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Jiang F, Xie X, Pang X, Zheng L. Efficacy of magnetic therapy for osteoporotic patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e36881. [PMID: 38215089 PMCID: PMC10783348 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic therapy may have some potential in treating osteoporosis, and this meta-analysis aims to study the efficacy of magnetic therapy for osteoporotic patients. METHODS We have searched several databases including PubMed, EMbase, Web of Science, EBSCO and Cochrane library databases, and selected the randomized controlled trials comparing the efficacy of magnetic therapy for osteoporotic patients. This meta-analysis was conducted using the random-effect or fixed-effect model based on the heterogeneity. RESULTS Five randomized controlled trials were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with sham procedure in osteoporotic patients, magnetic therapy was associated with significantly increased bone mineral density (standard mean difference [SMD] = 2.39; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.27-4.51; P = .03), decreased pain scores (mean difference [MD] = -0.86; 95% CI = -1.04 to -0.67; P < .00001), and calcium (MD = -0.61; 95% CI = -0.92 to -0.29; P = .0002), but revealed no influence on phosphate (MD = 0.07; 95% CI = -0.30 to 0.44; P = .71), osteocalcin (SMD = 0.65; 95% CI = -2.87 to 4.17; P = .72), or ALP (SMD = -0.43; 95% CI = -0.92 to 0.07; P = .09). CONCLUSIONS Magnetic therapy may be effective for the treatment of osteoporotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Department of the Orthopedics, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianping Xie
- Department of the Orthopedics, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianlun Pang
- Physical Examination Center, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of the Imaging, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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2
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Luo Y, Liu H, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Liu S, Liu X, Luo E. Metal ions: the unfading stars of bone regeneration-from bone metabolism regulation to biomaterial applications. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:7268-7295. [PMID: 37800407 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01146a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, bone regeneration has emerged as a remarkable field that offers promising guidance for treating bone-related diseases, such as bone defects, bone infections, and osteosarcoma. Among various bone regeneration approaches, the metal ion-based strategy has surfaced as a prospective candidate approach owing to the extensive regulatory role of metal ions in bone metabolism and the diversity of corresponding delivery strategies. Various metal ions can promote bone regeneration through three primary strategies: balancing the effects of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, regulating the immune microenvironment, and promoting bone angiogenesis. In the meantime, the complex molecular mechanisms behind these strategies are being consistently explored. Moreover, the accelerated development of biomaterials broadens the prospect of metal ions applied to bone regeneration. This review highlights the potential of metal ions for bone regeneration and their underlying mechanisms. We propose that future investigations focus on refining the clinical utilization of metal ions using both mechanistic inquiry and materials engineering to bolster the clinical effectiveness of metal ion-based approaches for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hanghang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Emergency, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin Nanlu, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - En Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
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Fritzen R, Davies A, Veenhuizen M, Campbell M, Pitt SJ, Ajjan RA, Stewart AJ. Magnesium Deficiency and Cardiometabolic Disease. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102355. [PMID: 37242238 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) has many physiological functions within the body. These include important roles in maintaining cardiovascular functioning, where it contributes to the regulation of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling, endothelial functioning and haemostasis. The haemostatic roles of Mg2+ impact upon both the protein and cellular arms of coagulation. In this review, we examine how Mg2+ homeostasis is maintained within the body and highlight the various molecular roles attributed to Mg2+ in the cardiovascular system. In addition, we describe how nutritional and/or disease-associated magnesium deficiency, seen in some metabolic conditions, has the potential to influence cardiac and vascular outcomes. Finally, we also examine the potential for magnesium supplements to be employed in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders and in the management of cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Fritzen
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
| | - Amy Davies
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
| | - Miriam Veenhuizen
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
| | - Matthew Campbell
- School of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Sunderland, Sunderland SR1 3DS, UK
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Samantha J Pitt
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
| | - Ramzi A Ajjan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alan J Stewart
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
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Yu L, Gao T, Li W, Yang J, Liu Y, Zhao Y, He P, Li X, Guo W, Fan Z, Dai H. Carboxymethyl chitosan-alginate enhances bone repair effects of magnesium phosphate bone cement by activating the FAK-Wnt pathway. Bioact Mater 2023; 20:598-609. [PMID: 35846837 PMCID: PMC9256840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a continuing need for artificial bone substitutes for bone repair and reconstruction, Magnesium phosphate bone cement (MPC) has exceptional degradable properties and exhibits promising biocompatibility. However, its mechanical strength needs improved and its low osteo-inductive potential limits its therapeutic application in bone regeneration. We functionally modified MPC by using a polymeric carboxymethyl chitosan-sodium alginate (CMCS/SA) gel network. This had the advantages of: improved compressive strength, ease of handling, and an optimized interface for bioactive bone in-growth. The new composites with 2% CMCS/SA showed the most favorable physicochemical properties, including mechanical strength, wash-out resistance, setting time, injectable time and heat release. Biologically, the composite promoted the attachment and proliferation of osteoblast cells. It was also found to induce osteogenic differentiation in vitro, as verified by expression of osteogenic markers. In terms of molecular mechanisms, data showed that new bone cement activated the Wnt pathway through inhibition of the phosphorylation of β-catenin, which is dependent on focal adhesion kinase. Through micro-computed tomography and histological analysis, we found that the MPC-CMCS/SA scaffolds, compared with MPC alone, showed increased bone regeneration in a rat calvarial defect model. Overall, our study suggested that the novel composite had potential to help repair critical bone defects in clinical practice. CMCS/SA improves the mechanical strength of MPC while minimizing tissue damage. The MPC-CMCS/SA composite is easily manipulable for clinical application. MPC-CMCS/SA has good biocompatibility, and is easier for cell adhesion and proliferation. The MPC-CMCS/SA composite enhances osteogenic differentiation in vitro through the integrin-FAK-Wnt axis. The MPC-CMCS/SA composite enhances critical bone defect repair in vivo.
