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Hetzel R, Urbanevych V, Bolke A, Kasper J, Kercz M, Kołodziej M, Magiera A, Mueller F, Müller S, Rafecas M, Rusiecka K, Schug D, Schulz V, Stahl A, Weissler B, Wong ML, Wrońska A. Near-field coded-mask technique and its potential for proton therapy monitoring. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:245028. [PMID: 37863101 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad05b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Prompt-gamma imaging encompasses several approaches to the online monitoring of the beam range or deposited dose distribution in proton therapy. We test one of the imaging techniques - a coded mask approach - both experimentally and via simulations.Approach.Two imaging setups have been investigated experimentally. Each of them comprised a structured tungsten collimator in the form of a modified uniformly redundant array mask and a LYSO:Ce scintillation detector of fine granularity. The setups differed in detector dimensions and operation mode (1D or 2D imaging). A series of measurements with radioactive sources have been conducted, testing the performance of the setups for near-field gamma imaging. Additionally, Monte Carlo simulations of a larger setup of the same type were conducted, investigating its performance with a realistic gamma source distribution occurring during proton therapy.Main results.The images of point-like sources reconstructed from two small-scale prototypes' data using the maximum-likelihood expectation maximisation algorithm constitute the experimental proof of principle for the near-field coded-mask imaging modality, both in the 1D and the 2D mode. Their precision allowed us to calibrate out certain systematic offsets appearing due to the limited alignment accuracy of setup elements. The simulation of the full-scale setup yielded a mean distal falloff retrieval precision of 0.72 mm in the studies for beam energy range 89.5-107.9 MeV and with 1 × 108protons (a typical number for distal spots). The implemented algorithm of image reconstruction is relatively fast-a typical procedure needs several seconds.Significance.Coded-mask imaging appears a valid option for proton therapy monitoring. The results of simulations let us conclude that the proposed full-scale setup is competitive with the knife-edge-shaped and the multi-parallel slit cameras investigated by other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Hetzel
- III. Physikalisches Institut B, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vitalii Urbanevych
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andreas Bolke
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jonas Kasper
- III. Physikalisches Institut B, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Monika Kercz
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kołodziej
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Magiera
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Florian Mueller
- Physics of Molecular Imaging Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sara Müller
- III. Physikalisches Institut B, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Magdalena Rafecas
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Rusiecka
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - David Schug
- Physics of Molecular Imaging Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Hyperion Hybrid Imaging Systems GmbH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Volkmar Schulz
- III. Physikalisches Institut B, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Physics of Molecular Imaging Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Hyperion Hybrid Imaging Systems GmbH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Achim Stahl
- III. Physikalisches Institut B, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bjoern Weissler
- Physics of Molecular Imaging Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Hyperion Hybrid Imaging Systems GmbH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ming-Liang Wong
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wrońska
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Cheng HL, Wang JL, Wang XY, Wu XG, Xiao JF, Wang Y, Zheng Y, Jin X, Xu Y, He LJ, Li CB, Li TX, Zheng M, Zhao ZH, He ZY, Li JZ, Li YQ, Hong R. A torus source and its application for non-primary radiation evaluation. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:245003. [PMID: 37549670 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acede7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Non-primary radiation doses to normal tissues from proton therapy may be associated with an increased risk of secondary malignancies, particularly in long-term survivors. Thus, a systematic method to evaluate if the dose level of non-primary radiation meets the IEC standard requirements is needed.Approach. Different from the traditional photon radiation therapy system, proton therapy systems are composed of several subsystems in a thick bunker. These subsystems are all possible sources of non-primary radiation threatening the patient. As a case study, 7 sources in the P-Cure synchrotron-based proton therapy system are modeled in Monte Carlo (MC) code: tandem injector, injection, synchrotron ring, extraction, beam transport line, scanning nozzle and concrete reflection/scattering. To accurately evaluate the synchrotron beam loss and non-primary dose, a new model called the torus source model is developed. Its parametric equations define the position and direction of the off-orbit particle bombardment on the torus pipe shell in the Cartesian coordinate system. Non-primary doses are finally calculated by several FLUKA simulations.Main results. The ratios of summarized non-primary doses from