1
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Chen IT, Chen HC, Lo YH, Lai PY, Hsieh FY, Wu YH, Shih HM, Lai MZ. Promyelocytic leukemia protein targets MK2 to promote cytotoxicity. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52254. [PMID: 34633746 PMCID: PMC8647022 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202052254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) is a tumor suppressor possessing multiple modes of action, including induction of apoptosis. We unexpectedly find that PML promotes necroptosis in addition to apoptosis, with Pml-/- macrophages being more resistant to TNF-mediated necroptosis than wild-type counterparts and PML-deficient mice displaying resistance to TNF-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Reduced necroptosis in PML-deficient cells is associated with attenuated receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) activation, as revealed by reduced RIPK1[S166] phosphorylation, and attenuated RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL necrosome complex formation. We show that PML deficiency leads to enhanced TNF-induced MAPK-activated kinase 2 (MK2) activation and elevated RIPK1[S321] phosphorylation, which suppresses necrosome formation. MK2 inhibitor treatment or MK2 knockout abrogates resistance to cell death induction in PML-null cells and mice. PML binds MK2 and p38 MAPK, thereby inhibiting p38-MK2 interaction and MK2 activation. Moreover, PML participates in autocrine production of TNF induced by cellular inhibitors of apoptosis 1 (cIAP1)/cIAP2 degradation, since PML-knockout attenuates autocrine TNF. Thus, by targeting MK2 activation and autocrine TNF, PML promotes necroptosis and apoptosis, representing a novel tumor-suppressive activity for PML.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ting Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu-Hsun Lo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Fu-Yi Hsieh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Hsiu-Ming Shih
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Hallal M, Braga-Lagache S, Jankovic J, Simillion C, Bruggmann R, Uldry AC, Allam R, Heller M, Bonadies N. Inference of kinase-signaling networks in human myeloid cell line models by Phosphoproteomics using kinase activity enrichment analysis (KAEA). BMC Cancer 2021; 21:789. [PMID: 34238254 PMCID: PMC8268341 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08479-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the introduction of targeted therapies, most patients with myeloid malignancies will not be cured and progress. Genomics is useful to elucidate the mutational landscape but remains limited in the prediction of therapeutic outcome and identification of targets for resistance. Dysregulation of phosphorylation-based signaling pathways is a hallmark of cancer, and therefore, kinase-inhibitors are playing an increasingly important role as targeted treatments. Untargeted phosphoproteomics analysis pipelines have been published but show limitations in inferring kinase-activities and identifying potential biomarkers of response and resistance. METHODS We developed a phosphoproteomics workflow based on titanium dioxide phosphopeptide enrichment with subsequent analysis by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS). We applied a novel Kinase-Activity Enrichment Analysis (KAEA) pipeline on differential phosphoproteomics profiles, which is based on the recently published SetRank enrichment algorithm with reduced false positive rates. Kinase activities were inferred by this algorithm using an extensive reference database comprising five experimentally validated kinase-substrate meta-databases complemented with the NetworKIN in-silico prediction tool. For the proof of concept, we used human myeloid cell lines (K562, NB4, THP1, OCI-AML3, MOLM13 and MV4-11) with known oncogenic drivers and exposed them to clinically established kinase-inhibitors. RESULTS Biologically meaningful over- and under-active kinases were identified by KAEA in the unperturbed human myeloid cell lines (K562, NB4, THP1, OCI-AML3 and MOLM13). To increase the inhibition signal of the driving oncogenic kinases, we exposed the K562 (BCR-ABL1) and MOLM13/MV4-11 (FLT3-ITD) cell lines to either Nilotinib or Midostaurin kinase inhibitors, respectively. We observed correct detection of expected direct (ABL, KIT, SRC) and indirect (MAPK) targets of Nilotinib in K562 as well as indirect (PRKC, MAPK, AKT, RPS6K) targets of Midostaurin in MOLM13/MV4-11, respectively. Moreover, our pipeline was able to characterize unexplored kinase-activities within the corresponding signaling networks. CONCLUSIONS We developed and validated a novel KAEA pipeline for the analysis of differential phosphoproteomics MS profiling data. We provide translational researchers with an improved instrument to characterize the biological behavior of kinases in response or resistance to targeted treatment. Further investigations are warranted to determine the utility of KAEA to characterize mechanisms of disease progression and treatment failure using primary patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Hallal
- Department of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Braga-Lagache
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jovana Jankovic
- Department of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Simillion
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Bruggmann
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Christine Uldry
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ramanjaneyulu Allam
- Department of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Heller
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Bonadies
- Department of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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3
