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Ren C, Xu Y, Liu H, Wang Z, Ma T, Li Z, Sun L, Huang Q, Zhang K, Zhang C, Cui Y, Wang Q, Lu Y. Effects of runt-related transcription factor 2 ( RUNX2) on the autophagy of rapamycin-treated osteoblasts. Bioengineered 2022; 13:5262-5276. [PMID: 35170378 PMCID: PMC8973582 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2037881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy occurs throughout the development and maturation of bone tissues and various types of bone cells and plays a vital role in osteoporosis progression. This study aimed to explore the role of runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) in osteoblast autophagy and its related molecular mechanisms. MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with different concentrations of rapamycin, and their viability was determined using a cell counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). The cells were then transfected with si-RUNX2 and RUNX2 overexpression plasmids, and the viability of these rapamycin-treated cells was measured using CCK-8, while the expression of autophagy-related genes/proteins and osteoblast differentiation-related genes was determined using Western blotting and RT-qPCR. Finally, Alizarin red staining was used to observe osteoblast mineralization, and transmission electron microscopy was employed to detect autophagosomes in cells administered different treatments. Rapamycin significantly inhibited cell viability and promoted cell autophagy compared with the control (P < 0.05). Cells with RUNX2 knockdown and overexpression were successfully established. Further, RUNX2 overexpression was found to significantly enhance the viability and osteoblast mineralization of rapamycin-treated cells and suppress cell autophagy. RUNX2 overexpression also increased p-p38MAPK/p38MAPK levels and ALP, OCN, and OSX expression, and markedly downregulated Beclin-1, LC3-II/LC3-I, p62, ATG1, p-Beclin-1, and ATG5 levels (P < 0.05). However, the trends after RUNX2 knockdown opposed those observed after RUNX2 overexpression. RUNX2 may regulate osteoblast differentiation and autophagy by mediating autophagy-related and osteoblast differentiation-related genes/proteins, as well as the p38MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
| | - Yibo Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
| | - Zhimeng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
| | - Yu Cui
- Yan’ an University, Yan’ an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
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2
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Gong Q, Wang M, Jiang Y, Zha C, Yu D, Lei F, Luo Y, Feng Y, Yang S, Li J, Du L. The abrupt pathological deterioration of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury: Emerging of a critical time point. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00895. [PMID: 34817124 PMCID: PMC8611776 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CP), an anticancer drug, often causes kidney damage. However, the mechanism of CP-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is not completely understood. AKI was induced by intravenous injection (i.v.) of cisplatin at doses of 5, 8, and 10 mg/kg. Anemoside B4 (B4) (20 mg/kg, i.m.) and dexamethasone (DXM) (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) were used for AKI treatment. Biochemical indicators were assessed using an automatic biochemical analyzer, protein expression was analyzed by western blotting, and morphological changes in the kidney were examined by PAS staining. The serum creatinine (Cre) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels did not change significantly in the first 2 days but abruptly increased on the third day after CP injection. The serum albumin (ALB) and total protein (TP) levels decreased in both a time- and dose-dependent manner. The urine protein level increased, the clearing rate of Cre decreased distinctly, and morphologic changes appeared in a dose-dependent manner. The protein expression of p53/caspase-3, NLRP3, IL-6, and TNF-α was obviously upregulated on day 3; concurrently, nephrin and podocin were downregulated. The expression of LC3II and p62 was upregulated significantly as the CP dose increased. B4 and DXM obviously decreased the BUN and Cre levels after 3 or 5 days of treatment. AKI appeared distinctly in a time-dependent manner at 2 to 5 days after the administration of 5 mg/kg CP and in a dose-dependent manner upon the administration of 5, 8, and 10 mg/kg CP. The third day was a significant time point for renal deterioration, and treatment with B4 and DXM within the first 3 days provided significant protection against AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Gong
- School of PharmacyJiangxi University of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
- Pharmacology LaboratoryState Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs and Efficient Energy‐saving Pharmaceutical EquipmentNanchangChina
| | - Mulan Wang
- Pharmacology LaboratoryState Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs and Efficient Energy‐saving Pharmaceutical EquipmentNanchangChina
| | - Ya Jiang
- School of PharmacyJiangxi University of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
| | - Chengliang Zha
- Pharmacology LaboratoryState Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs and Efficient Energy‐saving Pharmaceutical EquipmentNanchangChina
| | - Dong Yu
- School of PharmacyJiangxi University of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
| | - Fan Lei
- School of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yingying Luo
- School of PharmacyJiangxi University of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
- Pharmacology LaboratoryState Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs and Efficient Energy‐saving Pharmaceutical EquipmentNanchangChina
| | - Yulin Feng
- School of PharmacyJiangxi University of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
- Pharmacology LaboratoryState Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs and Efficient Energy‐saving Pharmaceutical EquipmentNanchangChina
| | - Shilin Yang
- School of PharmacyJiangxi University of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
- Pharmacology LaboratoryState Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs and Efficient Energy‐saving Pharmaceutical EquipmentNanchangChina
| | - Jun Li
