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Ronca R, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase IX: An atypical target for innovative therapies in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189120. [PMID: 38801961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs), are metallo-enzymes implicated in several pathophysiological processes where tissue pH regulation is required. CA IX is a tumor-associated CA isoform induced by hypoxia and involved in the adaptation of tumor cells to acidosis. Indeed, several tumor-driving pathways can induce CA IX expression, and this in turn has been associated to cancer cells invasion and metastatic features as well as to induction of stem-like features, drug resistance and recurrence. After its functional and structural characterization CA IX targeting approaches have been developed to inhibit its activity in neoplastic tissues, and to date this field has seen an incredible acceleration in terms of therapeutic options and biological readouts. Small molecules inhibitors, hybrid/dual targeting drugs, targeting antibodies and adoptive (CAR-T based) cell therapy have been developed at preclinical level, whereas a sulfonamide CA IX inhibitor and an antibody entered Phase Ib/II clinical trials for the treatment and imaging of different solid tumors. Here recent advances on CA IX biology and pharmacology in cancer, and its therapeutic targeting will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ronca
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Biotecnologie (CIB), Italy.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Florence 50019, Italy.
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2
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Pabani A, Gainor JF. Facts and Hopes: Immunocytokines for Cancer Immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:3841-3849. [PMID: 37227449 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The clinical development of cytokines as cancer therapeutics has been limited due to significant toxicities generally observed with systemic administration. This narrow therapeutic window, together with relatively modest efficacy, has made natural cytokines unattractive drug candidates. Immunocytokines represent a class of next-generation cytokines designed to overcome the challenges associated with traditional cytokines. These agents seek to improve the therapeutic index of cytokines by using antibodies as vehicles for the targeted delivery of immunomodulatory agents within the local tumor microenvironment (TME). Various molecular formats and cytokine payloads have been studied. In this review, we provide an overview of the rationale, preclinical support, and current clinical development strategies for immunocytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliyah Pabani
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Justin F Gainor
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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3
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Prodi E, Comacchio C, Gilardoni E, Di Nitto C, Puca E, Neri D, De Luca R. An Antibody Targeting Fibroblast Activation Protein Simultaneously Fused to Interleukin-2 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Selectively Localizes to Neoplastic Lesions. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:antib12020029. [PMID: 37092450 PMCID: PMC10123652 DOI: 10.3390/antib12020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The delivery of specific cytokine payloads to a neoplastic environment employing antibodies able to selectively accumulate at the tumor site represents an attractive strategy to stimulate an immune response to cancer. Whilst conventional antibody-cytokine fusions based on a single payload have shown potent anticancer activity, the concomitant delivery of two cytokine payloads may further improve the therapeutic outcome as the immune system typically adopts multiple signals to reinforce an antitumor strategy. We here describe a potency-matched dual-cytokine antibody fusion protein containing a tumor-targeting antibody fragment specific to human fibroblast activation protein (FAP), simultaneously linked to both interleukin-2 (IL2) and a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) mutant. The resulting fusion protein, termed IL2-7NP2-TNFmut, formed stable non-covalent trimers driven by the interaction of the tumor necrosis factor subunits. Both cytokine payloads retained their biological activity within the fusion protein, as shown by in vitro cellular assays. The tumor-targeting properties and the anticancer activity of IL2-7NP2-TNFmut were investigated in vivo in immunocompromised mice bearing SKRC52 cells transduced with human FAP. The fusion protein preferentially localized to the cancer site and induced partial tumor retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Prodi
- Philochem AG, Libernstrasse 3, 8112 Otelfingen, Switzerland
- CiBIO (Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Emanuele Puca
- Philochem AG, Libernstrasse 3, 8112 Otelfingen, Switzerland
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Li H, Huang T, Yuan H, Lu L, Cao Z, Zhang L, Yang Y, Yu B, Wang H. Combined Ultrasensitive Detection of Renal Cancer Proteins and Cells Using an Optical Microfiber Functionalized with Ti 3C 2 MXene and Gold Nanorod-Nanosensitized Interfaces. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5142-5150. [PMID: 36892255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
The ultrasensitive and quantitative detection of renal cancer protein biomarkers present at ultralow concentrations for early-stage cancer diagnosis requires a biosensing probe possessing ultrahigh detection sensitivity and remarkable biosensing selectivity. Here, we report an optical microfiber integrated with Ti3C2-supported gold nanorod hybrid nanointerfaces for implementation in ultrasensitive sensing of the carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) protein and renal cancer cells. Because the evanescent field of the fiber is strongly coupled with nanointerfaces in the near-infrared region, the proposed optical microfiber biosensor achieves ultrahigh-sensitivity detection of the CAIX protein biomarker with ultralow limits of detection (LODs) of 13.8 zM in pure buffer solution and 0.19 aM in 30% serum solution. In addition, the proposed sensor also successfully and specifically recognizes living renal cancer cells in cell culture media with a LOD of 180 cells/mL. This strategy may serves as a powerful biosensing platform that combines the quantification of protein biomarkers and cancer cells, resulting in a higher accuracy of early-stage renal cancer diagnosis and screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Li