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Bandilovska I, Keam SP, Gamell C, Machicado C, Haupt S, Haupt Y. E6AP goes viral: the role of E6AP in viral- and non-viral-related cancers. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:707-714. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Since its discovery, the E3 ubiquitin ligase E6-associated protein (E6AP) has been studied extensively in two pathological contexts: infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV), and the neurodevelopmental disorder, Angelman syndrome. Vital biological links between E6AP and other viruses, namely hepatitis C virus and encephalomyocarditis virus, have been recently uncovered. Critically, oncogenic E6AP activities have been demonstrated to contribute to cancers of both viral and non-viral origins. HPV-associated cancers serve as the primary example of E6AP involvement in cancers driven by viruses. Studies over the past few years have exposed a role for E6AP in non-viral-related cancers. This has been demonstrated in B-cell lymphoma and prostate cancers, where oncogenic E6AP functions drive these cancers by acting on key tumour suppressors. In this review we discuss the role of E6AP in viral infection, viral propagation and viral-related cancer. We discuss processes affected by oncogenic E6AP, which promote cancers of viral and non-viral aetiology. Overall, recent findings support the role of oncogenic E6AP in disrupting key cellular processes, including tumour suppression and the immune response. E6AP is consequently emerging as an attractive therapeutic target for a number of specific cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Bandilovska
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon P Keam
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cristina Gamell
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claudia Machicado
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sue Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Hsu KS, Zhao X, Cheng X, Guan D, Mahabeleshwar GH, Liu Y, Borden E, Jain MK, Kao HY. Dual regulation of Stat1 and Stat3 by the tumor suppressor protein PML contributes to interferon α-mediated inhibition of angiogenesis. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:10048-10060. [PMID: 28432122 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.771071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IFNs are effective in inhibiting angiogenesis in preclinical models and in treating several angioproliferative disorders. However, the detailed mechanisms of IFNα-mediated anti-angiogenesis are not completely understood. Stat1/2/3 and PML are IFNα downstream effectors and are pivotal regulators of angiogenesis. Here, we investigated PML's role in the regulation of Stat1/2/3 activity. In Pml knock-out (KO) mice, ablation of Pml largely reduces IFNα angiostatic ability in Matrigel plug assays. This suggested an essential role for PML in IFNα's anti-angiogenic function. We also demonstrated that PML shared a large cohort of regulatory genes with Stat1 and Stat3, indicating an important role of PML in regulating Stat1 and Stat3 activity. Using molecular tools and primary endothelial cells, we demonstrated that PML positively regulates Stat1 and Stat2 isgylation, a ubiquitination-like protein modification. Accordingly, manipulation of the isgylation system by knocking down USP18 altered IFNα-PML axis-mediated inhibition of endothelial cell migration and network formation. Furthermore, PML promotes turnover of nuclear Stat3, and knockdown of PML mitigates the effect of LLL12, a selective Stat3 inhibitor, on IFNα-mediated anti-angiogenic activity. Taken together, we elucidated an unappreciated mechanism in which PML, an IFNα-inducible effector, possess potent angiostatic activity, doing so in part by forming a positive feedforward loop with Stat1/2 and a negative feedback loop with Stat3. The interplay between PML, Stat1/Stat2, and Stat3 contributes to IFNα-mediated inhibition of angiogenesis, and disruption of this network results in aberrant IFNα signaling and altered angiostatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xuan Zhao
- From the Department of Biochemistry and
| | | | | | | | - Yu Liu
- From the Department of Biochemistry and
| | - Ernest Borden
- Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of CWRU, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, and
| | - Mukesh K Jain
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Hung-Ying Kao
- From the Department of Biochemistry and .,The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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5
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Kumar S, Razzaq SK, Vo AD, Gautam M, Li H. Identifying fusion transcripts using next generation sequencing. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2016; 7:811-823. [PMID: 27485475 PMCID: PMC5065767 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Fusion transcripts (i.e., chimeric RNAs) resulting from gene fusions have been used successfully for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic applications. In addition, many fusion transcripts are found in normal human cell lines and tissues, with some data supporting their role in normal physiology. Besides chromosomal rearrangement, intergenic splicing can generate them. Global identification of fusion transcripts becomes possible with the help of next generation sequencing technology like RNA-Seq. In the past decade, major advancements have been made for chimeric RNA discovery due to the development of advanced sequencing platform and software packages. However, current software tools behave differently in terms of specificity, sensitivity, time, and computational memory usage. Recent benchmarking studies showed that none of the tools are inclusive. The development of high performance (accurate and fast), and user-friendly fusion detection tool/pipeline is still an open quest. In this article, we review the existing software packages for fusion detection. We explain the methods of the tools, and discuss various factors that affect fusion detection. We summarize conclusions drawn from several comparative studies, and then discuss some of the pitfalls of these studies. We also describe the limitations of current tools, and suggest directions for future development. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:811-823. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1382 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh Kumar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sundus Khalid Razzaq
