion and virulence of EHEC EDL933 and significant upregulation of genes responsible for survival against stress. All other genes were upregulated, ranging from 2 to 7 log folds, with a dose-dependent decrease in expression. This finding shows the potential of BPE to be used for sanitation of fresh produce as a natural and sustainable approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Thapa
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Dita Julianingsih
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Chuan-Wei Tung
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Anna Phan
- Biological Sciences Program, Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Muhammad Abrar Hashmi
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kayla Bleich
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Debabrata Biswas
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Wen J, Sui Y, Shi J, Cai S, Xiong T, Cai F, Zhou L, Li S, Mei X. In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion of Various Sweet Potato Leaves: Polyphenol Profiles, Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability Elucidation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:520. [PMID: 38790625 PMCID: PMC11117659 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition discrepancies of five sweet potato leaves (SPLs) and their phenolic profile variations during in vitro digestion were investigated. The results indicated that Ecaishu No. 10 (EC10) provided better retention capacity for phenolic compounds after drying. Furthermore, polyphenols were progressively released from the matrix as the digestion process proceeded. The highest bioaccessibility of polyphenols was found in EC10 intestinal chyme at 48.47%. For its phenolic profile, 3-, 4-, and 5-monosubstituted caffeoyl quinic acids were 9.75%, 57.39%, and 79.37%, respectively, while 3,4-, 3,5-, and 4,5-disubstituted caffeoyl quinic acids were 6.55, 0.27 and 13.18%, respectively. In contrast, the 3,4-, 3,5-, 4,5-disubstituted caffeoylquinic acid in the intestinal fluid after dialysis bag treatment was 62.12%, 79.12%, and 62.98%, respectively, which resulted in relatively enhanced bioactivities (DPPH, 10.51 μmol Trolox/g; FRAP, 8.89 μmol Trolox/g; ORAC, 7.32 μmol Trolox/g; IC50 for α-amylase, 19.36 mg/g; IC50 for α-glucosidase, 25.21 mg/g). In summary, desirable phenolic acid release characteristics and bioactivity of EC10 were observed in this study, indicating that it has potential as a functional food ingredient, which is conducive to the exploitation of the sweet potato processing industry from a long-term perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junren Wen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Cold Chain Logistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear-Agricultural Technology, Agro-Product Processing Research Sub-Center of Hubei Innovation Center of Agriculture Science and Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, China; (J.W.); (J.S.); (S.C.); (T.X.); (F.C.); (L.Z.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yong Sui
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Cold Chain Logistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear-Agricultural Technology, Agro-Product Processing Research Sub-Center of Hubei Innovation Center of Agriculture Science and Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, China; (J.W.); (J.S.); (S.C.); (T.X.); (F.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jianbin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Cold Chain Logistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear-Agricultural Technology, Agro-Product Processing Research Sub-Center of Hubei Innovation Center of Agriculture Science and Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, China; (J.W.); (J.S.); (S.C.); (T.X.); (F.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Sha Cai
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Cold Chain Logistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear-Agricultural Technology, Agro-Product Processing Research Sub-Center of Hubei Innovation Center of Agriculture Science and Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, China; (J.W.); (J.S.); (S.C.); (T.X.); (F.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Tian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Cold Chain Logistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear-Agricultural Technology, Agro-Product Processing Research Sub-Center of Hubei Innovation Center of Agriculture Science and Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, China; (J.W.); (J.S.); (S.C.); (T.X.); (F.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Fang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Cold Chain Logistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear-Agricultural Technology, Agro-Product Processing Research Sub-Center of Hubei Innovation Center of Agriculture Science and Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, China; (J.W.); (J.S.); (S.C.); (T.X.); (F.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Cold Chain Logistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear-Agricultural Technology, Agro-Product Processing Research Sub-Center of Hubei Innovation Center of Agriculture Science and Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, China; (J.W.); (J.S.); (S.C.); (T.X.); (F.C.); (L.Z.)
- National R & D Center for Se-Rich Agricultural Products Processing, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China;
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Deep Processing of Green Se-Rich Agricultural Product, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Shuyi Li
- National R & D Center for Se-Rich Agricultural Products Processing, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China;
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Deep Processing of Green Se-Rich Agricultural Product, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Xin Mei
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Cold Chain Logistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear-Agricultural Technology, Agro-Product Processing Research Sub-Center of Hubei Innovation Center of Agriculture Science and Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, China; (J.W.); (J.S.); (S.C.); (T.X.); (F.C.); (L.Z.)
