1
|
Binienda A, Fichna J. Current understanding of free fatty acids and their receptors in colorectal cancer treatment. Nutr Res 2024; 127:133-143. [PMID: 38943731 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. Currently, dietary factors are being emphasized in the pathogenesis of CRC. There is strong evidence that fatty acids (FAs) and free FA receptors (FFARs) are involved in CRC. This comprehensive review discusses the role of FAs and their receptors in CRC pathophysiology, development, and treatment. In particular, butyrate and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have been found to exert anticancer properties by, among others, inhibiting proliferation and metastasis and inducing apoptosis in tumor cells. Consequently, they are used in conjunction with conventional therapies. Furthermore, FFAR gene expression is down-regulated in CRC, suggesting their suppressive character. Recent studies showed that the FFAR4 agonist, GW9508, can inhibit tumor growth. In conclusion, natural as well as synthetic FFAR ligands are considered promising candidates for CRC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Binienda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mukherjee A, Breselge S, Dimidi E, Marco ML, Cotter PD. Fermented foods and gastrointestinal health: underlying mechanisms. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 21:248-266. [PMID: 38081933 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Although fermentation probably originally developed as a means of preserving food substrates, many fermented foods (FFs), and components therein, are thought to have a beneficial effect on various aspects of human health, and gastrointestinal health in particular. It is important that any such perceived benefits are underpinned by rigorous scientific research to understand the associated mechanisms of action. Here, we review in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies that have provided insights into the ways in which the specific food components, including FF microorganisms and a variety of bioactives, can contribute to health-promoting activities. More specifically, we draw on representative examples of FFs to discuss the mechanisms through which functional components are produced or enriched during fermentation (such as bioactive peptides and exopolysaccharides), potentially toxic or harmful compounds (such as phytic acid, mycotoxins and lactose) are removed from the food substrate, and how the introduction of fermentation-associated live or dead microorganisms, or components thereof, to the gut can convey health benefits. These studies, combined with a deeper understanding of the microbial composition of a wider variety of modern and traditional FFs, can facilitate the future optimization of FFs, and associated microorganisms, to retain and maximize beneficial effects in the gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Breselge
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eirini Dimidi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maria L Marco
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland.
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
- VistaMilk, Cork, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cheng FW, Park SY, Haiman CA, Wilkens LR, Le Marchand L, Ford NA. Avocado and Guacamole Consumption and Colorectal Cancer Risk: The Multiethnic Cohort Study. Nutr Cancer 2024; 76:372-378. [PMID: 38425005 PMCID: PMC10949089 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2024.2320950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Dietary fiber and phytonutrients can protect against colorectal cancer, yet their consumption is low in the US. Avocados are a potential source of these beneficial nutrients. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the relationship between avocados/guacamole consumption and colorectal cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort Study. We assessed avocados/guacamole consumption by using a food frequency questionnaire. We classified participants into three consumer groups: <1 serving/month, 1-3 servings/month, and ≥1 serving/week with one serving defined as ½ avocado or ½ cup. Colorectal cancer cases were ascertained through the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program cancer registries. Cox proportional hazards models of colorectal cancer were used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals across avocados/guacamole intake groups in each sex overall and by anatomic subsite (i.e., right colon, left colon, and rectum) and race and ethnicity. Of 192,651 eligible participants, 62.8% reported consuming <1 serving/month avocados/guacamole, 26.7% reported 1-3 servings/month, and 10.5% reported ≥1 serving/week. When adjusted for relevant covariates, there was no significant association with incident colorectal cancer overall, for subsites, or within racial and ethnic subgroups (all p for trend ≥ 0.06). In this large prospective cohort study, we did not find that consumption of avocados/guacamole was associated with colorectal cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Song-Yi Park
- Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lynne R. Wilkens
- Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Si Q, Sun W, Liang B, Chen B, Meng J, Xie D, Feng L, Jiang P. Systematic Metabolic Profiling of Mice with Sleep-Deprivation. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300413. [PMID: 37880935 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Adequate sleep is essential for the biological maintenance of physical energy. Lack of sleep can affect thinking, lead to emotional anxiety, reduce immunity, and interfere with endocrine and metabolic processes, leading to disease. Previous studies have focused on long-term sleep deprivation and the risk of cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. However, systematic metabolomics analyses of blood, heart, liver, spleen, kidney, brown adipose tissue, and fecal granules have not been performed. This study aims to systematically assess the metabolic changes in the target organs caused by sleep deprivation in vivo, to search for differential metabolites and the involved metabolic pathways, to further understand the impact of sleep deprivation on health, and to provide strong evidence for the need for early intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingying Si