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Angie Duy Vo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mamta Gautam
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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6
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Paul PJ, Raghu D, Chan AL, Gulati T, Lambeth L, Takano E, Herold MJ, Hagekyriakou J, Vessella RL, Fedele C, Shackleton M, Williams ED, Fox S, Williams S, Haupt S, Gamell C, Haupt Y. Restoration of tumor suppression in prostate cancer by targeting the E3 ligase E6AP. Oncogene 2016; 35:6235-6245. [PMID: 27641331 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Restoration of tumor suppression is an attractive onco-therapeutic approach. It is particularly relevant when a tumor suppressor is excessively degraded by an overactive oncogenic E3 ligase. We previously discovered that the E6-associated protein (E6AP; as classified in the human papilloma virus context) is an E3 ligase that has an important role in the cellular stress response, and it directly targets the tumor-suppressor promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) for proteasomal degradation. In this study, we have examined the role of the E6AP-PML axis in prostate cancer (PC). We show that knockdown (KD) of E6AP expression attenuates growth of PC cell lines in vitro. We validated this finding in vivo using cell line xenografts, patient-derived xenografts and mouse genetics. We found that KD of E6AP attenuates cancer cell growth by promoting cellular senescence in vivo, which correlates with restoration of tumor suppression by PML. In addition, we show that KD of E6AP sensitizes cells to radiation-induced death. Overall, our findings demonstrate a role for E6AP in the promotion of PC and support E6AP targeting as a novel approach for PC treatment, either alone or in combination with radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Paul
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - D Raghu
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - A-L Chan
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - T Gulati
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - L Lambeth
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - E Takano
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - M J Herold
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Hagekyriakou
- Department of Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - R L Vessella
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Fedele
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cancer Development and Treatment Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Shackleton
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cancer Development and Treatment Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - E D Williams
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - S Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Williams
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Haupt
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - C Gamell
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Y Haupt
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Guan D, Kao HY. The function, regulation and therapeutic implications of the tumor suppressor protein, PML. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:60. [PMID: 26539288 PMCID: PMC4632682 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein, promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML), was originally identified in acute promyelocytic leukemia due to a chromosomal translocation between chromosomes 15 and 17. PML is the core component of subnuclear structures called PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), which are disrupted in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. PML plays important roles in cell cycle regulation, survival and apoptosis, and inactivation or down-regulation of PML is frequently found in cancer cells. More than 120 proteins have been experimentally identified to physically associate with PML, and most of them either transiently or constitutively co-localize with PML-NBs. These interactions are associated with many cellular processes, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence, transcriptional regulation, DNA repair and intermediary metabolism. Importantly, PML inactivation in cancer cells can occur at the transcriptional-, translational- or post-translational- levels. However, only a few somatic mutations have been found in cancer cells. A better understanding of its regulation and its role in tumor suppression will provide potential therapeutic opportunities. In this review, we discuss the role of PML in multiple tumor suppression pathways and summarize the players and stimuli that control PML protein expression or subcellular distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyin Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, and Comprehensive Cancer Center of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Hung-Ying Kao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, and Comprehensive Cancer Center of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
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8