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Touihri-Barakati I, Kallech-Ziri O, Morjen M, Marrakchi N, Luis J, Hosni K. Inhibitory effect of phenolic extract from squirting cucumber ( Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich) seed oil on integrin-mediated cell adhesion, migration and angiogenesis. RSC Adv 2022; 12:31747-31756. [PMID: 36380921 PMCID: PMC9638996 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02593k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrin targeted therapies by natural bioactive compounds have attracted attention in the field of oncology and cancer treatment. This study evaluates the potential of phenolic extract from the medicinal herb Ecballium elaterium L. seed oil (PEO) to inhibit the adhesion and migration of the highly invasive human fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080. At safe concentrations (up to 40 μg mL-1), results show that PEO dose-dependently inhibits adhesion and migration of HT1080 to fibronectin (IC50 = 18 μg mL-1) and fibrinogen (IC50 = 12.86 μg mL-1). These observations were associated with the reduction of cell motility and migration velocity as revealed in the Boyden chamber and random motility using two-dimensional assays, respectively. Additional experiments using integrin blocking antibodies showed that PEO at the highest safe concentration (40 μg mL-1) competitively inhibited the attachment of HT1080 cell to anti-αvβ3 (>98%), anti-α5β1 (>86%), and to a lesser extent anti-α2 (>50%) immobilized antibodies, suggesting that αvβ3 and α5β1 integrins were selectively targeted by PEO. Moreover, PEO specifically targeted these integrins in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) and dose-dependently blocked the in vitro tubulogenesis. In the CAM model, PEO inhibited the VEGF-induced neoangiogenesis confirming its anti-angiogenic effect. Collectively, these results indicate that PEO holds promise for the development of natural integrin-targeted therapies against fibrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Touihri-Barakati
- Laboratoire des Substances Naturelles (LR10INRAP02), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique Sidi Thabet 2020 Ariana Tunisia
| | - Olfa Kallech-Ziri
- Laboratoire des Substances Naturelles (LR10INRAP02), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique Sidi Thabet 2020 Ariana Tunisia
| | - Maram Morjen
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Venoms and Theranostic Applications, LR20IPT01, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar Tunis 1002 Tunisia
| | - Naziha Marrakchi
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Venoms and Theranostic Applications, LR20IPT01, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar Tunis 1002 Tunisia
| | - José Luis
- CNRS-UMR 7051, Institut de Neuro Physiopathologie (INP), Université Aix-Marseille 27 Bd Jean Moulin 13385 Marseille France
| | - Karim Hosni
- Laboratoire des Substances Naturelles (LR10INRAP02), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique Sidi Thabet 2020 Ariana Tunisia
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Mourjane A, Hanine H, El Adnany EM, Ouhammou M, Hidar N, Nabil B, Boumendjel A, Bitar K, Mahrouz M. Energetic Bio-Activation of Some Organic Molecules and Their Antioxidant Activity in the Pulp of the Moroccan Argan Tree «Argania spinosa L. ». Molecules 2022; 27:3329. [PMID: 35630807 PMCID: PMC9144852 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Argania spinosa L. Skeels is an emblematic tree in Morocco, known worldwide for its medicinal and nutritional value. Its fruits contain kernels used to prepare an edible oil, the leaves are used to feed livestock, and its wood is used as fuel. If the oil acquires high importance, the other components of the fruit of the argan are undervalued. Our objective is to invest the waste of the argan industry. Particularly, our study aimed to assess the effect of thermal activation of argan pulp on its therapeutic value, its phenolic profile and its functional and physicochemical properties. After heat treatment, the HPLC analysis for the average total phenolic content varied from 2% to 37%, depending on temperature. The antioxidant activity was increased with heat treatment. Higher values of antioxidant activity, polyphenol and pigment content were recorded at 70 °C. Functional properties analysis indicated that water solubility index and water absorption capacity were significantly affected by heat stress. Physicochemical analysis showed that moisture content, titratable acidity and soluble solids were affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub Mourjane
- Laboratory of Bioprocesses and Bio Interfaces, FST Beni Mellal, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mella 23000, Morocco; (A.M.); (H.H.)
