Applications of High-Throughput Clonogenic Survival Assays in High-LET Particle Microbeams

A High Throughput Screen with a Clonogenic Endpoint to Identify Radiation Modulators of Cancer

Clonogenic assays evaluate the ability of single cells to proliferate and form colonies. This process approximates the regrowth and recurrence of tumors after treatment with radiation or chemotherapy, and thereby provides a drug discovery platform for compounds that block this process. However, because of their labor-intensive and cumbersome nature, adapting canonical clonogenic assays for high throughput screening (HTS) has been challenging. We overcame these barriers by developing an integrated system that automates cell- and liquid-handling, irradiation, dosimetry, drug administration, and incubation. Further, we developed a fluorescent live-cell based automated colony scoring methodology that identifies and counts colonies precisely based upon actual nuclei number rather than colony area, thereby eliminating errors in colony counts caused by radiation induced changes in colony morphology. We identified 13 cell lines from 7 cancer types, where radiation is a standard treatment module, that exhibit identical radiation and chemoradiation response regardless of well format and are amenable to miniaturization into small-well HTS formats. We performed pilot screens through a 1,584 compound NCI Diversity Set library using two cell lines representing different cancer indications. Radiation modulators identified in the pilot screens were validated in traditional clonogenic assays, providing proof-of-concept for the screen. The integrated methodology, hereafter "clonogenic HTS", exhibits excellent robustness (Z' values > 0.5) and shows high reproducibility (>95%). We propose that clonogenic HTS we developed can function as a drug discovery platform to identify compounds that inhibit tumor regrowth following radiation therapy, to identify new efficacious pair-wise combinations of known oncologic therapies, or to identify novel modulators ofapproved therapies.