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Li Y, Yang L, Li X, Zhang X. Inhibition of GTPase KRAS G12D: a review of patent literature. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2024; 34:701-721. [PMID: 38884569 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2024.2369630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION KRAS is a critical oncogenic protein intricately involved in tumor progression, and the difficulty in targeting KRAS has led it to be classified as an 'undruggable target.' Among the various KRAS mutations, KRASG12D is highly prevalent and represents a promising therapeutic target, yet there are currently no approved inhibitors for it. AREA COVERED This review summarizes numerous patents and literature featuring inhibitors or degraders of KRASG12D through searching relevant information in PubMed, SciFinder and Web of Science databases from 2021 to February 2024, providing an overview of the research progress on inhibiting KRASG12D in terms of design strategies, chemical structures, biological activities, and clinical advancements. EXPERT OPINION Since the approval of AMG510 (Sotorasib), there has been an increasing focus on the inhibition of KRASG12D, leading to numerous reports of related inhibitors and degraders. Among them, MRTX1133, as the first KRASG12D inhibitor to enter clinical trials, has demonstrated excellent tumor suppression in various KRASG12D-bearing human tumor xenograft models. It is important to note, however, that understanding the mechanisms of acquired resistance caused by KRAS inhibition and developing additional combination therapies is crucial. Moreover, seeking covalent inhibition of KRASG12D also holds significant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Li
- Department of Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoran Li
- Department of Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- AceMapAI Joint Lab, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- AceMapAI Joint Lab, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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2
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Mustafa M, Abbas K, Alam M, Habib S, Zulfareen, Hasan GM, Islam S, Shamsi A, Hassan I. Investigating underlying molecular mechanisms, signaling pathways, emerging therapeutic approaches in pancreatic cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1427802. [PMID: 39087024 PMCID: PMC11288929 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1427802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, a clinically challenging malignancy constitutes a significant contributor to cancer-related mortality, characterized by an inherently poor prognosis. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of pancreatic adenocarcinoma by examining its multifaceted etiologies, including genetic mutations and environmental factors. The review explains the complex molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis and summarizes current therapeutic strategies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and emerging modalities such as immunotherapy. Critical molecular pathways driving pancreatic cancer development, including KRAS, Notch, and Hedgehog, are discussed. Current therapeutic strategies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, are discussed, with an emphasis on their limitations, particularly in terms of postoperative relapse. Promising research areas, including liquid biopsies, personalized medicine, and gene editing, are explored, demonstrating the significant potential for enhancing diagnosis and treatment. While immunotherapy presents promising prospects, it faces challenges related to immune evasion mechanisms. Emerging research directions, encompassing liquid biopsies, personalized medicine, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, and computational intelligence applications, hold promise for refining diagnostic approaches and therapeutic interventions. By integrating insights from genetic, molecular, and clinical research, innovative strategies that improve patient outcomes can be developed. Ongoing research in these emerging fields holds significant promise for advancing the diagnosis and treatment of this formidable malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Mustafa
- Department of Biochemistry, J.N. Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Kashif Abbas
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mudassir Alam
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Safia Habib
- Department of Biochemistry, J.N. Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Zulfareen
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Gulam Mustafa Hasan
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sidra Islam
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research (CMBHSR), Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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3
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Zheng D, Grandgenett PM, Zhang Q, Baine M, Shi Y, Du Q, Liang X, Wong J, Iqbal S, Preuss K, Kamal A, Yu H, Du H, Hollingsworth MA, Zhang C. radioGWAS links radiome to genome to discover driver genes with somatic mutations for heterogeneous tumor image phenotype in pancreatic cancer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12316. [PMID: 38811597 PMCID: PMC11137018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Addressing the significant level of variability exhibited by pancreatic cancer necessitates the adoption of a systems biology approach that integrates molecular data, biological properties of the tumors, medical images, and clinical features of the patients. In this study, a comprehensive multi-omics methodology was employed to examine a distinctive collection of patient dataset containing rapid autopsy tumor and normal tissue samples as well as longitudinal imaging with a focus on pancreatic cancer. By performing a whole exome sequencing analysis on tumor and normal tissues to identify somatic gene variants and a radiomic feature analysis to tumor CT images, the genome-wide association approach established a connection between pancreatic cancer driver genes and relevant radiomic features, enabling a thorough and quantitative assessment of the heterogeneity of pancreatic tumors. The significant association between sets of genes and radiomic features revealed the involvement of genes in shaping tumor morphological heterogeneity. Some results of the association established a connection between the molecular level mechanism and their outcomes at the level of tumor structural heterogeneity. Because tumor structure and tumor structural heterogeneity are related to the patients' overall survival, patients who had pancreatic cancer driver gene mutations with an association to a certain radiomic feature have been observed to experience worse survival rates than cases without these somatic mutations. Furthermore, the association analysis has revealed potential gene mutations and radiomic feature candidates that warrant further investigation in future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Paul M Grandgenett
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Michael Baine
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yu Shi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Qian Du
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Xiaoying Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey Wong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Subhan Iqbal
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Kiersten Preuss
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Ahsan Kamal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Hongfeng Yu
- School of Computing, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Huijing Du
- Department of Mathematics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Michael A Hollingsworth
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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4
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Lokhandwala J, Smalley TB, Tran TH. Structural perspectives on recent breakthrough efforts toward direct drugging of RAS and acquired resistance. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1394702. [PMID: 38841166 PMCID: PMC11150659 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1394702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncoprotein homolog (KRAS) is currently a primary focus of oncologists and translational scientists, driven by exciting results with KRAS-targeted therapies for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. While KRAS mutations continue to drive high cancer diagnosis and death, researchers have developed unique strategies to target KRAS variations. Having been investigated over the past 40 years and considered "undruggable" due to the lack of pharmacological binding pockets, recent breakthroughs and accelerated FDA approval of the first covalent inhibitors targeting KRASG12C, have largely sparked further drug development. Small molecule development has targeted the previously identified primary location alterations such as G12, G13, Q61, and expanded to address the emerging secondary mutations and acquired resistance. Of interest, the non-covalent KRASG12D targeting inhibitor MRTX-1133 has shown promising results in humanized pancreatic cancer mouse models and is seemingly making its way from bench to bedside. While this manuscript was under review a novel class of first covalent inhibitors specific for G12D was published, These so-called malolactones can crosslink both GDP and GTP bound forms of G12D. Inhibition of the latter state suppressed downstream signaling and cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in mouse xenografts. Moreover, a non-covalent pan-KRAS inhibitor, BI-2865, reduced tumor proliferation in cell lines and mouse models. Finally, the next generation of KRAS mutant-specific and pan-RAS tri-complex inhibitors have revolutionized RAS drug discovery. This review will give a structural biology perspective on the current generation of KRAS inhibitors through the lens of emerging secondary mutations and acquired resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameela Lokhandwala
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Tracess B. Smalley
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Timothy H. Tran
- Chemical Biology Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