- Laboratory of Material Sciences and Process Optimization, Faculty of Sciences Semallaia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco; (E.M.E.A.); (M.O.); (N.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Hafida Hanine
- Laboratory of Bioprocesses and Bio Interfaces, FST Beni Mellal, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mella 23000, Morocco; (A.M.); (H.H.)
| | - El Mustapha El Adnany
- Laboratory of Material Sciences and Process Optimization, Faculty of Sciences Semallaia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco; (E.M.E.A.); (M.O.); (N.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Mourad Ouhammou
- Laboratory of Material Sciences and Process Optimization, Faculty of Sciences Semallaia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco; (E.M.E.A.); (M.O.); (N.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Nadia Hidar
- Laboratory of Material Sciences and Process Optimization, Faculty of Sciences Semallaia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco; (E.M.E.A.); (M.O.); (N.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Bouchra Nabil
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Fkih Ben Saleh, Beni Mella 23000, Morocco;
| | - Ahcène Boumendjel
- Laboratoire Radiopharmaceutiques Biocliniques (LRB), INSERM U1039, Faculté de Médecine La Tronche, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Khalid Bitar
- IRCOS Laboratory, ZI Al-Massar, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco;
| | - Mostafa Mahrouz
- Laboratory of Material Sciences and Process Optimization, Faculty of Sciences Semallaia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco; (E.M.E.A.); (M.O.); (N.H.); (M.M.)
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Phahlane CJ, Laurie SM, Shoko T, Manhivi VE, Sivakumar D. Comparison of Caffeoylquinic Acids and Functional Properties of Domestic Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) Storage Roots with Established Overseas Varieties. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091329. [PMID: 35564053 PMCID: PMC9104689 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Root samples of sweet potato varieties originating from South Africa (‘Ndou’, ‘Bophelo’, ‘Monate’, and ‘Blesbok’), the USA (‘Beauregard’), and Peru (‘199062.1′) were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/QTOF/MS) and chemometrics to characterize and compare the locally developed varieties with well-known established overseas varieties. The highest total phenol content was detected in ‘Bophelo’, followed by ‘Beauregard’ and Peruvian variety ‘199062.1’. The Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) model classified the storage roots of six sweet potato varieties into two clusters. In the OPLS-DA scatter plot, one cluster, which included Peruvian variety ‘199062.1’, was separated from the others. L-tryptophan and 3-caffeoylquinic acid (CQA) showed variable importance in projection (VIP) scores greater than 1.5. Based on the OPLS-DA-S-plot, L-tryptophan separated the other varieties from Peruvian variety ‘199062.1’. Peruvian variety ‘199062.1’ contained higher concentrations of CQA (1,3-diCQA, 1,4-diCQA, 3,5-diCQA, 4,5-diCQA, 3-CQA, and 5-CQA) and 5-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin 7-glucoside than other varieties. Among all sweet potato varieties analyzed, Peruvian variety ‘199062.1′ showed the highest ferric reducing antioxidant power (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) free radical scavenging activity, and [2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate)] scavenging activity. Among the local sweet potato varieties, ‘Bophelo’ has the greatest potential for commercialization as it is the richest source of CQA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine J. Phahlane
- Phytochemical Food Network Research Group, Department of Crop Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (C.J.P.); (T.S.); (V.E.M.)
| | - Sunette M. Laurie
- Agricultural Research Council-Vegetables, Industrial and Medicinal Plants (ARC-VIMP), Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Tinotenda Shoko
- Phytochemical Food Network Research Group, Department of Crop Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (C.J.P.); (T.S.); (V.E.M.)
| | - Vimbainashe E. Manhivi
- Phytochemical Food Network Research Group, Department of Crop Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (C.J.P.); (T.S.); (V.E.M.)
