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Hettiarachchi J, Reijnierse EM, Kew N, Fetterplace K, Tan SY, Maier AB. The effect of dose, frequency, and timing of protein supplementation on muscle mass in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 99:102325. [PMID: 38830547 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Protein supplementation has shown to improve muscle mass in older adults. However, its effect may be influenced by supplementation dose, frequency and timing. This systematic review aimed to assess the effect of dose, frequency and timing of protein supplementation on muscle mass in older adults. Five databases were systematically searched from inception to 14 March 2023, for randomised controlled trials investigating the effect of protein supplementation on muscle mass in adults aged ≥65 years. Random effects meta-analyses were performed, stratified by population. Subgroups were created for dose (≥30 g, <30 g/day), frequency (once, twice, three times/day) and timing of supplementation (at breakfast, breakfast and lunch, breakfast and dinner, all meals, between meals). Heterogeneity within and between subgroups was assessed using I2 and Cochran Q statistics respectively. Thirty-eight articles were included describing community-dwelling (28 articles, n=3204, 74.6±3.4 years, 62.8 % female), hospitalised (8 articles, n=590, 77.0±3.7 years, 50.3 % female) and institutionalised populations (2 articles, n=156, 85.7±1.2 years, 71.2 % female). Protein supplementation showed a positive effect on muscle mass in community-dwelling older adults (standardised mean difference 0.116; 95 % confidence interval 0.032-0.200 kg, p=0.007, I2=15.3 %) but the effect did not differ between subgroups of dose, frequency and timing (Q=0.056, 0.569 and 3.084 respectively, p>0.05). Data including hospitalised and institutionalised populations were limited. Protein supplementation improves muscle mass in community-dwelling older adults, but its dose, frequency or timing does not significantly influence the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeewanadee Hettiarachchi
- Department of Medicine and Aged Care, @AgeMelbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Esmee M Reijnierse
- Department of Medicine and Aged Care, @AgeMelbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Center of Expertise Urban Vitality, Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Natalie Kew
- Department of Medicine and Aged Care, @AgeMelbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kate Fetterplace
- Department of Allied Health (Clinical Nutrition), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Department of Critical Care, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sze-Yen Tan
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Andrea B Maier
- Department of Medicine and Aged Care, @AgeMelbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Human Movement Sciences, @AgeAmsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Healthy Longevity, @AgeSingapore, National University Health System, Singapore; Healthy Longevity Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, @AgeSingapore, National University Health System, Singapore.
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Lak M, Bagheri R, Ghobadi H, Campbell B, Wong A, Shahrbaf A, Shariatzadeh M, Dutheil F. Timing matters? The effects of two different timing of high protein diets on body composition, muscular performance, and biochemical markers in resistance-trained males. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1397090. [PMID: 38846541 PMCID: PMC11156191 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1397090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background It is unclear whether resistance training in combination with different timing of protein intake might have differential effects on muscle hypertrophy, strength, and performance. Therefore, we compared the effects of 8 weeks of resistance training combined with two different high-protein diet strategies (immediately pre-and after, or 3 h pre and after exercise) in resistance-trained males. Methods Forty resistance-trained males (24 ± 4 years) performed 8 weeks of resistance training combined with 2 g kg-1 d-1 protein. Body composition, muscular performance, and biochemical markers were assessed pre and post-intervention. Results Nine participants (four from 3 h group and five from the immediate group) withdrew from the study. Therefore, 31 participants completed the study. All measures of skeletal muscle mass, Australian pull-up, and muscle strength, significantly increased post-intervention in both groups (p < 0.05). The biochemical marker urea also significantly increased from pre to post in both groups (p < 0.05). There were no significant between-group differences (p > 0.05). Conclusion High-protein diet enhances muscular performance and skeletal muscle mass in resistance-trained males, irrespective of intake time. Consequently, the total daily protein intake appears to be the primary factor in facilitating muscle growth induced by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Ghobadi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bill Campbell
- Performance and Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Alexei Wong
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Amin Shahrbaf
- Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fred Dutheil
- Université Clermont Auvergne CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Preventive and Occupational Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Khaing IK, Tahara Y, Chimed-Ochir O, Shibata S, Kubo T. Effect of breakfast protein intake on muscle mass and strength in adults: a scoping review. Nutr Rev 2024:nuad167. [PMID: 38219154 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The distribution of protein intake throughout the day is frequently skewed, with breakfast having the lowest protein intake across all age groups. There is no review that addresses the association between breakfast protein intake and muscle mass and strength. OBJECTIVE This scoping review aims to summarize the literature on the relationship between protein intake during breakfast and muscle mass and strength in adults. METHODS This review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. Two independent reviewers screened and appraised the articles identified from 3 electronic databases (Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus) that focused on protein intake per meal and its impact on muscle-related outcomes. RESULTS A total of 14 763 articles were retrieved from 3 databases, and after the screening process, 15 articles were included for analysis. Approximately 58.8% of findings from 11 studies examining the association between high protein intake during breakfast and muscle mass indicated an increase in muscle mass among participants. Half of 6 studies (50.0%) exploring the relationship between high protein intake at breakfast and muscle strength demonstrated an increase in muscle strength. Consuming high amounts of protein at breakfast or more protein in the morning than in the evening was associated with an increase in the skeletal muscle index and lean body mass. CONCLUSION Protein consumption at breakfast revealed potential benefits in increasing muscle mass across 5 studies involving an elderly population and 2 studies encompassing middle-aged women and young men in our review. However, the relationship between protein intake at breakfast and muscle strength remains unclear. Further high-quality randomized controlled trials are required to examine whether adults can preserve skeletal muscle health outcomes by consuming higher amounts of protein at breakfast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inn-Kynn Khaing
- Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yu Tahara
- Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Odgerel Chimed-Ochir
- Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Shibata
- Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kubo
- Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Kim HK, Yamada Y, Tahara Y, Takahashi M, Ono R, Shibata S. Association between disruption of circadian activity rhythms and obesity. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:1546-1556. [PMID: 37990528 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2285314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study aimed to elucidate the association between disruption of circadian activity rhythms and obesity-related indices. This study included 69 older participants (male, n = 36; female, n = 33), and disruption of circadian activity rhythms in daily life was assessed using the cosinor method based on physical activity data. The daily physical activity data were fitted to a cosine curve to estimate the peak phase (acrophase), and the difference in the peak phase (time) for each day was determined. The standard deviation (SD) of the mean peak phase differences over 6 days was obtained. The higher the SD value, the more disturbed the circadian rhythm of activity. Based on the calculated values, the samples were divided into tertiles (small, medium, and large). A significant positive correlation was found between Log SD and body fat percentage on the disruption of circadian activity rhythms and obesity-related indices. In addition, positive associations were observed among body mass, body mass index, and Log SD. However, these associations were not observed in women. These results suggest that disruption of circadian activity rhythms is associated with obesity-related indices and may differ according to sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Ki Kim
- Physical Activity Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- Physical Activity Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yu Tahara
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masaki Takahashi
- Institute for Liberal Arts, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rei Ono
- Physical Activity Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Shibata
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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Zheng W, Li R, Zhou Y, Shi F, Song Y, Liao Y, Zhou F, Zheng X, Lv J, Li Q. Effect of dietary protein content shift on aging in elderly rats by comprehensive quantitative score and metabolomics analysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1051964. [DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1051964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the protein nutrition strategy of middle-aged and elderly people, some believe that low protein is good for health, while others believe high protein is good for health. Facing the contradictory situation, the following hypothesis is proposed. There is a process of change from lower to higher ratio of protein nutritional requirements that are good for health in the human body after about 50 years of age, and the age at which the switch occurs is around 65 years of age. Hence, in this study, 50, 25-month-old male rats were randomly divided into five groups: Control (basal diet), LP (low-protein diet with a 30% decrease in protein content compared to the basal diet), HP (high-protein diet with a 30% increase in protein content compared to the basal diet), Model 1 (switched from LP to HP feed at week 4), and Model 2 (switched from LP to HP feed at week 7). After a total of 10 weeks intervention, the liver and serum samples were examined for aging-related indicators, and a newly comprehensive quantitative score was generated using principal component analysis (PCA). The effects of the five protein nutritional modalities were quantified in descending order: Model 1 > HP > LP > Control > Model 2. Furthermore, the differential metabolites in serum and feces were determined by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, and 15 differential metabolites, significantly associated with protein intake, were identified by Spearman’s correlation analysis (p < 0.05). Among the fecal metabolites, 10 were positively correlated and 3 were negatively correlated. In the serum, tyrosine and lactate levels were positively correlated, and acetate levels were negatively correlated. MetaboAnalyst analysis identified that the metabolic pathways influenced by protein intake were mainly related to amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. The results of metabolomic analysis elucidate the mechanisms underlying the preceding effects to some degree. These efforts not only contribute to a unified protein nutrition strategy but also positively impact the building of a wiser approach to protein nutrition, thereby helping middle-aged and older populations achieve healthy aging.
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A 12-week personalised physical activity and dietary protein intervention for older adults undergoing peritoneal dialysis: A feasibility study. Geriatr Nurs 2022; 47:247-253. [PMID: 36007425 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2022.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This single-arm observational study explored the feasibility and efficacy of a 12-week personalised physical activity and dietary protein intervention programme for older adults undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Older adults undergoing peritoneal dialysis received eight individualised nutrition and physical activity advice sessions provided by trained nurses. Protein intake and physical activity were regarded as primary outcomes. All data were collected at baseline and at week 12. The enrolment rate was 78.4%. Twenty-nine patients participated in the study. Of these, 86.2% (25/29) completed the intervention. There was a significant increase in protein intake (t = -4.453, P< 0.001) and physical activity levels (Z = -2.929, P = 0.004). Of the participants, 56.0% achieved the targeted protein goal, and 41.4% met the physical activity goal. The timed up-and-go performance (t = 4.135, P = 0.001) increased after intervention. Trained nurses can successfully implement personalised diet and physical activity advice, and achieve promising patient outcomes.
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