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Dutta D, Ray P, De A, Ghosh A, Hazra RS, Ghosh P, Banerjee S, Diaz FJ, Upadhyay SP, Quadir M, Banerjee SK. pH-responsive targeted nanoparticles release ERK-inhibitor in the hypoxic zone and sensitize free gemcitabine in mutant K-Ras-addicted pancreatic cancer cells and mouse model. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297749. [PMID: 38687749 PMCID: PMC11060587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options for managing Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), one of the deadliest types of aggressive malignancies, are limited and disappointing. Therefore, despite suboptimal clinical effects, gemcitabine (GEM) remains the first-line chemotherapeutic drug in the clinic for PDAC treatment. The therapeutic limitations of GEM are primarily due to poor bioavailability and the development of chemoresistance resulting from the addiction of mutant-K-RAS/AKT/ERK signaling-mediated desmoplastic barriers with a hypoxic microenvironment. Several new therapeutic approaches, including nanoparticle-assisted drug delivery, are being investigated by us and others. This study used pH-responsive nanoparticles encapsulated ERK inhibitor (SCH772984) and surface functionalized with tumor-penetrating peptide, iRGD, to target PDAC tumors. We used a small molecule, SCH772984, to target ERK1 and ERK2 in PDAC and other cancer cells. This nanocarrier efficiently released ERKi in hypoxic and low-pH environments. We also found that the free-GEM, which is functionally weak when combined with nanoencapsulated ERKi, led to significant synergistic treatment outcomes in vitro and in vivo. In particular, the combination approaches significantly enhanced the GEM effect in PDAC growth inhibition and prolonged survival of the animals in a genetically engineered KPC (LSL-KrasG12D/+/LSL-Trp53R172H/+/Pdx-1-Cre) pancreatic cancer mouse model, which is not observed in a single therapy. Mechanistically, we anticipate that the GEM efficacy was increased as ERKi blocks desmoplasia by impairing the production of desmoplastic regulatory factors in PDAC cells and KPC mouse tumors. Therefore, 2nd generation ERKi (SCH 772984)-iRGD-pHNPs are vital for the cellular response to GEM and denote a promising therapeutic target in PDAC with mutant K-RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasmita Dutta
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States of America
| | - Priyanka Ray
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States of America
| | - Archana De
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States of America
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Raj Shankar Hazra
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States of America
| | - Pratyusha Ghosh
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States of America
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States of America
| | - Snigdha Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Francisco J. Diaz
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Sunil P. Upadhyay
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Mohiuddin Quadir
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States of America
| | - Sushanta K. Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
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Park SY, Gowda Saralamma VV, Nale SD, Kim CJ, Jo YS, Baig MH, Cho J. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of purine and pyrimidine-based KRAS G12D inhibitors: Towards potential anticancer therapy. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28495. [PMID: 38617914 PMCID: PMC11015380 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic RAS mutations, commonly observed in human tumors, affect approximately 30% of cancer cases and pose a significant challenge for effective cancer treatment. Current strategies to inhibit the KRAS G12D mutation have shown limited success, emphasizing the urgent need for new therapeutic approaches. In this study, we designed and synthesized several purine and pyrimidine analogs as inhibitors for the KRAS G12D mutation. Our synthesized compounds demonstrated potent anticancer activity against cell lines with the KRAS G12D mutation, effectively impeding their growth. They also exhibited low toxicity in normal cells, indicating their selective action against cancer cells harboring the KRAS G12D mutation. Notably, the lead compound, PU1-1 induced the programmed cell death of KRAS G12D-mutated cells and reduced the levels of active KRAS and its downstream signaling proteins. Moreover, PU1-1 significantly shrunk the tumor size in a pancreatic xenograft model induced by the KRAS G12D mutation, further validating its potential as a therapeutic agent. These findings highlight the potential of purine-based KRAS G12D inhibitors as candidates for targeted cancer therapy. However, further exploration and optimization of these compounds are essential to meet the unmet clinical needs of patients with KRAS-mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Youn Park
- College of Pharmacy and Drug Information Research Institute, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Venu Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, 211 Eonju-Ro, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Sagar Dattatraya Nale
- BNJBiopharma, 2nd Floor Memorial Hall, 85, Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Joong Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Seong Jo
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, 211 Eonju-Ro, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Hassan Baig
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, 211 Eonju-Ro, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - JungHwan Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Drug Information Research Institute, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
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7
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Wang SH, Cao Z, Farazuddin M, Chen J, Janczak KW, Tang S, Cannon J, Baker JR. A novel intranasal peptide vaccine inhibits non-small cell lung cancer with KRAS mutation. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:464-471. [PMID: 38177307 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
KRAS mutations occur commonly in the lung and can lead to the development of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). While the mutated KRAS protein is a neoantigen, it usually does not generate an effective anti-tumor immune response on mucosal/epithelial surfaces. Despite this, mutated KRAS remains a potential target for immunotherapy since immune targeting of this protein in animal models has been effective at eliminating tumor cells. We attempted to develop a KRAS vaccine using mutated and wild-type KRAS peptides in combination with a nanoemulsion (NE) adjuvant. The efficacy of this approach was tested in an inducible mutant KRAS-mouse lung tumor model. Animals were immunized intranasally using NE with KRAS peptides. These animals had decreased CD4+FoxP3+ T cells in both lymph nodes and spleen. Immunized animals also showed higher IFN-γ and IL-17a levels to mutated KRAS that were produced by CD8+ T cells and enhancement in KRAS-specific Th1 and Th17 responses that persisted for 3 months after the last vaccination. Importantly, the immunized animals had significantly decreased tumor incidence compared to control animals. In conclusion, a mucosal approach to KRAS vaccination demonstrated the ability to induce local KRAS-specific immune responses in the lung and resulted in reduced tumor incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su He Wang
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Division of Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Zhengyi Cao
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mohammad Farazuddin
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Division of Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jesse Chen
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Katarzyna W Janczak
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Shengzhuang Tang
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jayme Cannon
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - James R Baker
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Division of Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Banerjee S, Ansari AA, Upadhyay SP, Mettman DJ, Hibdon JR, Quadir M, Ghosh P, Kambhampati A, Banerjee SK. Benefits and Pitfalls of a Glycosylation Inhibitor Tunicamycin in the Therapeutic Implication of Cancers. Cells 2024; 13:395. [PMID: 38474359 PMCID: PMC10930662 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The aberrant glycosylation is a hallmark of cancer progression and chemoresistance. It is also an immune therapeutic target for various cancers. Tunicamycin (TM) is one of the potent nucleoside antibiotics and an inhibitor of aberrant glycosylation in various cancer cells, including breast cancer, gastric cancer, and pancreatic cancer, parallel with the inhibition of cancer cell growth and progression of tumors. Like chemotherapies such as doxorubicin (DOX), 5'fluorouracil, etoposide, and cisplatin, TM induces the unfolded protein response (UPR) by blocking aberrant glycosylation. Consequently, stress is induced in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that promotes apoptosis. TM can thus be considered a potent antitumor drug in various cancers and may promote chemosensitivity. However, its lack of cell-type-specific cytotoxicity impedes its anticancer efficacy. In this review, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of the benefits and pitfalls of TM therapies in various cancers, including breast, colon, and pancreatic cancers, and discuss the mechanisms identified by which TM functions. Finally, we discuss the potential use of nano-based drug delivery systems to overcome non-specific toxicity and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of TM as a targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (A.A.A.); (S.P.U.); (D.J.M.); (J.R.H.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Affan A. Ansari
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (A.A.A.); (S.P.U.); (D.J.M.); (J.R.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Sunil P. Upadhyay
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (A.A.A.); (S.P.U.); (D.J.M.); (J.R.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Daniel J. Mettman
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (A.A.A.); (S.P.U.); (D.J.M.); (J.R.H.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Pathology Department, City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Jamie R. Hibdon
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (A.A.A.); (S.P.U.); (D.J.M.); (J.R.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Mohiuddin Quadir
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (M.Q.); (P.G.)