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Tianqi Huang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Hao Yuan
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Liang Lu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zhigang Cao
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yu Yang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Benli Yu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230031, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230031, China
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5
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Gout DY, Groen LS, van Egmond M. The present and future of immunocytokines for cancer treatment. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:509. [PMID: 36066630 PMCID: PMC9448690 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy has successfully been introduced as treatment of several lymphomas and leukemias. However, solid tumors reduce the efficacy of mAb therapy because of an immune-suppressive tumor micro-environment (TME), which hampers activation of effector immune cells. Pro-inflammatory cytokine therapy may counteract immune suppression in the TME and increase mAb efficacy, but untargeted pro-inflammatory cytokine therapy is limited by severe off-target toxicity and a short half-life of cytokines. Antibody-cytokine fusion proteins, also referred to as immunocytokines, provide a solution to either issue, as the antibody both acts as local delivery platform and increases half-life. The antibody can furthermore bridge local cytotoxic immune cells, like macrophages and natural killer cells with tumor cells, which can be eliminated after effector cells are activated via the cytokine. Currently, a variety of different antibody formats as well as a handful of cytokine payloads are used to generate immunocytokines. However, many potential formats and payloads are still left unexplored. In this review, we describe current antibody formats and cytokine moieties that are used for the development of immunocytokines, and highlight several immunocytokines in (pre-)clinical studies. Furthermore, potential future routes of development are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Y Gout
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Biology and Immunology Program, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Immunology Program, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte S Groen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,LUMICKS, Paalbergweg 3, 1105 AG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein van Egmond
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Cancer Biology and Immunology Program, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Cancer Immunology Program, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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de Campos NSP, Souza BS, da Silva GCP, Porto VA, Chalbatani GM, Lagreca G, Janji B, Suarez ER. Carbonic Anhydrase IX: A Renewed Target for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061392. [PMID: 35326544 PMCID: PMC8946730 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) has been explored for a long time as a therapeutic target in the fight against clear cell renal cell carcinoma and several hypoxic tumors, usually offering modest results followed by adverse effects. However, recent studies using different antibodies and adoptive cell therapies against CAIX have generated exciting prospects for the immunotherapy of these tumors. This complete review will approach the past and future of anti-CAIX immunotherapies. Abstract The carbonic anhydrase isoform IX (CAIX) enzyme is constitutively overexpressed in the vast majority of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and can also be induced in hypoxic microenvironments, a major hallmark of most solid tumors. CAIX expression is restricted to a few sites in healthy tissues, positioning this molecule as a strategic target for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we summarized preclinical and clinical data of immunotherapeutic strategies based on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), fusion proteins, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T, and NK cells targeting CAIX against different types of solid malignant tumors, alone or in combination with radionuclides, cytokines, cytotoxic agents, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, or immune checkpoint blockade. Most clinical studies targeting CAIX for immunotherapy were performed using G250 mAb-based antibodies or CAR T cells, developed primarily for bioimaging purposes, with a limited clinical response for ccRCC. Other anti-CAIX mAbs, CAR T, and NK cells developed with therapeutic intent presented herein offered outstanding preclinical results, justifying further exploration in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla Santos Pacheco de Campos
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil; (N.S.P.C.); (B.S.S.); (G.C.P.S.); (V.A.P.); (G.L.)
| | - Bruna Santos Souza
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil; (N.S.P.C.); (B.S.S.); (G.C.P.S.); (V.A.P.); (G.L.)
| | - Giselle Correia Próspero da Silva
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil; (N.S.P.C.); (B.S.S.); (G.C.P.S.); (V.A.P.); (G.L.)
| | - Victoria Alves Porto
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil; (N.S.P.C.); (B.S.S.); (G.C.P.S.); (V.A.P.); (G.L.)
| | - Ghanbar Mahmoodi Chalbatani
- Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment (TIME) Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1445 Luxembourg, Luxembourg;
| | - Gabriela Lagreca
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil; (N.S.P.C.); (B.S.S.); (G.C.P.S.); (V.A.P.); (G.L.)
| | - Bassam Janji
- Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment (TIME) Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1445 Luxembourg, Luxembourg;
- Correspondence: (B.J.); (E.R.S.)
| | - Eloah Rabello Suarez
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil; (N.S.P.C.); (B.S.S.); (G.C.P.S.); (V.A.P.); (G.L.)
- Correspondence: (B.J.); (E.R.S.)
