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Lucà S, Accardo M, Campione S, Franco R. Immunotherapy in thymic epithelial tumors: tissue predictive biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitors. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2024; 5:465-476. [PMID: 38966177 PMCID: PMC11220306 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2024.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are rare malignant neoplasms arising in the thymus gland. Nevertheless, TETs, including thymomas (TMs), thymic carcinomas (TCs), and thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms (TNENs), are the most common mediastinal malignancies overall. A multidisciplinary approach is required for the appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic management of TETs. To date, the main therapeutic strategies are largely depended on the stage of the tumor and they include surgery with or without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy, represented by platinum-based chemotherapy, radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are ongoing under evaluation in the advanced or metastatic diseases despite the challenges related to the very low tumor mutation burden (TMB) and the high incidence of immune-related adverse events in TETs. In this regard, predictive impact of tissue biomarkers expression such as programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), and other emerging biomarkers, as well as their optimal and shared interpretation are currently under evaluation in order to predict response rates to ICIs in TETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Lucà
- Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Accardo
- Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Severo Campione
- Department of Advanced Diagnostic-Therapeutic Technologies and Health Services Section of Anatomic Pathology, A. Cardarelli Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Renato Franco
- Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Chen Z, Xiao Y, Yang P, Wang R. Pan-cancer Analysis Reveals SRC May Link Lipid Metabolism and Macrophages. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 21:e3325. [PMID: 37228626 PMCID: PMC10203188 DOI: 10.30498/ijb.2023.335402.3325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Background SRC is a member of the membrane-associated non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase superfamily. It has been reported to mediate inflammation and cancer. However, the exact molecular mechanism involved is still not clear. Objectives The current study was designed to explore the prognostic landscape of SRC and further investigate the relationship between SRC and immune infiltration in pan-cancer. Materials and Methods Kaplan-Meier Plotter was used to detect the prognostic value of SRC in pan-cancer. Then using TIMER2.0 and CIBERSORT, the relationship between SRC and immune infiltration in pan-cancer was evaluated. Furthermore, the LinkedOmics database was used to screen SRC co-expressed genes, followed by functional enrichment of SRC co-expressed genes by Metascape online tool. STRING database and Cytoscape software were applied to construct and visualise the protein-protein interaction network of SRC co-expressed genes. MCODE plug-in was used to screen hub modules in the PPI network. The SRC co-expressed genes in hub modules were extracted, and the correlation analysis between interested SRC co-expressed genes and immune infiltration was conducted via TIMER2.0 and CIBERSORT. Results Our study demonstrated that SRC expression was significantly associated with overall survival and relapse-free survival in multiple cancer types. In addition, SRC expression was significantly correlated with the immune infiltration of B cells, dendritic cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils in pan-cancer. The expression of SRC had shown to have close correlations with M1 macrophage polarisation in LIHC, TGCT, THCA, and THYM. Moreover, the genes that co-expressed with SRC in LIHC, TGCT, THCA, and THYM were mainly enriched in lipid metabolism. Besides, correlation analysis showed that SRC co-expressed genes associated with lipid metabolism were also significantly correlated with the infiltration and polarisation of macrophages. Conclusion These results indicate that SRC can serve as a prognostic biomarker in pan-cancer and is related to macrophages infiltration and interacts with genes involved in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, Hunan, China
- Changde Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedicine, Changde, Hunan, China
| | - Yaqian Xiao
- Furong College, Hunan 3Furong College, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, Hunan, China
| | - Pinhong Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, Hunan, China
- Changde Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedicine, Changde, Hunan, China
| | - Ruisong Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, Hunan, China
- Changde Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedicine, Changde, Hunan, China
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Abstract
Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are rare thymic neoplasms. There are approximately 1.5 cases per million TETs per year. They are the most common anterior mediastinal tumors in adults. Due to limited activity of available treatment options novel strategies and treatment options are needed and treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors is an attractive option. Thymic epithelial tumors have one of the lowest tumor mutational burden among all cancer in adults, but high expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells and abundant CD8+ lymphocytes provide a strong rational for implementing immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) which target PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in the treatment of TETs. Few small early stage clinical trials were published so far evaluating efficacy of pembrolizumab and avelumab in thymoma and thymic carcinoma patients. Al trials showed reasonable response rates and progression-free survival. Higher PD-L1 expression was predictor of response in all trials. However, increased incidence of immune-related adverse events was seen in TET patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors compared to patients with other cancers. At the moment, ICIs are not standard of care for patients with TET and larger trials are needed to establish the right role of ICIs regarding efficacy and safety of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Jakopovic
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department for Respiratory Diseases Jordanovac, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lela Bitar
- Department for Respiratory Diseases Jordanovac, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Fran Seiwerth
- Department for Respiratory Diseases Jordanovac, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ante Marusic
- Department for Respiratory Diseases Jordanovac, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Krpina
- Department for Respiratory Diseases Jordanovac, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Miroslav Samarzija