| | - Pratyusha Ghosh
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (M.Q.); (P.G.)
| | - Anjali Kambhampati
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (A.A.A.); (S.P.U.); (D.J.M.); (J.R.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Sushanta K. Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (A.A.A.); (S.P.U.); (D.J.M.); (J.R.H.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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9
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Scianò F, Terrana F, Pecoraro C, Parrino B, Cascioferro S, Diana P, Giovannetti E, Carbone D. Exploring the therapeutic potential of focal adhesion kinase inhibition in overcoming chemoresistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:271-289. [PMID: 38269431 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase often overexpressed in PDAC. FAK has been linked to cell migration, survival, proliferation, angiogenesis and adhesion. This review first highlights the chemoresistant nature of PDAC. Second, the role of FAK in PDAC cancer progression and resistance is carefully described. Additionally, it discusses recent developments of FAK inhibitors as valuable drugs in the treatment of PDAC, with a focus on diamine-substituted-2,4-pyrimidine-based compounds, which represent the most potent class of FAK inhibitors in clinical trials for the treatment of PDAC disease. To conclude, relevant computational studies performed on FAK inhibitors are reported to highlight the key structural features required for interaction with the protein, with the aim of optimizing this novel targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Scianò
- Department of Biological, Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, Palermo, 90123, Italy
| | - Francesca Terrana
- Department of Biological, Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, Palermo, 90123, Italy
| | - Camilla Pecoraro
- Department of Biological, Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, Palermo, 90123, Italy
| | - Barbara Parrino
- Department of Biological, Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, Palermo, 90123, Italy
| | - Stella Cascioferro
- Department of Biological, Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, Palermo, 90123, Italy
| | - Patrizia Diana
- Department of Biological, Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, Palermo, 90123, Italy
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center (VUmc) De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, 1081HV, The Netherlands
- Cancer Pharmacology Lab, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, Via Ferruccio Giovannini 13, San Giuliano Terme, Pisa, 56017, Italy
| | - Daniela Carbone
- Department of Biological, Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, Palermo, 90123, Italy
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10
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Rekowska AK, Rola P, Kwiatkowska A, Wójcik-Superczyńska M, Gil M, Krawczyk P, Milanowski J. Abnormalities in the KRAS Gene and Treatment Options for NSCLC Patients with the G12C Mutation in This Gene-A Literature Review and Single-Center Experience. Biomedicines 2024; 12:325. [PMID: 38397927 PMCID: PMC10886466 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the KRAS gene are among the most common mutations observed in cancer cells, but they have only recently become an achievable goal for targeted therapies. Two KRAS inhibitors, sotorasib and adagrasib, have recently been approved for the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer with the KRAS G12C mutation, while studies on their efficacy are still ongoing. In this work, we comprehensively analyzed RAS gene mutations' molecular background, mutation testing, KRAS inhibitors' effectiveness with an emphasis on non-small cell lung cancer, the impact of KRAS mutations on immunotherapy outcomes, and drug resistance problems. We also summarized ongoing trials and analyzed emerging perspectives on targeting KRAS in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Rekowska
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland (M.W.-S.); (M.G.); (J.M.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paweł Krawczyk
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland (M.W.-S.); (M.G.); (J.M.)
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11
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Sini MC, Doro MG, Frogheri L, Zinellu A, Paliogiannis P, Porcu A, Scognamillo F, Delogu D, Santeufemia DA, Persico I, Palomba G, Maestrale GB, Cossu A, Palmieri G. Combination of mutations in genes controlling DNA repair and high mutational load plays a prognostic role in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC): a retrospective real-life study in Sardinian population. J Transl Med 2024; 22:108. [PMID: 38280995 PMCID: PMC10821545 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04923-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDCA) carrying impaired mismatch repair mechanisms seem to have an outcome advantage under treatment with conventional chemotherapy, whereas the role for the tumor mutation burden on prognosis is controversial. In this study, we evaluated the prognostic role of the mutated genes involved in genome damage repair in a real-life series of PDAC patients in a hospital-based manner from the main Institution deputed to surgically treat such a disease in North Sardinia. METHODS A cohort of fifty-five consecutive PDAC patients with potentially resectable/border line resectable PDAC (stage IIB-III) or oligometastatic disease (stage IV) and tumor tissue availability underwent next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based analysis using a panel containing driver oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes as well as genes controlling DNA repair mechanisms. RESULTS Genes involved in the both genome damage repair (DR) and DNA mismatch repair (MMR) were found mutated in 17 (31%) and 15 (27%) cases, respectively. One fourth of PDAC cases (14/55; 25.5%) carried tumors presenting a combination of mutations in repair genes (DR and MMR) and the highest mutation load rates (MLR-H). After correction for confounders (surgery, adjuvant therapy, stage T, and metastasis), multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that mutations in DR genes (HR = 3.0126, 95% CI 1.0707 to 8.4764, p = 0.0367) and the MLR (HR = 1.0018, 95%CI 1.0005 to 1.0032, p = 0.009) were significantly related to worse survival. CONCLUSIONS The combination of mutated repair genes and MLR-H, which is associated with a worse survival in our series of PDAC patients treated with conventional chemotherapy protocols, might become a predictive biomarker of response to immunotherapy in addition to its prognostic role in predicting survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Sini
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Genetic Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Doro
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Genetic Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Sassari, Italy
| | - Laura Frogheri
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Genetic Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Sassari, Italy
| | - Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Panagiotis Paliogiannis
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alberto Porcu
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Scognamillo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniele Delogu
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Ivana Persico
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Genetic Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Sassari, Italy
| | - Grazia Palomba
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Genetic Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Battista Maestrale
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Genetic Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Cossu
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palmieri
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Genetic Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Sassari, Italy.