- Department of Endocrinology, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, 277599, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxue Sun
- Translational Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Jining First People's Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, 272000, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Translational Pharmacy, Jining Medical Research Academy, Jining, 272000, People's Republic of China
| | - Benhui Liang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Translational Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Jining First People's Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, 272000, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Translational Pharmacy, Jining Medical Research Academy, Jining, 272000, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjun Meng
- Translational Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Jining First People's Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, 272000, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Translational Pharmacy, Jining Medical Research Academy, Jining, 272000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dadi Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, 277599, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jining First People's Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, 272000, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Jiang
- Translational Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Jining First People's Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, 272000, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Translational Pharmacy, Jining Medical Research Academy, Jining, 272000, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lv H, Jia W, Yang L, Dong P, Liu J, Wang S, Li X, Hu J, Zhao L, Shi Y. Influence of unsaturated fatty acids on the antitumor activity of polymeric conjugates grafted with cabazitaxel against prostate cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115902. [PMID: 37989031 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cabazitaxel (CTX) is a medication used for treating metastatic prostate cancer. However, its effectiveness is majorly limited by its poor water solubility and lack of tumor targeting. In this study, three unsaturated fatty acids, GLA, ALA and DHA, were separately connected with CTX and then covalently attached to bifunctionalized dextran through a linker to produce three dual drug conjugates named dextran-GLA-CTX, dextran-ALA-CTX and dextran-DHA-CTX. The three conjugates displayed enhanced solubility of CTX in water and improved antitumor effects compared to the conventional CTX formulation. The results also confirmed that dextran-GLA-CTX exhibited the strongest antitumor activity, while dextran-DHA-CTX displayed less efficacy, as evaluated through xenografted nude mice bearing PC-3 and DU145 prostate cancer cells. Additionally, dextran-GLA-CTX showed greater inhibition of tumor growth than dextran-CTX. Moreover, the dextran-GLA-CTX conjugate was found to prolong the half-life of CTX in plasma and selectively accumulate in tumors. This study revealed that unsaturated fatty acids can enhance the antitumor activity of dextran-based conjugates grafted with CTX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongshuai Lv
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Weiping Jia
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Li Yang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Peng Dong
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Jiaojiao Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Si Wang
- Santolecan Pharmaceuticals LLC, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Xiaohai Li
- Santolecan Pharmaceuticals LLC, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Jinghua Hu
- Santolecan Pharmaceuticals LLC, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Ling Zhao
- Santolecan Pharmaceuticals LLC, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Yikang Shi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zheng J, Sun B, Berardi D, Lu L, Yan H, Zheng S, Aladelokun O, Xie Y, Cai Y, Godri Pollitt KJ, Khan SA, Johnson CH. Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid and Perfluorooctanoic Acid Promote Migration of Three-Dimensional Colorectal Cancer Spheroids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21016-21028. [PMID: 38064429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are persistent environmental contaminants that are of increasing public concern worldwide. However, their relationship with colorectal cancer (CRC) is poorly understood. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the effect of PFOS and PFOA on the development and progression of CRC in vitro using a series of biological techniques and metabolic profiling. Herein, the migration of three-dimensional (3D) spheroids of two CRC cell lines, SW48 KRAS wide-type (WT) and SW48 KRAS G12A, were observed after exposure to PFOS and PFOA at 2 μM and 10 μM for 7 days. The time and dose-dependent migration phenotype induced by 10 μM PFOS and PFOA was further confirmed by wound healing and trans-well migration assays. To investigate the mechanism of action, derivatization-mass spectrometry-based metabolic profiles were examined from 3D spheroids of SW48 cell lines exposed to PFOS and PFOA (2 μM and 10 μM). Our findings revealed this exposure altered epithelial-mesenchymal transition related metabolic pathways, including fatty acid β-oxidation and synthesis of proteins, nucleotides, and lipids. Furthermore, this phenotype was confirmed by the downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of N-cadherin and vimentin. These findings show novel insight into the relationship between PFOS, PFOA, and CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
| | - Boshi Sun
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Domenica Berardi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
| | - Lingeng Lu
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
| | - Shujian Zheng
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, United States
| | - Oladimeji Aladelokun