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department for Respiratory Diseases Jordanovac, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Massoth LR, Hung YP, Dias-Santagata D, Onozato M, Shah N, Severson E, Duncan D, Gillespie BJ, Williams NF, Ross JS, Vergilio JA, Harkins SK, Glomski K, Nardi V, Zukerberg LR, Hasserjian RP, Louissaint A, Williams EA. Pan-Cancer Landscape Analysis Reveals Recurrent KMT2A- MAML2 Gene Fusion in Aggressive Histologic Subtypes of Thymoma. JCO Precis Oncol 2020; 4:1900288. [PMID: 32923872 DOI: 10.1200/po.19.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Thymomas are epithelial neoplasms that represent the most common thymic tumors in adults. These tumors have been shown to harbor a relatively low mutational burden. As a result, there is a lack of genetic alterations that may be used prognostically or targeted therapeutically for this disease. Here, we describe a recurrent gene rearrangement in type B2 + B3 thymomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS A single index case of thymoma was evaluated by an RNA-based solid fusion assay. Separately, tissues from 255,008 unique advanced cancers, including 242 thymomas, were sequenced by hybrid capture-based next-generation DNA sequencing/comprehensive genomic profiling of 186 to 406 genes, including lysine methyltransferase 2A (KMT2A) rearrangements, and a portion were evaluated for RNA of 265 genes. We characterized molecular and clinicopathologic features of the pertinent fusion-positive patient cases. RESULTS We identified 11 patients with thymomas harboring a gene fusion of KMT2A and mastermind-like transcriptional coactivator 2 (MAML2). Fusion breakpoints were identified between exon 8, 9, 10, or 11 of KMT2A and exon 2 of MAML2. Fifty-five percent were men, with a median age of 48 years at surgery (range, 29-69 years). Concurrent genomic alterations were infrequent. The 11 thymomas were of B2 or B3 type histology, with 1 case showing foci of thymic carcinoma. The frequency of KMT2A-MAML2 fusion was 4% of all thymomas (10 of 242) and 6% of thymomas of B2 or B3 histology (10 of 169). CONCLUSION KMT2A-MAML2 represents the first recurrent fusion described in type B thymoma. The fusion seems to be specific to type B2 and B3 thymomas, the most aggressive histologic subtypes. The identification of this fusion offers insights into the biology of thymoma and may have clinical relevance for patients with disease refractory to conventional therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R Massoth
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yin P Hung
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Dora Dias-Santagata
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Maristela Onozato
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | | | - Nathan F Williams
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX
| | - Jeffrey S Ross
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA.,Department of Pathology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | | | - Shannon K Harkins
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Krzysztof Glomski
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Valentina Nardi
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lawrence R Zukerberg
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Robert P Hasserjian
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Abner Louissaint
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Zhao C, Rajan A. Immune checkpoint inhibitors for treatment of thymic epithelial tumors: how to maximize benefit and optimize risk? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3. [PMID: 31608320 PMCID: PMC6788636 DOI: 10.21037/med.2019.08.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A greater understanding of anti-tumor immunity has resulted in rapid development of immunotherapy for a wide variety of cancers. Antibodies targeting the immune checkpoints, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed death-1 (PD-1), or its ligand (PD-L1) have demonstrated clinical activity and are approved for treatment of melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, head and neck cancers, esophageal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and Hodgkin lymphoma, among others. Treatment is generally well tolerated with relatively few adverse events compared with standard treatments such as chemotherapy. However, immune activation can potentially affect any organ system and a small fraction of patients are at risk for developing severe immune-related adverse events. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and other immunotherapeutic modalities such as cancer vaccines are in nascent stages of development for treatment of thymic epithelial tumors (TETs). Since the thymus plays a key role in the development of immune tolerance, thymic tumors have a unique biology which can influence the risk-benefit balance of immunotherapy. Indeed, early results from clinical trials have demonstrated clinical activity, albeit at a cost of a higher incidence of immune-related adverse events, which seem to particularly affect skeletal and cardiac muscle and the neuromuscular junction. In this paper we describe the effects of thymic physiology on the immune system and review the results of clinical trials that have evaluated immunotherapy for treatment of relapsed thymoma and thymic carcinoma. We review ongoing efforts to mitigate the risk of immune-related complications in patients with TETs receiving immunotherapy and offer our thoughts for making immunotherapy a feasible alternative for treatment of thymic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Arun Rajan
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Takahashi N, Zhao C, Rajan A. WT1 as an immunotherapy target for thymic epithelial tumors: a novel method to activate anti-tumor immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3. [PMID: 31304461 PMCID: PMC6625794 DOI: 10.21037/med.2019.03.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chen Zhao
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Arun Rajan
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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7
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Achhal El Kadmiri MA, Rajan A. Uncommon efforts for an uncommon tumor: the case for development of newer systemic therapies for advanced thymic epithelial tumors. MEDIASTINUM (HONG KONG, CHINA) 2018; 2:12. [PMID: 30175322 PMCID: PMC6117157 DOI: 10.21037/med.2018.03.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Amine Achhal El Kadmiri
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Arun Rajan
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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8
