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Jagim AR, Tinsley GM, Merfeld BR, Ambrosius A, Khurelbaatar C, Dodge C, Carpenter M, Luedke J, Erickson JL, Fields JB, Jones MT. Validation of skinfold equations and alternative methods for the determination of fat-free mass in young athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1240252. [PMID: 37637224 PMCID: PMC10453806 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1240252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intoduction To cross-validate skinfold (SKF) equations, impedance devices, and air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) for the determination of fat-free mass (FFM). Methods Male and female youth athletes were evaluated (n = 91[mean ± SD] age: 18.19 ± 2.37 year; height: 172.1 ± 9.8 cm; body mass: 68.9 ± 14.5 kg; BMI: 23.15 ± 3.2 kg m-2; body fat: 19.59 ± 6.9%) using underwater weighing (UWW), ADP, and SKF assessments. A 3-compartment (3C) model (i.e., UWW and total body water) served as the criterion, and alternate body density (Db) estimates from ADP and multiple SKF equations were obtained. Validity metrics were examined to establish each method's performance. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS), and the SKF equations of Devrim-Lanpir, Durnin and Womersley, Jackson and Pollock (7-site), Katch, Loftin, Lohman, Slaughter, and Thorland differed from criterion. Results For females, Pearson's correlations between the 3C model and alternate methods ranged from 0.51 to 0.92, the Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) ranged from 0.41 to 0.89, with standard error of the estimate (SEE) ranges of 1.9-4.6 kg. For SKF, the Evans 7-site and J&P 3 Site equations performed best with CCC and SEE values of 0.82, 2.01 kg and 0.78, 2.21 kg, respectively. For males, Pearson's correlations between the 3C model and alternate methods ranged from 0.50 to 0.95, CCC ranges of 0.46-0.94, and SEE ranges of 3.3-7.6 kg. For SKF, the Evans 3-site equation performed best with a mean difference of 1.8 (3.56) kg and a CCC of 0.93. Discussion The Evans 7-site and 3-site SKF equations performed best for female and male athletes, respectively. The field 3C model can provide an alternative measure of FFM when necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI, United States
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin—La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States
| | - Grant M. Tinsley
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Brandon R. Merfeld
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin—La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States
| | - Abby Ambrosius
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin—La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States
| | - Chinguun Khurelbaatar
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin—La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States
| | - Christopher Dodge
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin—La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States
| | - Makenna Carpenter
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin—La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States
| | - Joel Luedke
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI, United States
| | - Jacob L. Erickson
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI, United States
| | - Jennifer B. Fields
- Department of Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, MA, United States
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Margaret T. Jones
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
- Sport, Recreation, and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
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Lakicevic N, Matthews JJ, Artioli GG, Paoli A, Roklicer R, Trivic T, Bianco A, Drid P. Patterns of weight cycling in youth Olympic combat sports: a systematic review. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:75. [PMID: 35614520 PMCID: PMC9131524 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00595-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patterns of weight cycling in adult combat sports have been extensively studied, yet data on this matter in youth combat athletes is rather scarce. METHODS PubMed, EBSCOhost and Web of Science were used to retrieve relevant data. Eligible studies had to record the methods used to elicit rapid weight loss (RWL) and/or record the oscillations in bodyweight during the RWL phase. Only studies conducted in the context of an official competition were considered for inclusion in the present review. RESULTS RWL is highly prevalent in children and adolescent combat athletes, ranging from 25 to 94% depending on the type of combat sport, age and level of competition. These athletes regularly prompt RWL by increasing exercise frequency and intensity, decreasing fluid and food intake, training in impermeable suits and using sauna frequently. Overall, the magnitude of RWL was ranging from ~ 1% to 6.3 ± 3.7% with significant RWL variations within individual studies and individuals within those studies. CONCLUSION Acquired data indicated that RWL patterns in young combat athletes are similar to those found in their adult counterparts. Knowing that childhood and adolescence are critical periods for growth and development, RWL needs to be stringently regulated and ideally banned in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Lakicevic
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90133, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Joseph J Matthews
- Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), School of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Sport and Exercise, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Guilherme G Artioli
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122, Padua, Italy
| | - Roberto Roklicer
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Trivic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Uchizawa A, Kondo E, Lakicevic N, Sagayama H. Differential Risks of the Duration and Degree of Weight Control on Bone Health and Menstruation in Female Athletes. Front Nutr 2022; 9:875802. [PMID: 35571936 PMCID: PMC9094681 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.875802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Uchizawa
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Emi Kondo
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nemanja Lakicevic
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Hiroyuki Sagayama
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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