- Immuno-Oncology & Targeted Cancer Biotherapies, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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12
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Buckley CW, O’Reilly EM. Next-generation therapies for pancreatic cancer. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 18:55-72. [PMID: 38415709 PMCID: PMC10960610 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2024.2322648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreas ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a frequently lethal malignancy that poses unique therapeutic challenges. The current mainstay of therapy for metastatic PDAC (mPDAC) is cytotoxic chemotherapy. NALIRIFOX (liposomal irinotecan, fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin) is an emerging standard of care in the metastatic setting. An evolving understanding of PDAC pathogenesis is driving a shift toward targeted therapy. Olaparib, a poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, has regulatory approval for maintenance therapy in BRCA-mutated mPDAC along with other targeted agents receiving disease-agnostic approvals including for PDAC with rare fusions and mismatch repair deficiency. Ongoing research continues to identify and evaluate an expanding array of targeted therapies for PDAC. AREAS COVERED This review provides a brief overview of standard therapies for PDAC and an emphasis on current and emerging targeted therapies. EXPERT OPINION There is notable potential for targeted therapies for KRAS-mutated PDAC with opportunity for meaningful benefit for a sizable portion of patients with this disease. Further, emerging approaches are focused on novel immune, tumor microenvironment, and synthetic lethality strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor W. Buckley
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Eileen M. O’Reilly
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
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13
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Kazi A, Ranjan A, Kumar M.V. V, Agianian B, Garcia Chavez M, Vudatha V, Wang R, Vangipurapu R, Chen L, Kennedy P, Subramanian K, Quirke JC, Beato F, Underwood PW, Fleming JB, Trevino J, Hergenrother PJ, Gavathiotis E, Sebti SM. Discovery of KRB-456, a KRAS G12D Switch-I/II Allosteric Pocket Binder That Inhibits the Growth of Pancreatic Cancer Patient-derived Tumors. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:2623-2639. [PMID: 38051103 PMCID: PMC10754035 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there are no clinically approved drugs that directly thwart mutant KRAS G12D, a major driver of human cancer. Here, we report on the discovery of a small molecule, KRB-456, that binds KRAS G12D and inhibits the growth of pancreatic cancer patient-derived tumors. Protein nuclear magnetic resonance studies revealed that KRB-456 binds the GDP-bound and GCP-bound conformation of KRAS G12D by forming interactions with a dynamic allosteric binding pocket within the switch-I/II region. Isothermal titration calorimetry demonstrated that KRB-456 binds potently to KRAS G12D with 1.5-, 2-, and 6-fold higher affinity than to KRAS G12V, KRAS wild-type, and KRAS G12C, respectively. KRB-456 potently inhibits the binding of KRAS G12D to the RAS-binding domain (RBD) of RAF1 as demonstrated by GST-RBD pulldown and AlphaScreen assays. Treatment of KRAS G12D-harboring human pancreatic cancer cells with KRB-456 suppresses the cellular levels of KRAS bound to GTP and inhibits the binding of KRAS to RAF1. Importantly, KRB-456 inhibits P-MEK, P-AKT, and P-S6 levels in vivo and inhibits the growth of subcutaneous and orthotopic xenografts derived from patients with pancreatic cancer whose tumors harbor KRAS G12D and KRAS G12V and who relapsed after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. These results warrant further development of KRB-456 for pancreatic cancer. SIGNIFICANCE There are no clinically approved drugs directly abrogating mutant KRAS G12D. Here, we discovered a small molecule, KRB-456, that binds a dynamic allosteric binding pocket within the switch-I/II region of KRAS G12D. KRB-456 inhibits P-MEK, P-AKT, and P-S6 levels in vivo and inhibits the growth of subcutaneous and orthotopic xenografts derived from patients with pancreatic cancer. This discovery warrants further advanced preclinical and clinical studies in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslamuzzaman Kazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Alok Ranjan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Vasantha Kumar M.V.
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Bogos Agianian
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Martin Garcia Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Vignesh Vudatha
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | | | - Liwei Chen
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Perry Kennedy
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Karthikeyan Subramanian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jonathan C.K. Quirke
- Department of Chemistry, Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Francisca Beato
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Jason B. Fleming
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jose Trevino
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Paul J. Hergenrother
- Department of Chemistry, Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Evripidis Gavathiotis
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Said M. Sebti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
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14
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Xia Y, Zhang S, Luo H, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Jiang J, Yuan S. Repositioning of Montelukast to inhibit proliferation of mutated KRAS pancreatic cancer through a novel mechanism that interfere the binding between KRAS and GTP/GDP. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 961:176157. [PMID: 37939992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancer types with 5-year survival rate of ∼10.8%. Various KRAS mutations exist in ∼85% pancreatic cancer cell lines. Mutated KRAS is a major cause that leads cancer cell proliferation. Chemotherapy is still the major treatment for pancreatic cancer. Alternatively, repositioning old drug to inhibit mutated KRAS may be a cost-effective way for pancreatic cancer treatment. In this study, we choose mutated KRAS (G12D) as a target. Based on mutated KRAS GTP binding domain (hydrolyze GTP to GDP), we perform virtual screening on FDA-approved drugs. Montelukast shows strong binding affinity to mutated KRAS as well as interfering both GTP and GDP binding to mutated KRAS. Furthermore, Montelukast shows very strong anti-proliferation effect on mutated KRAS pancreatic cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Our results support repositioning of Montelukast as single agent for pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Xia
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Shujie Zhang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Hongyi Luo
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Yumeng Wang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, China; Shuangyun BioMed Sci & Tech (Suzhou) Co., Ltd, China.
| | - Shengtao Yuan
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, China.