different sources to the planned dose of 2 Gy are all much smaller than the IEC requirements in both the 15-50 cm and 50-200 cm regions. Thus, the P-Cure synchrotron-based proton therapy system is clean and patient-friendly, and there is no need an inner shielding concrete between the accelerator and patient.Significance. Non-primary radiation dose level is a very important indicator to evaluate the quality of a PT system. This manuscript provides a feasible MC procedure for synchrotron-based proton therapy with new beam loss model. Which could help people figure out precisely whether this level complies with the IEC standard before the system put into clinical treatment. What' more, the torus source model could be widely used for bending magnets in gantries and synchrotrons to evaluate non-primary doses or other radiation doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Long Cheng
- University of Science and Technology of China, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
- Sino-Israeli Healthy Alliance International Medical Technology Co., Ltd, AcceleratorLaboratory, Weifang 261000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Long Wang
- Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yun Wang
- Sino-Israeli Healthy Alliance International Medical Technology Co., Ltd, AcceleratorLaboratory, Weifang 261000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Guang Wu
- Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Fang Xiao
- Sino-Israeli Healthy Alliance International Medical Technology Co., Ltd, AcceleratorLaboratory, Weifang 261000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- Sino-Israeli Healthy Alliance International Medical Technology Co., Ltd, AcceleratorLaboratory, Weifang 261000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Jin
- Department of Nuclear Safety, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Radiation Source, Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center, Beijing 102401, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Juan He
- University of Science and Technology of China, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Bo Li
- Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Xiao Li
- Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Hao Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Yang He
- Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ze Li
- Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Qiu Li
- Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Hong
- Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, People's Republic of China
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Borja-Lloret M, Barrientos L, Bernabéu J, Lacasta C, Muñoz E, Ros A, Roser J, Viegas R, Llosá G. Influence of the background in Compton camera images for proton therapy treatment monitoring. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:144001. [PMID: 37339665 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ace024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Background events are one of the most relevant contributions to image degradation in Compton camera imaging for hadron therapy treatment monitoring. A study of the background and its contribution to image degradation is important to define future strategies to reduce the background in the system.Approach. In this simulation study, the percentage of different kinds of events and their contribution to the reconstructed image in a two-layer Compton camera have been evaluated. To this end, GATE v8.2 simulations of a proton beam impinging on a PMMA phantom have been carried out, for different proton beam energies and at different beam intensities.Main results. For a simulated Compton camera made of Lanthanum (III) Bromide monolithic crystals, coincidences caused by neutrons arriving from the phantom are the most common type of background produced by secondary radiations in the Compton camera, causing between 13% and 33% of the detected coincidences, depending on the beam energy. Results also show that random coincidences are a significant cause of image degradation at high beam intensities, and their influence in the reconstructed images is studied for values of the time coincidence windows from 500 ps to 100 ns.Significance. Results indicate the timing capabilities required to retrieve the fall-off position with good precision. Still, the noise observed in the image when no randoms are considered make us consider further background rejection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Borja-Lloret
- Institut de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, València, Spain
| | - L Barrientos
- Institut de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, València, Spain
| | - J Bernabéu
- Institut de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, València, Spain
| | - C Lacasta
- Institut de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, València, Spain
| | - E Muñoz
- Institut de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, València, Spain
| | - A Ros
- Institut de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, València, Spain
| | - J Roser
- Institut de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, València, Spain
| | - R Viegas
- Institut de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, València, Spain
| | - G Llosá
- Institut de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, València, Spain