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
| | - Yangzhouyun Xie
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
| | - Yujun Cai
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
| | - Sajid A Khan
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
| | - Caroline H Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Beton-Mysur K, Brożek-Płuska B. A new modality for cholesterol impact tracking in colon cancer development - Raman imaging, fluorescence and AFM studies combined with chemometric analysis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:5199-5217. [PMID: 37781815 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01040f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. Obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, high consumption of red or processed meat and a diet with low fibre, fruit, and vegetable intake increase CRC risk. Despite advances in surgery (the basic treatment for recovery), chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, CRC remains the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Therefore the social importance of this problem stimulates research aimed at developing new tools for rapid CRC diagnosis and analysis of CRC risk factors. Considering the association between the cholesterol level and CRC, we hypothesize that cholesterol spectroscopic and AFM (atomic force microscopy) studies combined with chemometric analysis can be new, powerful tools used to visualize the cholesterol distribution, estimate cholesterol content and determine its influence on the biochemical and nanomechanical properties of colon cells. Our paper presents the analysis of human colon tissues: normal and cancer and human colon single cells normal CCD18-Co and cancer CaCo-2 in the physiological state and CaCo-2 upon mevastatin supplementation. Based on vibrational features we have shown that Raman spectroscopy and imaging allow cholesterol content in human colon tissues and human colon single cells of both types to be tracked and allow the effectiveness of mevastatin in the mevalonate pathway modulation and disruption of the cholesterol level to be proven. All observations have been confirmed by chemometric analysis including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA). The positive impact of statins on cholesterol content has also been studied by using fluorescence microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). A significant increase in Young modulus as a mechanomarker for CaCo-2 human cancer colon cells upon mevastatin supplementation compared to CCD18-Co human normal colon cells was observed. This paper is one of the first reports about the use of Raman spectroscopic techniques in cholesterol investigations and the first one about cholesterol investigation using Raman spectroscopy (RS) on human cells ex vivo in the context of colon cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Beton-Mysur
- Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland.
| | - B Brożek-Płuska
- Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Seyyedsalehi MS, Collatuzzo G, Rashidian H, Hadji M, Gholipour M, Mohebbi E, Kamangar F, Pukkala E, Huybrechts I, Gunter MJ, Chajes V, Boffetta P, Zendehdel K. Dietary Ruminant and Industrial Trans-Fatty Acids Intake and Colorectal Cancer Risk. Nutrients 2022; 14:4912. [PMID: 36432598 PMCID: PMC9699189 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As colorectal cancer (CRC) is largely due to modifiable lifestyle habits, the awareness on its risk factors is highly important. Dietary fatty acids have been linked to CRC risk. We explored the association between dietary trans fatty acids (TFAs) intake and CRC risk. We analyzed 865 CRC cases (434 in colon and 404 in rectum) and 3206 controls of the IROPICAN study, with data collected by trained interviewers using validated questionnaires. TFAs intake (industrial and ruminant types) was categorized into quartiles. Multivariate logistic regression models were built to calculate the odds ratios (OR) for the association between CRC and TFAs. We observed a positive association between industrial TFAs and colon cancer (OR for highest vs lowest quartile [ORQ4vsQ1] = 1.28, 95% confidence interval 1.07-1.54). A higher association was observed between industrial TFAs and CRC, occurring after 50 years of age. In addition, elaidic acid was associated with an increased risk of colon (ORQ4vsQ1 = 1.58, 1.24-2.02) and specifically of proximal colon cancer (OR Q4vsQ1 = 2.12, 1.40-3.20), as well as of rectum cancer (ORQ4vsQ1 = 1.40, 1.07-1.83). An inverse association was observed between ruminant TFAs intake and colon cancer risk (ORQ4vsQ1 = 0.80, 0.67-0.97). Industrial TFAs, such as semisolid/solid hydrogenated oils, may increase the risk of CRC, especially colon and proximal colon cancer. In contrast, ruminant TFAs do not appear to be associated with CRC. Awareness programs and regulatory actions regarding hydrogenated oils are warranted, given their high consumption through ultra-processed foods in more developed and less developed countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Sadat Seyyedsalehi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733141, Iran
| | - Giulia Collatuzzo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Hamideh Rashidian
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733141, Iran
| | - Maryam Hadji
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733141, Iran
- Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mahin Gholipour
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 4934174515, Iran
| | - Elham Mohebbi
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733141, Iran
| | - Farin Kamangar
- Department of Biology, School of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
| | - Eero Pukkala
- Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Cancer Registry-Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, 00130 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Marc J. Gunter
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon, France
| | | | - Paolo Boffetta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Kazem Zendehdel
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733141, Iran
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733141, Iran
| |
Collapse
|