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15
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Xiao X, Feng J, Ma J, Xia X, Liu X, Zhang J, Ding C, Pang X, Zhang A. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Multisubstituted Pyrido[4,3- d]pyrimidine Analogues Bearing Deuterated Methylene Linkers as Potent KRAS G12D Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:15524-15549. [PMID: 37921024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The breakthrough in drug development of KRASG12C inhibitors provides inspiration for targeting alternative KRAS mutations, especially the most prevalent KRASG12D variant. Based on the structural analysis of MRTX1133 in complex with KRASG12D, a comprehensive structure-activity study was conducted, which led to the discovery of several compounds (22, 28, and 31) that showed higher potency in suppressing the clonogenic growth of KRASG12D-dependent cancer cells. These new compounds markedly and selectively inhibited the binding of RBD peptide to GTP-bound KRASG12D with IC50 values between 0.48 and 1.21 nM. These new inhibitors were found to have dose-dependent anti-tumor efficacy in the AsPC-1 xenograft mouse models with a tumor growth inhibition of approximately 70% at a dose of 20 mg/kg twice daily (i.p.). Despite the non-optimal pharmacokinetic properties similar to those of MRTX1133, the high in vitro and in vivo potency of these new inhibitors call for further profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanzheng Xiao
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Juanjuan Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinting Xia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaogu Liu
- Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200210,China
| | - Chunyong Ding
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiufeng Pang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200210,China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, Shanghai 200240, China
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16
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Sadeghi MS, Sangrizeh FH, Jahani N, Abedin MS, Chaleshgari S, Ardakan AK, Baeelashaki R, Ranjbarpazuki G, Rahmanian P, Zandieh MA, Nabavi N, Aref AR, Salimimoghadam S, Rashidi M, Rezaee A, Hushmandi K. Graphene oxide nanoarchitectures in cancer therapy: Drug and gene delivery, phototherapy, immunotherapy, and vaccine development. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:117027. [PMID: 37659647 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
The latest advancements in oncology involves the creation of multifunctional nanostructures. The integration of nanoparticles into the realm of cancer therapy has brought about a transformative shift, revolutionizing the approach to addressing existing challenges and limitations in tumor elimination. This is particularly crucial in combating the emergence of resistance, which has significantly undermined the effectiveness of treatments like chemotherapy and radiotherapy. GO stands as a carbon-derived nanoparticle that is increasingly finding utility across diverse domains, notably in the realm of biomedicine. The utilization of GO nanostructures holds promise in the arena of oncology, enabling precise transportation of drugs and genetic material to targeted sites. GO nanomaterials offer the opportunity to enhance the pharmacokinetic behavior and bioavailability of drugs, with documented instances of these nanocarriers elevating drug accumulation at the tumor location. The GO nanostructures encapsulate genes, shielding them from degradation and facilitating their uptake within cancer cells, thereby promoting efficient gene silencing. The capability of GO to facilitate phototherapy has led to notable advancements in reducing tumor progression. By PDT and PTT combination, GO nanomaterials hold the capacity to diminish tumorigenesis. GO nanomaterials have the potential to trigger both cellular and innate immunity, making them promising contenders for vaccine development. Additionally, types of GO nanoparticles that respond to specific stimuli have been applied in cancer eradication, as well as for the purpose of cancer detection and biomarker diagnosis. Endocytosis serves as the mechanism through which GO nanomaterials are internalized. Given these advantages, the utilization of GO nanomaterials for tumor elimination comes highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saleh Sadeghi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Negar Jahani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Sadegh Abedin
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Chaleshgari
- Department of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Khodaei Ardakan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Baeelashaki
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Animal Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar Branch, Shabestar, Iran
| | - Golnaz Ranjbarpazuki
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parham Rahmanian
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arad Zandieh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Translational Sciences, Xsphera Biosciences Inc. Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shokooh Salimimoghadam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Aryan Rezaee
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Zheng D, Grandgenett PM, Zhang Q, Baine M, Shi Y, Du Q, Liang X, Wong J, Iqbal S, Preuss K, Kamal A, Yu H, Du H, Hollingsworth MA, Zhang C. radioGWAS: link radiome to genome to discover driver genes with somatic mutations for heterogeneous tumor image phenotype in pancreatic cancer. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.11.02.23297995. [PMID: 37961101 PMCID: PMC10635263 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.02.23297995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Addressing the significant level of variability exhibited by pancreatic cancer necessitates the adoption of a systems biology approach that integrates molecular data, biological properties of the tumors, and clinical features of the patients. In this study, a comprehensive multi-omics methodology was employed to examine a distinctive collection patient dataset containing rapid autopsy tumor and normal tissue samples as well as longitudinal imaging with a focus on pancreatic cancer. By performing a whole exome sequencing analysis on tumor and normal tissues to identify somatic gene variants and a radiomics feature analysis to tumor CT images, the genome-wide association approach established a connection between pancreatic cancer driver genes and relevant radiomics features, enabling a thorough and quantitative assessment of the heterogeneity of pancreatic tumors. The significant association between sets of genes and radiomics features revealed the involvement of genes in shaping tumor morphological heterogeneity. Some results of the association established a connection between the molecular level mechanism and their outcomes at the level of tumor structural heterogeneity. Because tumor structure and tumor structural heterogeneity are related to the patients' overall survival, patients who had pancreatic cancer driver gene mutations with an association to a certain radiomics feature have been observed to experience worse survival rates than cases without these somatic mutations. Furthermore, the outcome of the association analysis has revealed potential gene mutations and radiomics feature candidates that warrant further investigation in future research endeavors.
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18
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Maloney S, Clarke SJ, Sahni S, Hudson A, Colvin E, Mittal A, Samra J, Pavlakis N. The role of diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in the management of early pancreatic cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:13437-13450. [PMID: 37460806 PMCID: PMC10587199 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite modern advances in cancer medicine, pancreatic cancer survival remains unchanged at just 12%. For the small proportion of patients diagnosed with 'early' (upfront or borderline resectable) disease, recurrences are common, and many recur soon after surgery. Whilst chemotherapy has been shown to increase survival in this cohort, the morbidity of surgery renders many candidates unsuitable for adjuvant treatment. Due to this, and the success of upfront chemotherapy in the advanced setting, use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been introduced in patients with upfront or borderline resectable disease. Randomized controlled trials have been conducted to compare upfront surgery to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in this patient cohort, opinions on the ideal upfront treatment approach are divided. This lack of consensus has highlighted the need for biomarkers to assist in clinical decision making. This review analyses the potential diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers that may assist in the diagnosis and management of early (upfront and borderline resectable) pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Maloney
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2065, Australia.