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Shugaa Addin N, Schlett CL, Bamberg F, Thorand B, Linseisen J, Seissler J, Peters A, Rospleszcz S. Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease Markers in Relation to Serum and Dietary Magnesium in Individuals from the General Population: The KORA-MRI Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14234954. [PMID: 36500983 PMCID: PMC9741061 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have implied a role of magnesium in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Thus, magnesium might serve as a potential risk marker for early CVD. Therefore, we investigated the association of serum magnesium and dietary magnesium intake with markers of subclinical CVD in a population-based study. We used cross-sectional data from the sub-study of the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA-FF4). Markers of subclinical CVD, namely, left and right ventricular structure and function and carotid plaque and carotid wall thickness, were derived by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Multivariable-adjusted regression models were applied to assess the relationship between serum and dietary magnesium and MRI-derived subclinical CVD markers. Among 396 included participants (mean age: 56.3 ± 9.2 years; 57.8% male), 181 (45.7%) had low serum magnesium levels (<2.07 mg/dL). Among 311 subjects with complete dietary data (mean age: 56.3 ± 9.1 years; 56.3% male), 154 (49.5%) had low dietary magnesium intake (≤155.2 mg/1000 kcal/day). Serum and dietary magnesium were not correlated (p-value = 0.5). Serum magnesium was significantly associated with presence of carotid plaque (OR 1.62, p-value 0.033). Dietary magnesium was associated with higher left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic volume (0.04 mL/m2, 0.06 mL/m2; p-value 0.011, 0.013, respectively), and also with a decrease in left ventricular remodeling index and mean diastolic wall thickness (−0.001 g/mL/m2, −0.002 mm/m2; p-value 0.004, 0.029, respectively). In summary, there was no consistent association of serum and dietary magnesium with imaging markers of subclinical CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuha Shugaa Addin
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology (IBE), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), 85764 München, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christopher L. Schlett
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Bamberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jakob Linseisen
- Epidemiology, University Hospital of Augsburg, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Seissler
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Diabetes Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology (IBE), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), 85764 München, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 München, Germany
| | - Susanne Rospleszcz
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology (IBE), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), 85764 München, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 München, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-089-3187-4234
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Yao Y, Gao F, Wu Y, Zhang X, Xu J, Du H, Wang X. Mendelian randomization analysis of the causal association of bone mineral density and fracture with multiple sclerosis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:993150. [PMID: 36188366 PMCID: PMC9519880 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.993150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disorder and an autoimmune disease. Until now, observational studies have indicated the association of bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture with the risk of MS. However, these studies indicated inconsistent findings. Until now, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been conducted in BMD, fracture, and MS, which provide large-scale datasets to investigate the causal association of BMD and fracture with the risk of MS using the Mendelian randomization (MR) study. Here, we performed an MR study to clarify the causal association between BMD/fracture and the risk of MS using large-scale publicly available GWAS datasets from BMD, fracture, and MS. We first evaluated the bidirectional causal effects of BMD and MS. The main analysis method inverse-variance weighted (IVW) showed no significant causal effect of BMD on the risk of MS (β = 0.058, and p = 1.98E-01), and MS on the risk of BMD (β = −0.001, and p = 7.83E-01). We then evaluated the bidirectional causal effects of fracture and MS. However, we only identified a significant causal effect of fracture on the risk of MS using IVW (β = −0.375, p = 0.002), but no significant causal effect of MS on the risk of the fracture using IVW (β = 0.011, p = 2.39E-01). Therefore, our main analysis method IVW only found a significant causal effect of fracture on MS using the threshold for the statistically significant association p < 0.05/4 = 0.0125. Meanwhile, multivariable MR analyses showed that the causal effect of fracture on MS was independent of smoking, drinking, and obesity, but dependent on BMD. In summary, our MR analysis demonstrates that genetically increased fracture may reduce the risk of MS. Our findings should be further verified and the underlying mechanisms should be further evaluated by future studies.
