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An SX, Yu ZJ, Fu C, Wei MJ, Shen LH. Biological factors driving colorectal cancer metastasis. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:259-272. [PMID: 38425391 PMCID: PMC10900157 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Approximately 20% of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients present with metastasis at diagnosis. Among Stage I-III CRC patients who undergo surgical resection, 18% typically suffer from distal metastasis within the first three years following initial treatment. The median survival duration after the diagnosis of metastatic CRC (mCRC) is only 9 mo. mCRC is traditionally considered to be an advanced stage malignancy or is thought to be caused by incomplete resection of tumor tissue, allowing cancer cells to spread from primary to distant organs; however, increasing evidence suggests that the mCRC process can begin early in tumor development. CRC patients present with high heterogeneity and diverse cancer phenotypes that are classified on the basis of molecular and morphological alterations. Different genomic and nongenomic events can induce subclone diversity, which leads to cancer and metastasis. Throughout the course of mCRC, metastatic cascades are associated with invasive cancer cell migration through the circulatory system, extravasation, distal seeding, dormancy, and reactivation, with each step requiring specific molecular functions. However, cancer cells presenting neoantigens can be recognized and eliminated by the immune system. In this review, we explain the biological factors that drive CRC metastasis, namely, genomic instability, epigenetic instability, the metastatic cascade, the cancer-immunity cycle, and external lifestyle factors. Despite remarkable progress in CRC research, the role of molecular classification in therapeutic intervention remains unclear. This review shows the driving factors of mCRC which may help in identifying potential candidate biomarkers that can improve the diagnosis and early detection of mCRC cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Xing An
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
- BD Department, Greenpine Pharma Group Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Zhao-Jin Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chen Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Min-Jie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Long-Hai Shen
- Center of Oncology, Genertec Liaoyou Gem Flower Hospital, PanJin 124010, Liaoning Province, China
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Yang H, Liu Y, Chen L, Zhao J, Guo M, Zhao X, Wen Z, He Z, Chen C, Xu L. MiRNA-Based Therapies for Lung Cancer: Opportunities and Challenges? Biomolecules 2023; 13:877. [PMID: 37371458 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, posing a serious health risk. Despite new advances in immune checkpoint and targeted therapies in recent years, the prognosis for lung cancer patients, especially those in advanced stages, remains poor. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to modulate tumor development at multiple levels, and as such, miRNA mimics and molecules aimed at regulating miRNAs have shown promise in preclinical development. More importantly, miRNA-based therapies can also complement conventional chemoradiotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies to reverse drug resistance and increase the sensitivity of lung cancer cells. Furthermore, small interfering RNA (siRNA) and miRNA-based therapies have entered clinical trials and have shown favorable development prospects. Therefore, in this paper, we review recent advances in miRNA-based therapies in lung cancer treatment as well as adjuvant therapy and present the current state of clinical lung cancer treatment. We also discuss the challenges facing miRNA-based therapies in the clinical application of lung cancer treatment to provide new ideas for the development of novel lung cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yang
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yufang Liu
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Longqing Chen
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhao
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Zhenke Wen
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Soochow University, Soochow 563000, China
| | - Zhixu He
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
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Makler A, Asghar W. Exosomal miRNA Biomarker Panel for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Detection in Patient Plasma: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065081. [PMID: 36982154 PMCID: PMC10049393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is rapidly becoming one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the United States, and with its high mortality rate, there is a pressing need to develop sensitive and robust methods for detection. Exosomal biomarker panels provide a promising avenue for PDAC screening since exosomes are highly stable and easily harvested from body fluids. PDAC-associated miRNAs packaged within these exosomes could be used as diagnostic markers. We analyzed a series of 18 candidate miRNAs via RT-qPCR to identify the differentially expressed miRNAs (p < 0.05, t-test) between plasma exosomes harvested from PDAC patients and control patients. From this analysis, we propose a four-marker panel consisting of miR-93-5p, miR-339-3p, miR-425-5p, and miR-425-3p with an area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) of 0.885 with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 94.7%, which is comparable to the CA19-9 standard PDAC marker diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Makler
- Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering and Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Waseem Asghar
- Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering and Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Correspondence:
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Wang Z, Xie W, Guan H. Diverse Functions of MiR-425 in Human Cancer. DNA Cell Biol 2023; 42:113-129. [PMID: 36796000 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2022.0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
miRNAs are a type of small endogenous noncoding RNA composed of 20-22 nucleotides that can regulate gene expression by targeting the 3' untranslated region of mRNA. Many investigations have discovered that miRNAs have a role in the development and progression of human cancer. Several aspects of tumor development are affected by miR-425, including growth, apoptosis, invasion, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and drug resistance. In this article, we discuss the properties and research development of miR-425, focusing on the regulation and function of miR-425 in various cancers. Furthermore, we discuss the clinical implications of miR-425. This review may broaden our horizon for better understanding the role of miR-425 as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenjie Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongzai Guan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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TGF-β Signaling in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (mCRC): From Underlying Mechanism to Potential Applications in Clinical Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214436. [PMID: 36430910 PMCID: PMC9698504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a serious public health issue, and it has the leading incidence and mortality among malignant tumors worldwide. CRC patients with metastasis in the liver, lung or other distant sites always have poor prognosis. Thus, there is an urgent need to discover the underlying mechanisms of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) and to develop optimal therapy for mCRC. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling plays a significant role in various physiologic and pathologic processes, and aberrant TGF-β signal transduction contributes to mCRC progression. In this review, we summarize the alterations of the TGF-β signaling pathway in mCRC patients, the functional mechanisms of TGF-β signaling, its promotion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, its facilitation of angiogenesis, its suppression of anti-tumor activity of immune cells in the microenvironment and its contribution to stemness of CRC cells. We also discuss the possible applications of TGF-β signaling in mCRC diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapies in clinical trials. Hopefully, these research advances in TGF-β signaling in mCRC will improve the development of new strategies that can be combined with molecular targeted therapy, immunotherapy and traditional therapies to achieve better efficacy and benefit mCRC patients in the near future.
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Bhattacharya S, Sharma S, Prajapati BG. Development of D-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate fabricated nanostructural lipid carrier of sorafenib tosylate for metastatic colorectal targeting application: Stability, physical characterization, cytotoxicity, and apoptotic studies against SW48 cells PTEN. Front Oncol 2022; 12:990841. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.990841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to create D-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) of sorafenib tosylate (ST) as lymphatic delivery systems (LDDS) to fight Metastatic colorectal cancer. Initially, ST-SLN, ST-NLC, and ST-LNE were formulated considering oleic acid (OA), glycerol monolinoleate (GMO), glycerol monolinoleate (GML) as solid lipid and further characterised, and tested for stability. The most stable ST-NLC was fabricated with TPGS to produce ST-TPGS-NLC and evaluated by performing in vitro drug profiling, in vitro cytotoxicity, and apoptotic studies against human female colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines (SW48 Cells PTEN). Stability studies on three lipidic nanoparticles (ST-SLN, ST-NLC, ST-LEN) showed particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential ranging from 165 nm to 298 nm, 0.125 to 0.288, and -31 mV to -16 mV. At 1600 minutes, more than 80% of ST-NLC1 was released, confirming the sustained release pattern of the formulation. ST-NLC and ST-TPGS-NLC have entrapment efficiencies above 50%. Pure ST’s IC50 at 72 hr was 3.45 µg/mL, while 1.56 µg/mL was for ST-TPGS-NLC. The ST-TPGS-NLC reduced the number of livings SW48 Cells PTEN from 91% to 5%, compared to 75% to 8% of pure ST. The ST-TPGS-NLC is a promising LDDS for delivering ST for metastatic colorectal cancer.
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