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Sewduth RN, Georgelou K. Relevance of Carcinogen-Induced Preclinical Cancer Models. J Xenobiot 2024; 14:96-109. [PMID: 38249103 PMCID: PMC10801516 DOI: 10.3390/jox14010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemical agents can cause cancer in animals by damaging their DNA, mutating their genes, and modifying their epigenetic signatures. Carcinogen-induced preclinical cancer models are useful for understanding carcinogen-induced human cancers, as they can reproduce the diversity and complexity of tumor types, as well as the interactions with the host environment. However, these models also have some drawbacks that limit their applicability and validity. For instance, some chemicals may be more effective or toxic in animals than in humans, and the tumors may differ in their genetics and phenotypes. Some chemicals may also affect normal cells and tissues, such as by causing oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death, which may alter the tumor behavior and response to therapy. Furthermore, some chemicals may have variable effects depending on the exposure conditions, such as dose, route, and duration, as well as the animal characteristics, such as genetics and hormones. Therefore, these models should be carefully chosen, validated, and standardized, and the results should be cautiously interpreted and compared with other models. This review covers the main features of chemically induced cancer models, such as genetic and epigenetic changes, tumor environment, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and immune response. We also address the pros and cons of these models and the current and future challenges for their improvement. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the state of the art of carcinogen-induced cancer models and provides new perspectives for cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj N. Sewduth
- VIB KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, 49 Herestraat, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Konstantina Georgelou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, Vasilika Vouton, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece
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Lv M, Zhang J, Deng J, Hu J, Zhong Q, Su M, Lin D, Xu T, Bai X, Li J, Guo X. Analysis of the relationship between the gut microbiota enterotypes and colorectal adenoma. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1097892. [PMID: 37082183 PMCID: PMC10110881 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1097892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe essence of enterotypes is to stratify the entire human gut microbiota, and dysregulation of gut microbiota is closely related to the development of colorectal adenoma. Enterotypes may therefore be a useful target for the prevention of colorectal adenoma. However, the relationship between gut microbiota and colorectal adenoma has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to analyze the differences in gut microbiome composition between adenoma and control populations.MethodsWe recruited 31 patients with colorectal adenoma and 71 non-adenoma controls. Patient demographics, risk factors, fecal samples from each subject were collected and metagenomic sequencing was performed. LEfSe analysis was used to reveal differences in intestinal microbiome composition. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between enterotypes and colorectal adenoma.ResultsThe results showed that Prevotella enterotype (enterotype 4) is only present in adenoma group. Logistic regression analysis showed that Prevotella enterotype was an independent risk factor for colorectal adenoma.DiscussionThe Prevotella enterotype may increase the occurrence of colorectal adenoma through inflammatory association and interference with glucose and lipid metabolism in human body. In conclusion, the differences we observed between different enterotypes add a new potential factor to the development of colorectal adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwei Lv
- Department of Endoscopic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Department of Endoscopic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Deng
- Department of Endoscopic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiancong Hu
- Department of Endoscopic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Zhong
- Department of Endoscopic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingli Su
- Department of Endoscopic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dezheng Lin
- Department of Endoscopic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Xu
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xuhao Bai
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Endoscopic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Juan Li,
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Department of Endoscopic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Xuefeng Guo,
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Safety and Efficacy of the Bordetella bronchiseptica Vaccine Combined with a Vegetable Oil Adjuvant and Multi-Omics Analysis of Its Potential Role in the Protective Response of Rabbits. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071434. [PMID: 35890330 PMCID: PMC9317422 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious respiratory diseases caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) are seriously endangering the development of the rabbit industry in China. Unfortunately, no licensed vaccines are available for this pathogen. The present study was designed to determine whether the inactivated Bb antigen formulated with vegetable oil adjuvant (named E515) which contains soybean oil, vitamin E, and ginseng saponins, functions as a safe and effective vaccine (E515-Bb) against Bb infection in rabbits. Based on local and systemic reactions, both the E515 adjuvant alone and the E515-Bb vaccine exhibited good safety in rabbits. Immune response analysis implies that rabbits immunized with the E515-Bb vaccine produced significantly higher, earlier, and longer-lasting specific antibody responses and activated Th1/Th2/Th17 cell responses than those immunized with the aluminum hydroxide (Alum)-adjuvanted Bb vaccine (Alum-Bb) or Bb antigen alone. Moreover, the E515-Bb vaccine effectively protected rabbits from Bb infection. Additionally, integrated multi-omics analysis revealed that the immunoprotective effect of the E515-Bb vaccine was achieved through upregulation of the complement and coagulation cascades and cell adhesion molecule (CAM) pathways, and the downregulation of the P53 pathway. Overall, these results indicate that the E515-Bb vaccine is safe, elicits an efficient immune response and provides good protection against Bb infection in rabbits. Thus, the E515-adjuvanted Bb vaccine can be considered a promising candidate vaccine for preventing Bb infection.