- School of PharmacyJiangxi University of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
- Pharmacology LaboratoryState Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs and Efficient Energy‐saving Pharmaceutical EquipmentNanchangChina
| | - Lijun Du
- School of PharmacyJiangxi University of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
- Pharmacology LaboratoryState Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs and Efficient Energy‐saving Pharmaceutical EquipmentNanchangChina
- School of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
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3
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Frangež Ž, Gérard D, He Z, Gavriil M, Fernández-Marrero Y, Seyed Jafari SM, Hunger RE, Lucarelli P, Yousefi S, Sauter T, Sinkkonen L, Simon HU. ATG5 and ATG7 Expression Levels Are Reduced in Cutaneous Melanoma and Regulated by NRF1. Front Oncol 2021; 11:721624. [PMID: 34458153 PMCID: PMC8397460 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.721624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular process in which intracellular proteins and organelles are sequestered and degraded after the fusion of double-membrane vesicles known as autophagosomes with lysosomes. The process of autophagy is dependent on autophagy-related (ATG) proteins. The role of autophagy in cancer is very complex and still elusive. We investigated the expression of ATG proteins in benign nevi, primary and metastatic melanoma tissues using customized tissue microarrays (TMA). Results from immunohistochemistry show that the expression of ATG5 and ATG7 is significantly reduced in melanoma tissues compared to benign nevi. This reduction correlated with changes in the expression of autophagic activity markers, suggesting decreased basal levels of autophagy in primary and metastatic melanomas. Furthermore, the analysis of survival data of melanoma patients revealed an association between reduced ATG5 and ATG7 levels with an unfavourable clinical outcome. Currently, the mechanisms regulating ATG expression levels in human melanoma remains unknown. Using bioinformatic predictions of transcription factor (TF) binding motifs in accessible chromatin of primary melanocytes, we identified new TFs involved in the regulation of core ATGs. We then show that nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) stimulates the production of mRNA and protein as well as the promoter activity of ATG5 and ATG7. Moreover, NRF1 deficiency increased in vitro migration of melanoma cells. Our results support the concept that reduced autophagic activity contributes to melanoma development and progression, and identifies NRF1 as a novel TF involved in the regulation of both ATG5 and ATG7 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Živa Frangež
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Deborah Gérard
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Zhaoyue He
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marios Gavriil
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Yuniel Fernández-Marrero
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S Morteza Seyed Jafari
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert E Hunger
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Lucarelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Sauter
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Lasse Sinkkonen
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School Brandenburg, Neuruppin, Germany.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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4
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Frangež Ž, Seyed Jafari SM, Hunger RE, Simon HU. Loss of Concurrent Regulation of the Expression of BIF-1, BAX, and Beclin-1 in Primary and Metastatic Melanoma. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:1227-1234. [PMID: 33202207 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive and drug-resistant cancers. Despite novel promising therapeutic strategies, the prognosis of metastatic melanoma patients remains poor and it is often associated with high relapse rates. Endophilin B1, also known as BIF-1, is a multifunctional protein involved in several biological processes such as autophagy and apoptosis. BIF-1 promotes apoptosis through binding to BAX and its translocation to the mitochondrial outer membrane. On the other hand, BIF-1 can interact with Beclin-1 through UVRAG to promote autophagy. Several reports suggest an ambiguous role of BIF-1 in cancer development and progression. For example, it has been demonstrated that the expression of BIF-1 is reduced in both primary and metastatic melanoma and that the reduction of BIF-1 expression is associated with reduced overall survival of melanoma patients. Here we show that the expression of Beclin-1 and active form of BAX are also reduced in the melanoma patients. However, while we observed strong positive correlations between the expression of BIF-1 and Beclin-1 as well as between BIF-1 and BAX in benign nevi, these correlations were lost in the primary and metastatic melanoma cells. These data indicate disruption in the proximal molecular mechanisms which regulate expression of BIF-1, Beclin-1, and BAX in the primary and metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ž Frangež
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - S M Seyed Jafari
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - R E Hunger
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - H-U Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland. .,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119435, Russia
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5