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2065, Australia.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia.
| | - Stephen J Clarke
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2065, Australia
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2065, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2065, Australia
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2065, Australia
| | - Amanda Hudson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2065, Australia
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2065, Australia
| | - Emily Colvin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2065, Australia
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2065, Australia
| | - Anubhav Mittal
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2065, Australia
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2065, Australia
- Upper Gastrointestinal Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Jaswinder Samra
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2065, Australia
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2065, Australia
- Upper Gastrointestinal Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Nick Pavlakis
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2065, Australia
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2065, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
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19
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Zhang J, Darman L, Hassan MS, Von Holzen U, Awasthi N. Targeting KRAS for the potential treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Recent advancements provide hope (Review). Oncol Rep 2023; 50:206. [PMID: 37800636 PMCID: PMC10570661 DOI: 10.3892/or.2023.8643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) is one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes in solid tumors. More than 90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are driven by mutations in the KRAS gene, suggesting the importance of targeting this oncogene in PDAC. Initial efforts to target KRAS have been unsuccessful due to its small size, high affinity for guanosine triphosphate/guanosine diphosphate, and lack of distinct drug‑binding pockets. Therefore, much of the focus has been directed at inhibiting the activation of major signaling pathways downstream of KRAS, most notably the PI3K/AKT and RAF/MAPK pathways, using tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. While preclinical studies showed promising results, clinical data using the inhibitors alone and in combination with other standard therapies have shown limited practicality, largely due to the lack of efficacy and dose‑limiting toxicities. Recent therapeutic approaches for KRAS‑driven tumors focus on mutation‑specific drugs such as selective KRASG12C inhibitors and son of sevenless 1 pan‑KRAS inhibitors. While KRASG12C inhibitors showed great promise against patients with non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring KRASG12C mutations, they were not efficacious in PDAC largely because the major KRAS mutant isoforms in PDAC are G12D, G12V, and G12R. As a result, KRASG12D and pan‑KRAS inhibitors are currently under investigation as potential therapeutic options for PDAC. The present review summarized the importance of KRAS oncogenic signaling, challenges in its targeting, and preclinical and clinical targeted agents including recent direct KRAS inhibitors for blocking KRAS signaling in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Lily Darman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Md Sazzad Hassan
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN 46617, USA
| | - Urs Von Holzen
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN 46617, USA
- Goshen Center for Cancer Care, Goshen, IN 46526, USA
- University of Basel School of Medicine, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Niranjan Awasthi
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN 46617, USA
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Thielman NRJ, Funes V, Davuluri S, Ibanez HE, Sun WC, Fu J, Li K, Muth S, Pan X, Fujiwara K, Thomas D, Henderson M, Teh SS, Zhu Q, Thompson E, Jaffee EM, Kolodkin A, Meng F, Zheng L. Tumor- and Nerve-Derived Axon Guidance Molecule Promotes Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Progression and Metastasis through Macrophage Reprogramming. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.24.563862. [PMID: 37961340 PMCID: PMC10634802 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.24.563862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Axon guidance molecules were found to be the gene family most frequently altered in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) through mutations and copy number changes. However, the exact molecular mechanism regarding PDA development remained unclear. Using genetically engineered mouse models to examine one of the axon guidance molecules, semaphorin 3D (SEMA3D), we found a dual role for tumor-derived SEMA3D in malignant transformation of pancreatic epithelial cells and a role for nerve-derived SEMA3D in PDA development. This was demonstrated by the pancreatic-specific knockout of the SEMA3D gene from the KRAS G12D and TP53 R 172 H mutation knock-in, PDX1-Cre (KPC) mouse model which demonstrated a delayed tumor initiation and growth comparing to the original KPC mouse model. Our results showed that SEMA3D knockout skews the macrophages in the pancreas away from M2 polarization, providing a potential mechanistic role of tumor-derived SEMA3D in PDA development. The KPC mice with the SEMA3D knockout remained metastasis-free, however, died from primary tumor growth. We then tested the hypothesis that a potential compensation mechanism could result from SEMA3D which is naturally expressed by the intratumoral nerves. Our study further revealed that nerve-derived SEMA3D does not reprogram macrophages directly, but reprograms macrophages indirectly through ARF6 signaling and lactate production in PDA tumor cells. SEMA3D increases tumor-secreted lactate which is sensed by GPCR132 on macrophages and subsequently stimulates pro-tumorigenic M2 polarization in vivo. Tumor intrinsic- and extrinsic-SEMA3D induced ARF6 signaling through its receptor Plexin D1 in a mutant KRAS-dependent manner. Consistently, RNA sequencing database analysis revealed an association of higher KRAS MUT expression with an increase in SEMA3D and ARF6 expression in human PDAs. Moreover, multiplex immunohistochemistry analysis showed an increased number of M2-polarized macrophages proximal to nerves in human PDA tissue expressing SEMA3D. Thus, this study suggests altered expression of SEMA3D in tumor cells lead to acquisition of cancer-promoting functions and the axon guidance signaling originating from nerves is "hijacked" by tumor cells to support their growth. Other axon guidance and neuronal development molecules may play a similar dual role which is worth further investigation. One sentence summary Tumor- and nerve-derived SEMA3D promotes tumor progression and metastasis through macrophage reprogramming in the tumor microenvironment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This study established the dual role of axon guidance molecule, SEMA3D, in the malignant transformation of pancreatic epithelial cells and of nerve-derived SEMA3D in PDA progression and metastasis. It revealed macrophage reprogramming as the mechanism underlying bothroles. Together, this research elucidated how inflammatory responses promote invasive PDA progression and metastasis through an oncogenic process.
