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Hao M, Wang K, Ding Y, Li H, Liu Y, Ding L. Which patients are prone to suffer liver metastasis? A review of risk factors of metachronous liver metastasis of colorectal cancer. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:130. [PMID: 35879739 PMCID: PMC9310475 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00759-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
In recent years, with the increasing incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) and its high fatality rate, CRC has seized the attention of the world. And liver metastasis, as the main cause of death of CRC, has become the leading cause of treatment failure in CRC, especially metachronous liver metastasis, have caused patients who underwent bowel resection to experience multiple tortures.
Main body
Metachronous liver metastasis has severely affected the quality of life and prognosis of patients. Therefore, in this review, we discuss risk factors for metachronous liver metastasis of CRC, which is the premise for effective intervention for CRC patients who suffer metachronous liver metastasis after undergoing surgery, as well as the signaling pathways associated with CRC.
Conclusion
The occurrence of metachronous liver metastasis is closely related to histology-based prognostic biomarkers, serum-based biomarkers, tumor microenvironment, pre-metastatic niche, liquid biopsy and tissue-based biomarkers. Further research is required to explore the risk factors associated with liver metastasis of CRC.
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Herrero de la Parte B, García-Alonso I, Mar-Medina C, Iturrizaga S, Saiz-López A, Hernández-Farto L, Del Campo-Clemente C, Echevarría-Uraga JJ. Ultrasound Tumor Size Assessment, Histology and Serum Enzyme Analysis in a Rat Model of Colorectal Liver Cancer. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2020; 46:1504-1512. [PMID: 32178957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During tumor development, tissue necrosis appears as a natural phenomenon directly associated with an increase in tumor size. The aim of this study was to assess the use of ultrasound (US) for predicting natural tumor necrosis in a rat liver implant model of colorectal cancer. To achieve this goal, we sought to establish a correlation between US-measured tumor volume, serum enzyme levels and histopathological findings, particularly those regarding necrosis phenomena in liver implants. Under US guidance, CC531 colorectal cancer cells were injected into the left liver lobe of WAG/RijHsd rats. Twenty-eight days after cell inoculation, tumor volume was measured by US, and rats were sacrificed to obtain samples of tumor tissue as well as blood serum. In hematoxylin and eosin-stained tumor samples, the percentage of tumor that was necrotic was estimated. The association between percentage tumor necrosis and US-measured tumor volume was assessed by univariate logistic regression analysis, and a linear regression equation was obtained. Serum enzyme levels did not differ significantly between tumor-bearing and tumor-free rats. Tumor implants appeared as well-defined hyper-echoic regions with a mean volume of 0.61 ± 0.39 mL and tumor necrosis percentage of 8.6 ± 7.7%. Linear regression analysis revealed a very strong relationship (Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.911) between US-measured tumor volume and tumor necrosis percentage; the regression equation was tumor necrosis percentage = 21 × US-measured tumor volume (in mL) - 3.1. The study found US to be a useful tool in animal-based trials. Tumors inside the liver (ranging in volume from 0.24-1.37 mL) can be observed by US, and moreover, US-measured tumor volume on day 28 can be used to estimate tumor necrosis occurring as the natural evolution of tumor implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Herrero de la Parte
- Department of Surgery and Radiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.
| | - Ignacio García-Alonso
- Department of Surgery and Radiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Carmen Mar-Medina
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Galdakao-Usansolo Hospital, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Barrio Labeaga, Galdakao, Spain
| | - Sira Iturrizaga
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Galdakao-Usansolo Hospital, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Barrio Labeaga, Galdakao, Spain
| | - Alberto Saiz-López
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Pathology, Galdakao-Usansolo Hospital, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Barrio Labeaga, Galdakao, Spain
| | - Leire Hernández-Farto
- Department of Pathology, Galdakao-Usansolo Hospital, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Barrio Labeaga, Galdakao, Spain
| | - Consuelo Del Campo-Clemente
- Department of Pathology, Galdakao-Usansolo Hospital, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Barrio Labeaga, Galdakao, Spain
| | - Jose Javier Echevarría-Uraga
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Radiology, Galdakao-Usansolo Hospital, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Barrio Labeaga, Galdakao, Spain
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