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Yao L, Cong R, Ji C, Zhou X, Luan J, Meng X, Song N. RNA-Binding Proteins Play an Important Role in the Prognosis of Patients With Testicular Germ Cell Tumor. Front Genet 2021; 12:610291. [PMID: 33777092 PMCID: PMC7990889 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.610291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are common urological neoplasms in young adult males. The outcome of TGCT depends on pathologic type and tumor stage. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) influence numerous cancers via post-transcriptional regulation. The prognostic importance of RBPs in TGCT has not been fully investigated. In this study, we set up a prognostic risk model of TGCT using six significantly differentially expressed RBPs, namely, TRMT61A, POLR2J, DIS3L2, IFIH1, IGHMBP2, and NPM2. The expression profiles were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression datasets. We observed by performing least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analyses that in the training cohort, the expression of six RBPs was correlated with disease-free survival in patients with TGCT. We assessed the specificity and sensitivity of 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year survival status prediction using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and successfully validated using the test cohorts, the entire TCGA cohort, and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets. Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and gene set enrichment analyses were carried out to seek the possible signaling pathways related with risk score. We also examined the association between the model based on six RBPs and different clinical characteristics. A nomogram was established for TGCT recurrence prediction. Consensus clustering analysis was carried out to identify the clusters of TGCT with different clinical outcomes. Ultimately, external validations of the six-gene risk score were performed by using the GSE3218 and GSE10783 datasets downloaded from the GEO database. In general, our study constructed a prognostic model based on six RBPs, which could serve as independent risk factor in TGCT, especially in seminoma, and might have brilliant clinical application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Yao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Cong
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengjian Ji
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaochen Luan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianghu Meng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ninghong Song
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Urology, The Affiliated Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Artux, China
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6
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Nakkas H, Ocal BG, Kipel S, Akcan G, Sahin C, Ardicoglu A, Cayli S. Ubiquitin proteasome system and autophagy associated proteins in human testicular tumors. Tissue Cell 2021; 71:101513. [PMID: 33677201 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin proteasome sytem (UPS) and autophagy govern protein quality control by degradation and clearance of damaged proteins. Many proteins working in these pathways such as p97/VCP, Ubiquitin (Ub), Jab1/CSN5, p62, LC3B and Beclin 1 are known to be essential for different pathological conditions, especially in cancer, but their expression in human testicular tumors has not been characterized yet. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the expression of UPS (p97/VCP, Ubiquitin, Jab1/CSN5) and autophagic (p62, LC3B, Beclin 1) proteins in human testicular tumors and cancer adjacent normal testicular tissues. We used an immunohistochemical staining technique. 120 cases of testicular germ and non-germ cell tumors, which are 42 seminomas, 31 embryonal carcinomas, 11 yolk sac tumors, 25 intratubular germ cell neoplasms, 6 Leydig cell tumors, 5 Sertoli cell tumors, were collected and evaluated on tissue microarray. For the first time, the expression of p97/VCP, Ub, Jab1/CSN5, p62, LC3B and Beclin 1 in different type of human testicular tumors has been confirmed. We found that p97/VCP, Ub and Jab1/CSN5 were frequently expressed at higher levels in testicular tumours. In contrast to UPS markers, p62, LC3B and Beclin 1 showed significantly diminished expressions in testicular tumors. Accordingly, a negative correlation between p97/VCP and autophagic markers (p62 and LC3B) was found, suggesting a relationship between UPS and autophagy in different type of testicular tumors. The current results displayed elevated level of p97/VCP, Ub and Jab1/CSN5 expressions in contrast to the diminished expression of p62, LC3B and Beclin 1 in human testicular tumors, thereby supporting a correlation between p97/VCP and autophagic markers in testicular tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Nakkas
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Seyma Kipel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gulben Akcan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cansu Sahin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arslan Ardicoglu
- Department of Urology, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevil Cayli
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Wang K, Tu Y, Wan JB, Chen M, He C. Synergistic anti-breast cancer effect of pulsatilla saponin D and camptothecin through interrupting autophagic-lysosomal function and promoting p62-mediated ubiquitinated protein aggregation. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41:804-816. [PMID: 31504230 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to protect the cells from unfavorable environmental conditions. Inhibition of autophagy has been contemplated as a novel strategy to enhance anticancer efficacy of existing chemotherapeutic agents. We previously reported that pulsatilla saponin D (PSD) was a potent autophagy inhibitor. However, its anticancer potential as adjuvant and underlying mechanisms are still unknown. In this study, we identified that PSD induced the formation of autophagosome in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. However, PSD alone and particularly co-treatment with camptothecin remarkably increased p62 protein levels, indicating that PSD strongly inhibited the autophagic cargo degradation. The mechanistic study indicated that PSD profoundly abolished the co-localization of EGFP-LC3 and lysosomal-specific probe LysoTracker Red, suggesting that the autophagosome-lysosome fusion was blocked by PSD, which is similar to the action of chloroquine. In addition, PSD significantly increased lysosomal pH and inhibited the activation of lysosomal cathepsins in both breast cancer cell lines. Furthermore, the accrued p62 resulted in accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins owing to the interaction with p62 and delivery to the malfunctioned autophagosome by PSD. Finally, we demonstrated that PSD synergistically enhanced the anticancer activity of camptothecin (CPT) in cultured breast cancer cells and in mouse xenograft tumor models. Our results indicated that PSD inhibited autophagic flux via blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion and lysosomal acidification, which may confer a synergistic anti-breast cancer activity of PSD and CPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yanbei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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Yang P, Qin Y, Zhu Y, Li F, Xia SS, Zhou B, Wang Q, Lu J, Li L, Huang HY. Chaihu-Longgu-Muli decoction relieves epileptic symptoms by improving autophagy in hippocampal neurons. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 259:112990. [PMID: 32442588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Chaihu-Longgu-Muli decoction (CLMD) is a well-known ancient formula in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to relieve disorder, clear away heat, tranquilize the mind and allay excitement. It has been used for the therapy of neuropsychiatric disorders such as epilepsy, dementia, insomnia, anxiety, and depression for several centuries in China. AIM OF THE STUDY This paper is based on the assumption that the mechanism by which CLMD relieves epileptic symptoms in rats is associated with improving autophagy. Several experimental methods are designed to testify the hypothesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The lithium-pilocarpine-induced epilepsy model was established in rats. The seizure frequency was recorded. Morphology and number of autophagosomes in hippocampal dentate gyrus was detected with a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Expression of Beclin-1, microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3 (LC3), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in dentate gyrus was measured by immunofluorescence assay, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western-blotting. RESULTS CLMD could significantly relieve the seizure frequency and improve autophagy in hippocampal dentate gyrus. Meanwhile, the level of Beclin-1 and LC3B decreased significantly, while mTOR increased remarkably after medical intervention. CONCLUSIONS CLMD could improve autophagy in hippocampal dentate gyrus due to epilepsy, especially at high dose. The mechanism may be related to upregulated expression of mTOR and downregulated expression of Beclin-1 and LC3B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Hunan Brain Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, NO.427, Middle Furong Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410007, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, NO.300, Xueshi Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410208, China
| | - You Qin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, NO. 8, Yuehua Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Hunan Brain Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, NO.427, Middle Furong Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410007, China
| | - Feng Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, NO.300, Xueshi Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410208, China; School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Shuai-Shuai Xia
- Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, NO.300, Xueshi Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410208, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Hunan Brain Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, NO.427, Middle Furong Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410007, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Hunan Brain Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, NO.427, Middle Furong Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410007, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Hunan Brain Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, NO.427, Middle Furong Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410007, China
| | - Liang Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, NO.300, Xueshi Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410208, China.
| | - Hui-Yong Huang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, NO.300, Xueshi Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410208, China.
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9
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Machine learning with autophagy-related proteins for discriminating renal cell carcinoma subtypes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:720. [PMID: 31959887 PMCID: PMC6971298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57670-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Machine learning techniques have been previously applied for classification of tumors based largely on morphological features of tumor cells recognized in H&E images. Here, we tested the possibility of using numeric data acquired from software-based quantification of certain marker proteins, i.e. key autophagy proteins (ATGs), obtained from immunohistochemical (IHC) images of renal cell carcinomas (RCC). Using IHC staining and automated image quantification with a tissue microarray (TMA) of RCC, we found ATG1, ATG5 and microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3B) were significantly reduced, suggesting a reduction in the basal level of autophagy with RCC. Notably, the levels of the ATG proteins expressed did not correspond to the mRNA levels expressed in these tissues. Applying a supervised machine learning algorithm, the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), to our quantified numeric data revealed that LC3B provided a strong measure for discriminating clear cell RCC (ccRCC). ATG5 and sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1/p62) could be used for classification of chromophobe RCC (crRCC). The quantitation of particular combinations of ATG1, ATG16L1, ATG5, LC3B and p62, all of which measure the basal level of autophagy, were able to discriminate among normal tissue, crRCC and ccRCC, suggesting that the basal level of autophagy would be a potentially useful parameter for RCC discrimination. In addition to our observation that the basal level of autophagy is reduced in RCC, our workflow from quantitative IHC analysis to machine learning could be considered as a potential complementary tool for the classification of RCC subtypes and also for other types of tumors for which precision medicine requires a characterization.
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