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21
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Cheng H, Li P, Chen P, Irimia A, Bae JH, Brooun A, Fagan P, Lam R, Lin B, Zhang J, Zhan X, Wu X, Xie N, Chiang G, Shoemaker R, Vernier JM. Structure-Based Design and Synthesis of Potent and Selective KRAS G12D Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1351-1357. [PMID: 37849557 PMCID: PMC10577700 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS G12D mutation has been found in approximately 45% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cases, making it an attractive therapeutic target. Through structure-based drug design, a series of potent and selective KRAS G12D inhibitors were designed. The lead compound, ERAS-5024, inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation and cell proliferation in three-dimensional Cell-Titer Glo assays in AsPC-1 PDAC cells with single-digit nanomolar potency and caused tumor regression in the in vivo efficacy studies. We describe here the details of the design and synthesis program that led to the discovery of ERAS-5024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengmiao Cheng
- Erasca
Inc., 3115 Merryfield
Row, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Puhui Li
- Erasca
Inc., 3115 Merryfield
Row, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ping Chen
- Erasca
Inc., 3115 Merryfield
Row, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Adriana Irimia
- Erasca
Inc., 3115 Merryfield
Row, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jae Hyun Bae
- Erasca
Inc., 3115 Merryfield
Row, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Alexei Brooun
- Erasca
Inc., 3115 Merryfield
Row, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Patrick Fagan
- Erasca
Inc., 3115 Merryfield
Row, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Richard Lam
- Erasca
Inc., 3115 Merryfield
Row, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bingzhen Lin
- Erasca
Inc., 3115 Merryfield
Row, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jingchuan Zhang
- Erasca
Inc., 3115 Merryfield
Row, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Xuejun Zhan
- Wuxi
AppTec (Wuhan) Co., Ltd.. No. 68 Middle Jiulong Road, WuHan East Lake High-tech Development
Zone, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Wuxi
AppTec (Wuhan) Co., Ltd.. No. 68 Middle Jiulong Road, WuHan East Lake High-tech Development
Zone, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Nan Xie
- Wuxi
AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. No. 13 Building, #90 Delin Road, WaiGaoQiao Free
Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Gary Chiang
- Erasca
Inc., 3115 Merryfield
Row, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Robert Shoemaker
- Erasca
Inc., 3115 Merryfield
Row, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jean-Michel Vernier
- Erasca
Inc., 3115 Merryfield
Row, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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Bye BA, Jack J, Pierce A, Walsh RM, Eades A, Chalise P, Olou A, VanSaun MN. Combined PI3K and MAPK inhibition synergizes to suppress PDAC. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.15.553438. [PMID: 37645960 PMCID: PMC10462031 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.15.553438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic KRAS mutations are nearly ubiquitous in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), yet therapeutic attempts to target KRAS as well as its target MAPK pathway effectors have shown limited success due to the difficulty to pharmacologically target KRAS, inherent drug resistance in PDAC cells, and acquired resistance through activation of alternative mitogenic pathways such JAK-STAT and PI3K-AKT. While KRAS canonically drives the MAPK signaling pathway via RAF-MEK-ERK, it is also known to play a role in PI3K-AKT signaling. Our therapeutic study targeted the PI3K-AKT pathway with the drug Omipalisib (p110α/β/δ/γ and mTORC1/2 inhibitor) in combination with MAPK pathway targeting drug Trametinib (MEK1/2 inhibitor) or SHP099-HCL (SHP099), which is an inhibitor of the KRAS effector SHP2. Western blot analysis demonstrated that application of Trametinib or SHP099 alone selectively blocked ERK phosphorylation (pERK) but failed to suppress phosphorylated AKT (pAKT) and in some instances increased pAKT levels. Conversely, Omipalisib alone successfully inhibited pAKT but failed to suppress pERK. Therefore, we hypothesized that a combination therapeutic comprised of Omipalisib with either Trametinib or SHP099 would inhibit two prominent mitogenic pathways, MEK and PI3K-AKT, to more effectively suppress pancreatic cancer. In vitro studies demonstrated that both Omipalisib/Trametinib and Omipalisib/SHP099 combination therapeutic strategies were generally more effective than treatment with each drug individually at reducing proliferation, colony formation, and cell migration compared to vehicle controls. Additionally, we found that while combination Omipalisib/SHP099 treatment reduced implanted tumor growth in vivo , the Omipalisib/Trametinib treatment was significantly more effective. Therefore, we additionally tested the Omipalisib/Trametinib combination therapeutic in the highly aggressive PKT (Ptf1a cre , LSL-Kras G12D , TGFbR2 fl/fl ) spontaneous mouse model of PDAC. We subsequently found that PKT mice treated with the Omipalisib/Trametinib combination therapeutic survived significantly longer than mice treated with either drug alone, and more than doubled the mean survival time of vehicle control mice. Altogether, our data support the importance of a dual treatment strategy targeting both MAPK and PI3K-AKT pathways.
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23
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Kargbo RB. Targeting KRAS G12D Mutations: Discovery of Small Molecule Inhibitors for the Potential Treatment of Intractable Cancers. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1041-1042. [PMID: 37583832 PMCID: PMC10424306 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The KRASG12D mutation, frequently found in pancreatic cancer, is representative of various challenging cancers and is a crucial target for chemotherapy drug development. Researchers are exploring highly selective and potent small molecule inhibitors of KRASG12D to meet the needs of patients with this mutation. The Patent Highlight reveals novel compounds capable of inhibiting KRASG12D proteins, potentially useful in treating KRASG12D-associated diseases, including cancers.
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24
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Kargbo RB. Discovery of Selective and Potent KRAS G12D Inhibitors as Potential Therapy in Cancer. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:689-691. [PMID: 37312844 PMCID: PMC10258824 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies reveal that nearly one in seven human cancers exhibit KRAS alterations, contributing to an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases worldwide in 2020. To date, no marketed mutant-selective and potent KRASG12D inhibitors are available. The current Patent Highlight presents compounds that directly bind to KRASG12D, selectively inhibiting its activity. These compounds possess a favorable therapeutic index, stability, bioavailability, and toxicity profile, suggesting potential utility in cancer therapeutics.