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Sahin U, de Thé H, Lallemand-Breitenbach V. PML nuclear bodies: assembly and oxidative stress-sensitive sumoylation. Nucleus 2015; 5:499-507. [PMID: 25482067 DOI: 10.4161/19491034.2014.970104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PML Nuclear Bodies (NBs) have fascinated cell biologists due to their exquisitely dynamic nature and their involvement in human diseases, notably acute promyelocytic leukemia. NBs, as well as their master organizer--the PML protein--exhibit multiple connections with stress responses. Initially viewed as a tumor suppressor, PML recently re-emerged as a multifaceted protein, capable of controlling numerous aspects of cellular homeostasis. NBs recruit many functionally diverse proteins and function as stress-regulated sumoylation factories. SUMO-initiated partner retention can subsequently facilitate a variety of other post-translational modifications, as well as partner degradation. With this newly elucidated central role of stress-enhanced sumoylation, it should now be possible to build a working model for the different NB-regulated cellular activities. Moreover, pharmacological manipulation of NB formation by interferons or oxidants holds the promise of clearing many undesirable proteins for clinical management of malignant, viral or neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Sahin
- a University Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Hôpital St. Louis ; Paris , France
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9
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Birch SE, Kench JG, Takano E, Chan P, Chan AL, Chiam K, Veillard AS, Stricker P, Haupt S, Haupt Y, Horvath L, Fox SB. Expression of E6AP and PML predicts for prostate cancer progression and cancer-specific death. Ann Oncol 2014; 25:2392-2397. [PMID: 25231954 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) tumor suppressor plays an important role in the response to a variety of cellular stressors and its expression is downregulated or lost in a range of human tumors. We have previously shown that the E3 ligase E6-associated protein (E6AP) is an important regulator of PML protein stability but the relationship and clinical impact of PML and E6AP expression in prostatic carcinoma is unknown. METHODS E6AP and PML expression was assessed in tissue microarrays from a phase I discovery cohort of 170 patients treated by radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer (PC). Correlation analysis was carried out between PML and E6AP expression and clinicopathological variates including PSA as a surrogate of disease recurrence. The results were confirmed in a phase II validation cohort of 318 patients with associated clinical recurrence and survival data. RESULTS Survival analysis of the phase I cohort revealed that patients whose tumors showed reduced PML and high E6AP expression had reduced time to PSA relapse (P = 0.012). This was confirmed in the phase II validation cohort where the expression profile of high E6AP/low PML was significantly associated with reduced time to PSA relapse (P < 0.001), clinical relapse (P = 0.016) and PC-specific death (P = 0.014). In multivariate analysis, this expression profile was an independent prognostic indicator of PSA relapse and clinical relapse independent of clinicopathologic factors predicting recurrence. CONCLUSION This study identifies E6AP and PML as potential prognostic markers in localized prostate carcinoma and supports a role for E6AP in driving the downregulation or loss of PML expression in prostate carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Birch
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer, East Melbourne.
| | - J G Kench
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney; The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Sydney
| | - E Takano
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer, East Melbourne
| | - P Chan
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer, East Melbourne
| | - A-L Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne
| | - K Chiam
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Sydney
| | - A-S Veillard
- NHMRC Clinical Trial Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney
| | - P Stricker
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Sydney; Department of Urology, St Vincent's Clinic, Sydney
| | - S Haupt
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne
| | - Y Haupt
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer, East Melbourne; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne
| | - L Horvath
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney; The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Sydney; Department of Medical Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, Australia
| | - S B Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer, East Melbourne; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne
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10
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Gamell C, Jan Paul P, Haupt Y, Haupt S. PML tumour suppression and beyond: Therapeutic implications. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2653-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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11
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Korb E, Finkbeiner S. PML in the Brain: From Development to Degeneration. Front Oncol 2013; 3:242. [PMID: 24062991 PMCID: PMC3775456 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein is the main component of PML nuclear bodies, which have many functions in a wide range of cell types. Until recently, PML was not known to have a function in the nervous system or even be expressed in the brain. However, recent reports have changed that view. PML is found in neurons and functions in many aspects of the nervous system, including brain development, circadian rhythms, plasticity, and the response to proteins that cause neurodegenerative disorders. While the investigation of PML in the brain is still in its infancy, it promises to be a fascinating subject that will contribute to our understanding of the brain. Here we summarize what is known about PML expression and function in the brain and highlight both discrepancies in the field and areas that are particularly important to future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Korb
- Gladstone Institutes of Neurological Disease , San Francisco, CA , USA ; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California , San Francisco, CA , USA
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