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Radovich M, Pickering CR, Felau I, Ha G, Zhang H, Jo H, Hoadley KA, Anur P, Zhang J, McLellan M, Bowlby R, Matthew T, Danilova L, Hegde AM, Kim J, Leiserson MDM, Sethi G, Lu C, Ryan M, Su X, Cherniack AD, Robertson G, Akbani R, Spellman P, Weinstein JN, Hayes DN, Raphael B, Lichtenberg T, Leraas K, Zenklusen JC, Fujimoto J, Scapulatempo-Neto C, Moreira AL, Hwang D, Huang J, Marino M, Korst R, Giaccone G, Gokmen-Polar Y, Badve S, Rajan A, Ströbel P, Girard N, Tsao MS, Marx A, Tsao AS, Loehrer PJ. The Integrated Genomic Landscape of Thymic Epithelial Tumors. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:244-258.e10. [PMID: 29438696 PMCID: PMC5994906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are one of the rarest adult malignancies. Among TETs, thymoma is the most predominant, characterized by a unique association with autoimmune diseases, followed by thymic carcinoma, which is less common but more clinically aggressive. Using multi-platform omics analyses on 117 TETs, we define four subtypes of these tumors defined by genomic hallmarks and an association with survival and World Health Organization histological subtype. We further demonstrate a marked prevalence of a thymoma-specific mutated oncogene, GTF2I, and explore its biological effects on multi-platform analysis. We further observe enrichment of mutations in HRAS, NRAS, and TP53. Last, we identify a molecular link between thymoma and the autoimmune disease myasthenia gravis, characterized by tumoral overexpression of muscle autoantigens, and increased aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Radovich
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | - Ina Felau
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gavin Ha
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Heejoon Jo
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Katherine A Hoadley
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Pavana Anur
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jiexin Zhang
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mike McLellan
- McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Reanne Bowlby
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Thomas Matthew
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | | | | | - Jaegil Kim
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Mark D M Leiserson
- Department of Computer Science & Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Geetika Sethi
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Charles Lu
- McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Michael Ryan
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoping Su
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Gordon Robertson
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Rehan Akbani
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paul Spellman
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - D Neil Hayes
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ben Raphael
- Department of Computer Science & Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Hwang
- University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - James Huang
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mirella Marino
- Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome 00144, Italy
| | | | | | - Yesim Gokmen-Polar
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sunil Badve
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Arun Rajan
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Nicolas Girard
- Institute of Oncology, Cardiobiotec, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69002, France
| | - Ming S Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Alexander Marx
- University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Anne S Tsao
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Patrick J Loehrer
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Thomas A, Chen Y, Berman A, Schrump DS, Giaccone G, Pastan I, Venzon DJ, Liewehr DJ, Steinberg SM, Miettinen M, Hassan R, Rajan A. Expression of mesothelin in thymic carcinoma and its potential therapeutic significance. Lung Cancer 2016; 101:104-110. [PMID: 27794397 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Advanced thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) lack adequate treatment options in part due to absence of well characterized tumor-specific antigens. Mesothelin, a cell surface antigen, has been used successfully as a target for tumor-directed therapy. We sought to determine tumor expression and serum levels of mesothelin in patients with TETs. PATIENTS AND METHODS Tissue samples were obtained from 71 patients with histologically confirmed, unresectable advanced TETs and evaluated for mesothelin expression by immunohistochemistry. The evaluation was blinded for clinical data and outcome. Mesothelin expression and its association with clinico-pathological parameters and survival were assessed. RESULTS Thymic carcinoma, thymoma, and thymic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) accounted for 34 (48%), 29 (41%), and 8 (11%) cases respectively. Mesothelin expression was seen in a significantly larger proportion of thymic carcinoma (27/34, 79%) than thymoma (3/29, 10%) (P<0.0001) and was absent in thymic NETs. Among thymic carcinomas 13/34 (38%) showed expression in nearly all tumor cells. Immunoreactivity was membranous, strong, and homogenous. Patients with thymic carcinoma and high mesothelin expression (in >50% of tumor cells) had significantly improved overall survival (median not reached, n=19) compared to patients with no or low mesothelin expression (1.60 years; 95% CI: 1.24-4.94 years; n=15; HR=4.46, 95% CI: 1.55-12.80; p=0.0026). CONCLUSION Mesothelin expression is frequently observed in advanced thymic carcinomas, infrequently in thymomas and is absent in thymic NETs. Due to strong, membranous expression mesothelin is a potential therapeutic target in thymic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Thomas
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuanbin Chen
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arlene Berman
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David S Schrump
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Giuseppe Giaccone
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David J Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Office of the Clinical Director, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David J Liewehr
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Office of the Clinical Director, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Seth M Steinberg
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Office of the Clinical Director, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Markku Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Raffit Hassan
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arun Rajan
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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10
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Rajan A, Wakelee H, Giaccone G. Novel Treatments for Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2015; 5:267. [PMID: 26649279 PMCID: PMC4663242 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Rajan
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Heather Wakelee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Giuseppe Giaccone
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University , Washington, DC , USA
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