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Ku Y, Jung J, Kim CH. New Algorithm to Estimate Proton Beam Range for Multi-slit Prompt-gamma Camera. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2022.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Polf JC, Maggi P, Panthi R, Peterson S, Mackin D, Beddar S. The effects of Compton camera data acquisition and readout timing on PG imaging for proton range verification. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 6:366-373. [PMID: 36092269 PMCID: PMC9457195 DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2021.3057341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine how the characteristics of the data acquisition (DAQ) electronics of a Compton camera (CC) affect the quality of the recorded prompt gamma (PG) interaction data and the reconstructed images, during clinical proton beam delivery. We used the Monte-Carlo-plus-Detector-Effect (MCDE) model to simulate the delivery of a 150 MeV clinical proton pencil beam to a tissue-equivalent plastic phantom. With the MCDE model we analyzed how the recorded PG interaction data changed as two characteristics of the DAQ electronics of a CC were changed: (1) the number of data readout channels; and (2) the active charge collection, readout, and reset time. As the proton beam dose rate increased, the number of recorded PG single-, double-, and triple-scatter events decreased by a factor of 60× for the current DAQ configuration of the CC. However, as the DAQ readout channels were increased and the readout/reset timing decreased, the number of recorded events decreased by <5× at the highest clinical dose rate. The increased number of readout channels and reduced readout/reset timing also resulted in higher quality recorded data. That is, a higher percentage of the recorded double- and triple-scatters were "true" events (caused by a single incident gamma) and not "false" events (caused by multiple incident gammas). The increase in the number and the quality of recorded data allowed higher quality PG images to be reconstructed even at the highest clinical dose rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerimy C. Polf
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Paul Maggi
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Rajesh Panthi
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | - Dennis Mackin
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sam Beddar
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
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Towards machine learning aided real-time range imaging in proton therapy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2735. [PMID: 35177663 PMCID: PMC8854574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Compton imaging represents a promising technique for range verification in proton therapy treatments. In this work, we report on the advantageous aspects of the i-TED detector for proton-range monitoring, based on the results of the first Monte Carlo study of its applicability to this field. i-TED is an array of Compton cameras, that have been specifically designed for neutron-capture nuclear physics experiments, which are characterized by [Formula: see text]-ray energies spanning up to 5-6 MeV, rather low [Formula: see text]-ray emission yields and very intense neutron induced [Formula: see text]-ray backgrounds. Our developments to cope with these three aspects are concomitant with those required in the field of hadron therapy, especially in terms of high efficiency for real-time monitoring, low sensitivity to neutron backgrounds and reliable performance at the high [Formula: see text]-ray energies. We find that signal-to-background ratios can be appreciably improved with i-TED thanks to its light-weight design and the low neutron-capture cross sections of its LaCl[Formula: see text] crystals, when compared to other similar systems based on LYSO, CdZnTe or LaBr[Formula: see text]. Its high time-resolution (CRT [Formula: see text] 500 ps) represents an additional advantage for background suppression when operated in pulsed HT mode. Each i-TED Compton module features two detection planes of very large LaCl[Formula: see text] monolithic crystals, thereby achieving a high efficiency in coincidence of 0.2% for a point-like 1 MeV [Formula: see text]-ray source at 5 cm distance. This leads to sufficient statistics for reliable image reconstruction with an array of four i-TED detectors assuming clinical intensities of 10[Formula: see text] protons per treatment point. The use of a two-plane design instead of three-planes has been preferred owing to the higher attainable efficiency for double time-coincidences than for threefold events. The loss of full-energy events for high energy [Formula: see text]-rays is compensated by means of machine-learning based algorithms, which allow one to enhance the signal-to-total ratio up to a factor of 2.
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Metallic Nanoparticles: A Useful Prompt Gamma Emitter for Range Monitoring in Proton Therapy? RADIATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/radiation1040025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical practice, dose delivery in proton therapy treatment is affected by uncertainties related to the range of the beam in the patient, which requires medical physicists to introduce safety margins on the penetration depth of the beam. Although this ensures an irradiation of the entire clinical target volume with the prescribed dose, these safety margins also lead to the exposure of nearby healthy tissues and a subsequent risk of side effects. Therefore, non-invasive techniques that allow for margin reduction through online monitoring of prompt gammas emitted along the proton tracks in the patient are currently under development. This study provides the proof-of-concept of metal-based nanoparticles, injected into the tumor, as a prompt gamma enhancer, helping in the beam range verification. It identifies the limitations of this application, suggesting a low feasibility in a realistic clinical scenario but opens some avenues for improvement.