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Guo C, Liu X, Xu Y, Han X, Xie R, Meng X, Li Y, Chen T, Cheng Z, Fu X. Exploring the Mechanism of Action of Canmei Formula Against Colorectal Adenoma Through Multi-Omics Technique. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:778826. [PMID: 34926462 PMCID: PMC8672438 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.778826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Canmei formula (CMF) is a traditional Chinese medicine compound with definite effect on the prevention and treatment of colorectal adenoma (CRA). CMF can prevent the transformation of intestinal inflammation to cancer. This study explored the mechanism of action of CMF in anti-CRA using multi-omics techniques. Method: The mice were randomly divided into four groups: blank group (Control), high-fat diet (HFD) + AOM/DSS colorectal adenoma model (ADH) groups, Canmei formula treatment group (ADH-CMF) and sulfasalazine treatment group (Sul). Except for the blank group, ADH model was established in the other three groups by intraperitoneal injection with AOM reagent, and then mice were given 2.5% DSS in free drinking water and high-fat diet. The mice in the blank group and ADH groups were intragastrically perfused with normal saline, and the mice in the other two groups were treated with corresponding drugs for 20 weeks. During this period, the changes of physical signs of mice in each group were observed. The differentially expressed genes and proteins in the Control group, ADH group and ADH-CMF group were detected by RNA-seq transcriptome sequencing and Tandem Mass Tags (TMT) quantitative proteomics. After the combined analysis and verification, the key targets were analyzed by gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Moreover, the changes of intestinal flora in mice of the three groups were examined. Results: A total of 2,548 differential genes were obtained by transcriptomics analysis, and 45 differential proteins were obtained by proteomics analysis. The results of proteomics data and experimental verification showed that CMF mainly affected the Phospholysine Phosphohistidine Inorganic Pyrophosphate Phosphatase (LHPP) target. GO analysis showed that the targets of CMF were involved in the biological processes such as cellular process, metabolic process and biological regulation. KEGG analysis showed that those genes were involved in oxidative phosphorylation, cell senescence, and metabolic pathways. Studies have shown that LHPP overexpression impeded colorectal cancer cell growth and proliferation in vitro, and was associated with a change in PI3K/AKT activity. The results of 16S DNA high-throughput sequencing showed that CMF could effectively regulate the abundance of Bifidobacterium, Candidatus_Saccharimonas and Erysipelatoclostridium in the intestinal flora at the genus level. Conclusion: CMF regulates LHPP via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. CMF affects the abundance of specific intestinal flora and can regulate the disorder of intestinal flora to achieve the role of prevention and treatment of CRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Guo
- Second Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Graduate School of Liaoning University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Second Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pain, Shibei Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimin Xu
- Second Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Han
- Second Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Runnan Xie
- Second Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Miaohang Town Community Health Service Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangxue Meng
- Second Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Graduate School of Liaoning University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Second Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongyu Chen
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihong Cheng
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Fu
- Second Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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