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Wang Z, Cui X, Yu H, Chan EM, Shi Z, Shi S, Shen L, Sun Z, Song Q, Lu W, Ma W, Mai S, Zang J. Association of Beverage Consumption during Pregnancy with Adverse Maternal and Offspring Outcomes. Nutrients 2024; 16:2412. [PMID: 39125293 PMCID: PMC11314345 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the global consumption of sugary and non-sugar sweetened beverages continues to rise, there is growing concern about their health impacts, particularly among pregnant women and their offspring. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the consumption patterns of various beverages among pregnant women in Shanghai and their potential health impacts on both mothers and offspring. METHOD We applied a multi-stage random sampling method to select participants from 16 districts in Shanghai. Each district was categorised into five zones. Two towns were randomly selected from each zone, and from each town, 30 pregnant women were randomly selected. Data were collected through face-to-face questionnaires. Follow-up data on births within a year after the survey were also obtained. RESULT The consumption rates of total beverages (TB), sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), and non-sugar sweetened beverages (NSS) were 73.2%, 72.8%, and 13.5%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that compared to non-consumers, pregnant women consuming TB three times or less per week had a 38.4% increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (OR = 1.384; 95% CI: 1.129-1.696) and a 64.2% increased risk of gestational hypertension (GH) (OR = 1.642; 95% CI: 1.129-2.389). Those consuming TB four or more times per week faced a 154.3% higher risk of GDM (OR = 2.543; 95% CI: 2.064-3.314) and a 169.3% increased risk of GH (OR = 2.693; 95% CI: 1.773-4.091). Similar results were observed in the analysis of SSB. Regarding offspring health, compared to non-consumers, TB consumption four or more times per week was associated with a substantial increase in the risk of macrosomia (OR = 2.143; 95% CI: 1.304-3.522) and large for gestational age (LGA) (OR = 1.695; 95% CI: 1.219-2.356). In the analysis of NSS, with a significantly increased risk of macrosomia (OR = 6.581; 95% CI:2.796-13.824) and LGA (OR = 7.554; 95% CI: 3.372-16.921). CONCLUSION The high level of beverage consumption among pregnant women in Shanghai needs attention. Excessive consumption of beverages increases the risk of GDM and GH, while excessive consumption of NSS possibly has a greater impact on offspring macrosomia and LGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyuan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China; (Z.W.); (Z.S.); (L.S.); (Z.S.); (W.L.); (W.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Xin Cui
- Shanghai Health Statistics Center, Shanghai 200040, China;
| | - Huiting Yu
- Division of Vital Statistics, Institute of Health Information, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China;
| | - Ee-Mien Chan
- School of Public Health, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Zehuan Shi
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China; (Z.W.); (Z.S.); (L.S.); (Z.S.); (W.L.); (W.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Shuwen Shi
- The College of Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 200237, China;
| | - Liping Shen
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China; (Z.W.); (Z.S.); (L.S.); (Z.S.); (W.L.); (W.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Zhuo Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China; (Z.W.); (Z.S.); (L.S.); (Z.S.); (W.L.); (W.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Qi Song
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China; (Z.W.); (Z.S.); (L.S.); (Z.S.); (W.L.); (W.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China; (Z.W.); (Z.S.); (L.S.); (Z.S.); (W.L.); (W.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Wenqing Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China; (Z.W.); (Z.S.); (L.S.); (Z.S.); (W.L.); (W.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Shupeng Mai
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China; (Z.W.); (Z.S.); (L.S.); (Z.S.); (W.L.); (W.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Jiajie Zang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China; (Z.W.); (Z.S.); (L.S.); (Z.S.); (W.L.); (W.M.); (S.M.)
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Song Y, Zhang F, Wang X, Lin G, He L, Lin Z, Zhang N, Ma G. The Amount of Fluid Intake among Pregnant Women in China Increases with Pregnancy Progression: A Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:4720. [PMID: 38004114 PMCID: PMC10675010 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid intake and hydration status during pregnancy may have influences on maternal and infant health. However, few studies have recorded and analyzed total fluid intake (TFI) levels during the whole pregnancy. This study mainly aimed to investigate the TFI levels of pregnant women in three trimesters, and further to assess their hydration status. The relationships of TFI and hydration status were also analyzed. A convenience sampling method was used to recruit pregnant women from the Haikou Maternity and Child Health Hospital in China in this prospective cohort study. A 7-day 24 h fluid intake questionnaire was used for recording the fluid intake of the participants in their three trimesters. Fasting blood samples and first morning urine samples were also collected and tested. Hydration status was evaluated using urine osmolality. Finally, 142 pregnant women completed the study. The median TFIs in the first, second, and third trimesters were 1336, 1477, and 1584 mL, respectively. The TFI levels increased with pregnancy progression (χ2 = 134.155, p < 0.05). Out of 142 participants, 100.0%, 97.2%, and 85.2% of participants did not reach the recommendation amount for an adequate TFI among Chinese pregnant women in the three trimesters, respectively (χ2 = 29.840, p < 0.05). Plain water was the main source of fluid intake, accounting for 92.0%, 94.2%, and 93.4% of TFI, respectively. The median values of dairy product intake were 61, 57, and 59 mL in the three trimesters. The frequency of participants without an optimal hydration status in the three trimesters was 71.8%, 76.1%, and 83.1%, respectively (χ2 = 29.909, p < 0.05). The participants of each trimester were divided into four groups according to quartiles of TFI, including participants with a lower fluid intake (LFI1 and LFI2) and higher fluid intake (HFI1 and HFI2). As the TFI values increased from the LFI1 group to the HFI2 group, the urine osmolality decreased (all p < 0.05). Moderate-intensity negative correlations were found between urine osmolality, hydration status, and TFI (all p < 0.05). It is suggested that fluid intake strategies should be promoted and health education should be conducted to improve the hydration status of pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongye Song
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Fan Zhang
- International School of Public Health and One Health, Hainan Medical University, 3 Xue Yuan Road, Longhua District, Haikou 571199, China; (F.Z.)
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Guotian Lin
- School of Health Medicine, University of Sanya, 191 Xue Yuan Road, Jiyang District, Sanya 572022, China
| | - Limin He
- International School of Public Health and One Health, Hainan Medical University, 3 Xue Yuan Road, Longhua District, Haikou 571199, China; (F.Z.)
| | - Zhixiong Lin
- Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Haikou Hospital of the Maternal and Child Health, 6 Wen Tan Road, Guo Xing Avenue, Qiongshan District, Haikou 570203, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.S.); (G.M.)
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guansheng Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.S.); (G.M.)
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
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The Impact of Free Sugar on Human Health-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040889. [PMID: 36839247 PMCID: PMC9966020 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of nutrition in human health has been understood for over a century. However, debate is ongoing regarding the role of added and free sugars in physiological and neurological health. In this narrative review, we have addressed several key issues around this debate and the major health conditions previously associated with sugar. We aim to determine the current evidence regarding the role of free sugars in human health, specifically obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cognition, and mood. We also present some predominant theories on mechanisms of action. The findings suggest a negative effect of excessive added sugar consumption on human health and wellbeing. Specific class and source of carbohydrate appears to greatly influence the impact of these macronutrients on health. Further research into individual effects of carbohydrate forms in diverse populations is needed to understand the complex relationship between sugar and health.
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