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Wrońska A, Kasper J, Ahmed AA, Andres A, Bednarczyk P, Gazdowicz G, Herweg K, Hetzel R, Konefał A, Kulessa P, Magiera A, Rusiecka K, Stachura D, Stahl A, Ziębliński M. Prompt-gamma emission in GEANT4 revisited and confronted with experiment. Phys Med 2021; 88:250-261. [PMID: 34315001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The field of online monitoring of the beam range is one of the most researched topics in proton therapy over the last decade. The development of detectors that can be used for beam range verification under clinical conditions is a challenging task. One promising possible solution are modalities that record prompt-gamma radiation produced by the interactions of the proton beam with the target tissue. A good understanding of the energy spectra of the prompt gammas and the yields in certain energy regions is crucial for a successful design of a prompt-gamma detector. Monte-Carlo simulations are an important tool in development and testing of detector concepts, thus the proper modelling of the prompt-gamma emission in those simulations are of vital importance. In this paper, we confront a number of GEANT4 simulations of prompt-gamma emission, performed with different versions of the package and different physics lists, with experimental data obtained from a phantom irradiation with proton beams of four different energies in the range 70-230 MeV. METHODS The comparison is made on different levels: features of the prompt-gamma energy spectrum, gamma emission depth profiles for discrete transitions and the width of the distal fall-off in those profiles. RESULTS The best agreement between the measurements and the simulations is found for the GEANT4 version 10.4.2 and the reference physics list QGSP_BIC_HP. CONCLUSIONS Modifications to prompt-gamma emission modelling in higher versions of the software increase the discrepancy between the simulation results and the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Wrońska
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jonas Kasper
- Physics Institute 3B, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Arshiya Anees Ahmed
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Achim Andres
- Physics Institute 3B, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Piotr Bednarczyk
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Gazdowicz
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katrin Herweg
- Physics Institute 3B, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ronja Hetzel
- Physics Institute 3B, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Adam Konefał
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Paweł Kulessa
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Magiera
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rusiecka
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Damian Stachura
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Achim Stahl
- Physics Institute 3B, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Jacquet M, Marcatili S, Gallin-Martel ML, Bouly JL, Boursier Y, Dauvergne D, Dupont M, Gallin-Martel L, Hérault J, Létang JM, Manéval D, Morel C, Muraz JF, Testa É. A time-of-flight-based reconstruction for real-time prompt-gamma imaging in proton therapy. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34020438 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac03ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We propose a novel prompt-gamma (PG) imaging modality for real-time monitoring in proton therapy: PG time imaging (PGTI). By measuring the time-of-flight (TOF) between a beam monitor and a PG detector, our goal is to reconstruct the PG vertex distribution in 3D. In this paper, a dedicated, non-iterative reconstruction strategy is proposed (PGTI reconstruction). Here, it was resolved under a 1D approximation to measure a proton range shift along the beam direction. In order to show the potential of PGTI in the transverse plane, a second method, based on the calculation of the centre of gravity (COG) of the TIARA pixel detectors' counts was also explored. The feasibility of PGTI was evaluated in two different scenarios. Under the assumption of a 100 ps (rms) time resolution (achievable in single proton regime), MC simulations showed that a millimetric proton range shift is detectable at 2σwith 108incident protons in simplified simulation settings. With the same proton statistics, a potential 2 mm sensitivity (at 2σwith 108incident protons) to beam displacements in the transverse plane was found using the COG method. This level of precision would allow to act in real-time if the treatment does not conform to the treatment plan. A worst case scenario of a 1 ns (rms) TOF resolution was also considered to demonstrate that a degraded timing information can be compensated by increasing the acquisition statistics: in this case, a 2 mm range shift would be detectable at 2σwith 109incident protons. By showing the feasibility of a time-based algorithm for the reconstruction of the PG vertex distribution for a simplified anatomy, this work poses a theoretical basis for the future development of a PG imaging detector based on the measurement of particle TOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Jacquet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3 UMR 5821, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sara Marcatili
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3 UMR 5821, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Bouly
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3 UMR 5821, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Denis Dauvergne
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3 UMR 5821, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Laurent Gallin-Martel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3 UMR 5821, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Jean-Michel Létang
- University of Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1206, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Jean-François Muraz
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3 UMR 5821, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Étienne Testa
- Univ. Lyon, Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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Jeyasugiththan J, Nieto Camero J, Symons J, Jones P, Buffler A, Geduld D, Peterson SW. Measuring prompt gamma-ray emissions from elements found in tissue during passive-beam proton therapy. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2021; 7. [PMID: 33540400 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/abe33d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Prompt gamma detection during proton radiotherapy for range verification purposes will need to operate in both active and passive treatment beam environments. This paper describes prompt gamma measurements using a high resolution 2″ × 2″ LaBr3detector for a 200 MeV clinical passive-scatter proton beam. These measurements examine the most likely discrete prompt gamma rays emitted from tissue by detecting gammas produced in water, Perspex, carbon and liquid-nitrogen targets. Measurements were carried out at several positions around the depth corresponding to the location of the Bragg peak for water and Perspex targets in order to investigate prompt gamma emission as a function of depth along the beam path. This work also focused on validating the Geant4 Monte Carlo model of the passive-scatter proton beam line and LaBr3detector by making a direct comparison between the simulated and experimental results. The initial prompt gamma measurements were overwhelmed by the high amount of scattered radiation when measuring at isocenter, shifting the target further downstream from the final collimator significantly reduced the background radiation. Prompt gamma peaks were then clearly identified for the water, Perspex and graphite targets. The developed Geant4 Monte Carlo model was able to replicate the measured prompt gamma ray energy spectra, including production for important photopeaks to within 10%, except for the 4.44 MeV peak from the water target, which had more than a 50% overestimation of the number of produced prompt gamma rays. The prompt gamma measurements at various depths correlated well with the proton dose deposition; the 4.44 and 6.13 MeV photopeak profiles peaked within 1 cm of the Bragg peak and the R50%value for the 3-7 MeV energy range predicted the proton range within 8 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julyan Symons
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, iThemba LABS, Faure, 7131, South Africa
| | - Pete Jones
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, iThemba LABS, Faure, 7131, South Africa
| | - Andy Buffler
- Department of Physics, RW James, University Avenue, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dieter Geduld
- Department of Physics, RW James, University Avenue, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephen W Peterson
- Department of Physics, RW James, University Avenue, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
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Panaino CMV, Mackay RI, Kirkby KJ, Taylor MJ. A New Method to Reconstruct in 3D the Emission Position of the Prompt Gamma Rays following Proton Beam Irradiation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18820. [PMID: 31827167 PMCID: PMC6906450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A new technique for range verification in proton beam therapy has been developed. It is based on the detection of the prompt γ rays that are emitted naturally during the delivery of the treatment. A spectrometer comprising 16 LaBr3(Ce) detectors in a symmetrical configuration is employed to record the prompt γ rays emitted along the proton path. An algorithm has been developed that takes as inputs the LaBr3(Ce) detector signals and reconstructs the maximum γ-ray intensity peak position, in full 3 dimensions. For a spectrometer radius of 8 cm, which could accommodate a paediatric head and neck case, the prompt γ-ray origin can be determined from the width of the detected peak with a σ of 4.17 mm for a 180 MeV proton beam impinging a water phantom. For spectrometer radii of 15 and 25 cm to accommodate larger volumes this value increases to 5.65 and 6.36 mm. For a 8 cm radius, with a 5 and 10 mm undershoot, the σ is 4.31 and 5.47 mm. These uncertainties are comparable to the range uncertainties incorporated in treatment planning. This work represents the first step towards a new accurate, real-time, 3D range verification device for spot-scanning proton beam therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza M V Panaino
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK. .,The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, M20 4BX, Manchester, UK.
| | - Ranald I Mackay
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK.,The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, M20 4BX, Manchester, UK
| | - Karen J Kirkby
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK.,The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, M20 4BX, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael J Taylor
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK.,The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, M20 4BX, Manchester, UK
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Lens E, Jagt TZ, Hoogeman MS, Schaart DR. Correlations between the shifts in prompt gamma emission profiles and the changes in daily target coverage during simulated pencil beam scanning proton therapy. Phys Med Biol 2019; 64:085009. [PMID: 30921771 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab145e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using prompt gamma (PG) ray emission profiles to monitor changes in dose to the planning target volume (PTV) during pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy as a result of day-to-day variation in patient anatomy. For 11 prostate patients, we simulated treatment plan delivery using the patients' daily anatomy as observed in the planning CT and 7-9 control CT scans, including the detected PG profiles resulting from the 5%, 10%, and 20% most intense proton pencil beams. For each patient, we determined the changes in dosimetric parameters for the high- and low-dose PTVs between the simulations performed using the planning CT scan and the different control CT scans and correlated these to changes in the PG emission profiles. Changes in coverage of the high- and low-dose PTV correlated most strongly with the median and mean absolute PG emission profile shifts of the 5% most intense pencil beams, respectively. With a mean Pearson correlation coefficient of -0.76 (SD: 0.17) for the high-dose PTV and of -0.60 (SD: 0.51) for the low-dose PTV. We showed, as a proof of principle, that PG emission profiles obtained during PBS proton therapy could be used to detect changes in PTV coverage due to day-to-day anatomical variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelco Lens
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands. Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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Dal Bello R, Magalhaes Martins P, Seco J. CeBr3scintillators for4He prompt gamma spectroscopy: Results from a Monte Carlo optimization study. Med Phys 2018; 45:1622-1630. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Dal Bello
- Division of Biomedical Physics in Radiation Oncology; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Heidelberg University; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Paulo Magalhaes Martins
- Division of Biomedical Physics in Radiation Oncology; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade de Lisboa; 1749-016 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Joao Seco
- Division of Biomedical Physics in Radiation Oncology; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Heidelberg University; Heidelberg Germany
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Zheng Y, Kang Y, Zeidan O, Schreuder N. An end-to-end assessment of range uncertainty in proton therapy using animal tissues. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:8010-8024. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/22/8010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Huisman BFB, Létang JM, Testa É, Sarrut D. Accelerated prompt gamma estimation for clinical proton therapy simulations. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:7725-7743. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/21/7725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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