| | - Dharini Sivakumar
- Phytochemical Food Network Research Group, Department of Crop Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (C.J.P.); (T.S.); (V.E.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Phahlane CJ, Laurie SM, Shoko T, Manhivi VE, Sivakumar D. An Evaluation of Phenolic Compounds, Carotenoids, and Antioxidant Properties in Leaves of South African Cultivars, Peruvian 199062.1 and USA's Beauregard. Front Nutr 2021; 8:773550. [PMID: 34901120 PMCID: PMC8662696 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.773550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, leaves of sweet potato cultivars from South Africa (“Ndou,” “Bophelo,” “Monate,” and “Blesbok”), “Beauregard,” a sweet potato cultivar from the USA, and a Peruvian cultivar “199062. 1” were analyzed using UPLC/QTOF/MS and chemometrics, with the aim of characterizing the locally developed sweet potato cultivars and comparing them with already well-known established varieties on the market. A set of 13 phenolic compounds was identified. A partial least squares discriminant analysis, a hierarchical cluster analysis, and variables importance in projection were used to successfully distinguish sweet potato varieties based on their distinct metabolites. Caffeic acid enabled to distinguish Cluster 1 leaves of varieties (“Beauregard” and “Ndou”) from Cluster 2 (“199062.1,” “Bophelo,” “Monate,” and “Blesbok”). The leaves of “Bophelo” contained the highest concentrations of rutin, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, 3-caffeoylquinic acid (3-CQA), (5-CQA), 1,3 dicaffeoylquinic acid (1,3-diCQA), 1,4-diCQA, and 3,5-diCQA. Furthermore, Bophelo leaves showed the highest antioxidant activities (FRAP 19.69 mM TEACg−1 and IC50 values of (3.51 and 3.43 mg ml−1) for DPPH and ABTS, respectively, compared to the other varieties. Leaves of “Blesbok” contained the highest levels of β-carotene (10.27 mg kg−1) and zeaxanthin (5.02 mg kg−1) on a dry weight basis compared to all other varieties. This study demonstrated that the leaves of local cultivars “Bophelo” and “Blesbok” have the potential to become functional ingredients for food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine J Phahlane
- Phytochemical Food Network Research Group, Department of Crop Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa.,Agricultural Research Council-Vegetable, Industrial and Medicinal Plants (ARC-VIMP), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sunette M Laurie
- Agricultural Research Council-Vegetable, Industrial and Medicinal Plants (ARC-VIMP), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tinotenda Shoko
- Phytochemical Food Network Research Group, Department of Crop Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vimbainashe E Manhivi
- Phytochemical Food Network Research Group, Department of Crop Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dharini Sivakumar
- Phytochemical Food Network Research Group, Department of Crop Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
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Biernacka B, Dziki D, Kozłowska J, Kowalska I, Soluch A. Dehydrated at Different Conditions and Powdered Leek as a Concentrate of Biologically Active Substances: Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Compound Profile. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14206127. [PMID: 34683716 PMCID: PMC8539520 DOI: 10.3390/ma14206127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the antioxidant activity, phenolic acid profile, color changes, and chemical composition of dried and powdered leek (Allium porrum). Leek was divided into white shaft (WH) and green shaft (GR) and subjected to drying by different methods—convection drying, vacuum drying, and freeze-drying (FD)—at a temperature of 60 °C. A sample freeze-dried at a temperature of 20 °C was used as control. Analyses of the dried leek samples revealed that GR contained a higher amount of ash, protein, fat, fiber, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, and exhibited higher antioxidant capacity compared to WH. The dominant phenolic acid in WH was p-cumaric acid followed by synapic and protocatechuic acids. GR had a several-fold higher content of phenolic acids than WH, with ferulic acid being dominant (about 85% of the total phenolic content). It was also observed that a higher drying temperature resulted in the degradation of phenolic compounds and reduced the antioxidant properties of leek shafts. Most importantly, FD under a temperature of 60 °C caused a similar degree of degradation of biologically active compounds as air drying. An increase in drying temperature was associated with a slight decrease in the lightness of GR, whereas in the case of WH no significant change in this parameter was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Biernacka
- Department of Thermal Technology and Food Process Engineering, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 31 Głęboka St., 20-612 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Dziki
- Department of Thermal Technology and Food Process Engineering, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 31 Głęboka St., 20-612 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-445-61-25
| | - Joanna Kozłowska
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 25 Norwida St., 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Iwona Kowalska
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation-State Research Institute, 8 Czartoryskich St., 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (I.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Agata Soluch
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation-State Research Institute, 8 Czartoryskich St., 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (I.K.); (A.S.)
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Yilmaz A, Alibas I, Asik BB. The effect of drying methods on the color, chlorophyll, total phenolic, flavonoids, and macro and micronutrients of thyme plant. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aslihan Yilmaz
- Faculty of Agriculture Department of Biosystems Engineering Bursa Uludag University Bursa Turkey
| | - Ilknur Alibas
- Faculty of Agriculture Department of Biosystems Engineering Bursa Uludag University Bursa Turkey
| | - Baris Bulent Asik
- Faculty of Agriculture Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Bursa Uludag University Bursa Turkey
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