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Causal associations of circulating adiponectin with cardiometabolic diseases and osteoporotic fracture. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6689. [PMID: 35461346 PMCID: PMC9035157 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10586-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating adiponectin shows some relationships with the occurrence of cardiometabolic diseases and osteoporotic fracture, but little is known about their causal associations. This two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study aims to explore the causal roles of circulating adiponectin in cardiometabolic diseases and osteoporotic fracture. We used 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with circulating adiponectin as the instrumental variables. Inverse variance weighted, weighted median and MR-Egger regression methods were applied to study the causal associations. The results found that high circulating adiponectin was causally associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes (beta-estimate: -0.030, 95% CI: -0.048 to -0.011, SE: 0.009, P-value = 0.002) and may be the risk factor of coronary artery disease (beta-estimate: 0.012, 95% CI: 0.001 to 0.023, SE: 0.006, P-value = 0.030). No causal associations were seen between circulating adiponectin and other outcomes including heart failure, atrial fibrillation, cerebral ischemia, intracerebral hemorrhage or osteoporotic fracture. This study found the potential causal roles of high circulating adiponectin in reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and increased risk of coronary artery disease, which may help prevent and treat these two diseases.
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Qi H, Liu Y, Wu L, Liu C, Ni S, Liu Q, Ni X, Sun Q. Mg-HA-C/C Composites Promote Osteogenic Differentiation and Repair Bone Defects Through Inhibiting miR-16. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:838842. [PMID: 35186909 PMCID: PMC8854763 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.838842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydroxyapatite (HA) coating on carbon/carbon (C/C) is reasonable and feasible to obtain bone graft materials with appropriate mechanical and biological properties. However, improvement of the physical and chemical properties of HA-C/C composites to promote bone regeneration and healing remains a challenge. In our present study, the HA coatings on C/C with magnesium (Mg) (Mg-HA-C/C) composites were synthesized that Ca (NO3)2, Mg (NO3)2, and NH4H2PO4 were mixed and coatings were made by electromagnetic induction deposition’s heating. As determined with in vitro experiments, Mg-HA-C/C composites containing 10 and 20% Mg decreased miR-16 levels, increased cell viability, elevated the levels of osteogenesis-related genes, and promoted osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) seeded on their surfaces. In a rat model of skull defects, compared to the control group, at 4 and 12 weeks after the operation, the bone volume fraction (BV/TV) of Mg-HA-C/C composite group was increased by 8.439 ± 2.681% and 23.837 ± 7.845%, as well as the trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) was 56.247 ± 24.238 μm and 114.911 ± 34.015 μm more. These composites also increased the levels of ALP and RUNX2 in skull. The Mg-HA-C/C composite-enhanced bone regeneration and healing were blocked by in situ injection of an miR-16 mimic lentivirus vector. Thus, Mg-HA-C/C composites promote osteogenic differentiation and repair bone defects through inhibiting miR-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qi
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Wu
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun Liu
- Second People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Su Ni
- Second People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Qizhan Liu
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinye Ni
- Second People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xinye Ni, ; Qiang Sun,
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Xinye Ni, ; Qiang Sun,
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Causal Roles of Sleep Duration in Osteoporosis and Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:6819644. [PMID: 36277903 PMCID: PMC9586149 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6819644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sleep duration suggests some association with osteoporosis and cardiometabolic diseases, but it is unknown if these associations are causal or confounded. In this two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study, we included the largest genome-wide association studies (GWASs) associated with sleep duration and the outcome measures of osteoporosis and cardiometabolic diseases. Finally, 25 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with short sleep duration and 7 SNPs associated with long sleep duration obtained the genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-8) and were used as instrumental variables. Genetic predisposition to short sleep duration was strongly associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease (beta-estimate: 0.199, 95% confidence interval CI: 0.081 to 0.317, standard error SE:0.060, P value = 0.001) and heart failure (beta-estimate: 0.145, 95% CI: 0.025 to 0.264, SE:0.061, P value = 0.017), which were both confirmed by the sensitivity analyses. Both short and long sleep duration may reduce the estimated bone mineral density (eBMD, beta-estimate: -0.086, 95% CI: -0.141 to -0.031, SE:0.028, P value = 0.002 for short sleep duration; beta-estimate: -0.080, 95% CI: -0.120 to -0.041, SE:0.020, P value < 0.0001 for long sleep duration). There was limited evidence of associations between sleep duration and fracture, type 2 diabetes, atrial fibrillation, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, or HbA1c. This study provides robust evidence that short sleep duration is causally associated with high risk of coronary artery disease and heart failure and suggests that short sleep duration should be avoided to prevent these two cardiovascular diseases. Short and long sleep duration show some MR association with reduced eBMD, which indicates that both short and long sleep duration may be prevented to reduce the incidence of osteoporosis.
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