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7
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Gouyou B, Ongaro T, Cazzamalli S, De Luca R, Kerschenmeyer A, Valet P, Villa A, Neri D, Matasci M. Antibody-based delivery of interleukin-9 to neovascular structures: Therapeutic evaluation in cancer and arthritis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:940-951. [PMID: 33475433 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220981578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-9 is a cytokine with multiple functions, including the ability to activate group 2 innate lymphoid cells, which has been postulated to be therapeutically active in mouse models of arthritis. Similarly, interleukin-9 has been suggested to play an important role in tumor immunity. Here, we describe the cloning, expression, and characterization of three fusion proteins based on murine interleukin-9 and the F8 antibody, specific to the alternatively spliced EDA domain of fibronectin. EDA is strongly expressed in cancer and in various arthritic conditions, while being undetectable in the majority of healthy organs. Interleukin-9-based fusion proteins with an irrelevant antibody specific to hen egg lysozyme served as negative control in our study. The fusion proteins were characterized by quantitative biodistribution analysis in tumor-bearing mice using radioiodinated protein preparations. The highest tumor uptake and best tumor:organ ratios were observed for a format, in which the interleukin-9 moiety was flanked by two units of the F8 antibody in single-chain Fv format. Biological activity of interleukin-9 was retained when the payload was fused to antibodies. However, the targeted delivery of interleukin-9 to the disease site resulted in a modest anti-tumor activity in three different murine models of cancer (K1735M2, CT26, and F9), while no therapeutic benefit was observed in a collagen induced model of arthritis. Collectively, these results confirm the possibility to deliver interleukin-9 to the site of disease but cast doubts about the alleged therapeutic activity of this cytokine in cancer and arthritis, which has been postulated in previous publications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiziano Ongaro
- Philochem AG, Libernstrasse 3, Otelfingen 8112, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Philippe Valet
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Cedex 4, Toulouse 31432, France
| | | | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Mattia Matasci
- Philochem AG, Libernstrasse 3, Otelfingen 8112, Switzerland
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8
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Mortensen MR, Mock J, Bertolini M, Stringhini M, Catalano M, Neri D. Targeting an engineered cytokine with interleukin-2 and interleukin-15 activity to the neovasculature of solid tumors. Oncotarget 2020; 11:3972-3983. [PMID: 33216834 PMCID: PMC7646832 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the antibody-based delivery of cytokines to the tumor environment as a means to boost the anti-cancer activity of tumor-resident T cells and NK cells. Here, we describe the expression and characterization of fusion proteins, featuring the L19 antibody (specific to the alternatively-spliced EDB domain of fibronectin) and an engineered cytokine with interleukin-2 and interleukin-15 properties. The cytokine moiety was fused either at the N-terminal or at the C-terminal extremity and both fusion proteins showed a selective tumor accumulation in a quantitative biodistribution experiment. The N-terminal fusion inhibited tumor growth in immunocompetent mice bearing F9 carcinomas or WEHI-164 sarcomas when used as single agent. The anticancer activity was compared to the one of the same cytokine payload used as recombinant protein or fused to an anti-hen egg lysozyme antibody, serving as negative control of irrelevant specificity in the mouse. These results indicate that the antibody-based delivery of engineered cytokines to the tumor neovasculature may mediate a potent anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Mortensen
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences (D-CHAB), Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPW), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Mock
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences (D-CHAB), Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPW), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Bertolini
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences (D-CHAB), Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPW), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Stringhini
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences (D-CHAB), Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPW), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Catalano
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences (D-CHAB), Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPW), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences (D-CHAB), Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPW), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Gouyou B, Millul J, Villa A, Cazzamalli S, Neri D, Matasci M. Sortase-Mediated Site-Specific Modification of Interleukin-2 for the Generation of a Tumor-Targeting Acetazolamide-Cytokine Conjugate. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:26077-26083. [PMID: 33073134 PMCID: PMC7558062 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Small ligands specific to tumor-associated antigens can be used as alternatives to antibodies for the delivery of small payloads such as radionuclides, cytotoxic drugs, and fluorophores. Their use as a delivery moiety of bioactive proteins such as cytokines remains largely unexplored. Here, we describe the preparation and in vivo characterization of the first small molecule-cytokine conjugate targeting carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), a marker of renal cell carcinoma and hypoxia. Site-specific conjugation between interleukin-2 and acetazolamide was obtained by sortase A-mediated transpeptidation. Binding of the conjugate to the cognate CAIX antigen was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance. The in vivo targeting of structures expressing carbonic anhydrase IX was assessed by biodistribution experiments in tumor-bearing mice. Optimization of manufacturability and tumor-targeting performance of acetazolamide-cytokine products will be required in order to enable industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacopo Millul
- Philochem
AG, Libernstrasse 3, 8112 Otelfingen, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Dario Neri
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mattia Matasci
- Philochem
AG, Libernstrasse 3, 8112 Otelfingen, Switzerland
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