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25
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Gurreri E, Genovese G, Perelli L, Agostini A, Piro G, Carbone C, Tortora G. KRAS-Dependency in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Mechanisms of Escaping in Resistance to KRAS Inhibitors and Perspectives of Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119313. [PMID: 37298264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is still one of the deadliest cancers in oncology because of its increasing incidence and poor survival rate. More than 90% of PDAC patients are KRAS mutated (KRASmu), with KRASG12D and KRASG12V being the most common mutations. Despite this critical role, its characteristics have made direct targeting of the RAS protein extremely difficult. KRAS regulates development, cell growth, epigenetically dysregulated differentiation, and survival in PDAC through activation of key downstream pathways, such as MAPK-ERK and PI3K-AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, in a KRAS-dependent manner. KRASmu induces the occurrence of acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and leads to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In this context, the oncogenic mutation of KRAS induces an epigenetic program that leads to the initiation of PDAC. Several studies have identified multiple direct and indirect inhibitors of KRAS signaling. Therefore, KRAS dependency is so essential in KRASmu PDAC that cancer cells have secured several compensatory escape mechanisms to counteract the efficacy of KRAS inhibitors, such as activation of MEK/ERK signaling or YAP1 upregulation. This review will provide insights into KRAS dependency in PDAC and analyze recent data on inhibitors of KRAS signaling, focusing on how cancer cells establish compensatory escape mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Gurreri
- Medical Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77025, USA
| | - Giannicola Genovese
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77025, USA
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77025, USA
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77025, USA
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77025, USA
| | - Luigi Perelli
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77025, USA
| | - Antonio Agostini
- Medical Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Geny Piro
- Medical Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Carbone
- Medical Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Tortora
- Medical Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
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26
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Kargbo RB. Targeted Degradation of KRAS G12D as Potential Therapy in Cancer. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:537-538. [PMID: 37197464 PMCID: PMC10184148 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective proteolysis represents a cutting-edge therapeutic approach that is garnering global interest due to its capacity to eradicate pathogenic biomolecules within cellular environments. For instance, the PROTAC technology brings the ubiquitin proteasome system degradation machinery in close proximity of the KRASG12D mutant protein for initiating its degradation and the clearing of abnormal protein debris with unparallel precision, which provides an edge over traditional protein inhibition. This Patent Highlight provides exemplary PROTAC compounds having activity as inhibitors or degraders of the G12D mutant KRAS protein.
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27
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Brown TJ, Reiss KA, O'Hara MH. Advancements in Systemic Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2023; 43:e397082. [PMID: 37192430 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_397082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Outcomes for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer have improved in the past 12 years, mainly because of progress made in systemic therapies. New treatment strategies for advanced pancreatic cancer include switch maintenance with cytotoxic therapies, induction maintenance, and the utilization of targeted agents for patients with actionable variants, as well as ongoing development of cytotoxic regimens, such as NALIRIFOX. The activity of immunotherapy has been disappointing to date, but novel combinations and identifying appropriate patient populations may further unlock its potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Brown
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Penn Center for Cancer Care Innovation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kim A Reiss
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Penn Center for Cancer Care Innovation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mark H O'Hara
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Penn Center for Cancer Care Innovation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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28
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Erasimus H, Kolnik V, Lacroix F, Sidhu S, D'Agostino S, Lemaitre O, Rohaut A, Sanchez I, Thill G, Didier M, Debussche L, Marcireau C. Genome-wide CRISPR Screen Reveals RAB10 as a Synthetic Lethal Gene in Colorectal and Pancreatic Cancers Carrying SMAD4 Loss. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:780-792. [PMID: 37377893 PMCID: PMC10158796 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The TGFβ signaling mediator SMAD4 is frequently mutated or deleted in colorectal and pancreatic cancers. SMAD4 acts as a tumor suppressor and its loss is associated with poorer patient outcomes. The purpose of this study was to find synthetic lethal interactions with SMAD4 deficiency to find novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of patients with SMAD4-deficient colorectal or pancreatic cancers. Using pooled lentiviral single-guide RNA libraries, we conducted genome-wide loss-of-function screens in Cas9-expressing colorectal and pancreatic cancer cells harboring altered or wild-type SMAD4. The small GTPase protein RAB10 was identified and validated as a susceptibility gene in SMAD4-altered colorectal and pancreatic cancer cells. Rescue assays showed that RAB10 reintroduction reversed the antiproliferative effects of RAB10 knockout in SMAD4-negative cell lines. Further investigation is necessary to shed light on the mechanism by which RAB10 inhibition decreases cell proliferation of SMAD4-negative cells. Significance This study identified and validated RAB10 as new synthetic lethal gene with SMAD4. This was achieved by conducting a whole-genome CRISPR screens in different colorectal and pancreatic cell lines. A future RAB10 inhibitors could correspond to a new therapeutic solution for patients with cancer with SMAD4 deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gilbert Thill
- Sanofi, Translational Sciences, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Michel Didier
- Sanofi, Translational Sciences, Chilly-Mazarin, France
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29
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Kargbo RB. Discovery of Potent Deuterated Compounds as Potential KRAS G12D Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:362-364. [PMID: 37077379 PMCID: PMC10107914 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The disclosure in this Patent Highlight describes a new class of deuterated compounds that bind directly to KRASG12D and block its activity. These exemplary deuterated compounds are potentially useful as pharmaceuticals that may possess desirable properties, including bioavailability, stability, and therapeutic index. This may have significant influence in drugs absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and half-life when administered to a human or animal. The replacement of C-H with C-D increases the kinetic isotope effect, which makes the C-D bond up to ∼10 times stronger than the C-H bond.
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30
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Kargbo RB. Targeting the "Undruggable" Driver Protein, KRAS G12D, as Potential Therapy in Prostate Cancer. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:365-366. [PMID: 37077403 PMCID: PMC10107906 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of the progress made in the development of KRASG12C inhibitors, there is still continued interest to develop inhibitors of other KRAS such as KRASG12D for the treatment of diseases, including prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and non-small-cell lung cancer. This Patent Highlight provides exemplary compounds having activity as inhibitors of G12D mutant KRAS protein.
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31
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Voutsadakis IA. KRAS mutated colorectal cancers with or without PIK3CA mutations: Clinical and molecular profiles inform current and future therapeutics. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 186:103987. [PMID: 37059275 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.103987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies and its molecular pathogenesis has been intensely investigated for several decades. As a result, great progress has been made and targeted therapies have been introduced in the clinic. This paper examines colorectal cancers based on two of the most common molecular alterations, KRAS and PIK3CA mutations as a basis for therapeutic targeting. METHODS Two publicly available genomic series with clinical data were evaluated for prevalence and characteristics of cases with and without KRAS and PIK3CA mutations and the literature was reviewed for relevant information on the therapeutic implication of these alterations as well as other coincident alterations to derive therapeutic individualized options of targeted treatments. RESULTS Colorectal cancers without KRAS and PIK3CA mutations represent the most prevalent group (48% to 58% of patients) and present therapeutic targeted opportunities with BRAF inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors in the subsets with BRAF mutations (15% to 22%) and Microsatellite Instability (MSI, 14% to 16%), respectively. The second most prevalent sub-set, with KRAS mutations and PIK3CA wild type, representing 20% to 25% of patients, has currently few targeted options, besides specific KRAS G12C inhibitors for the small percentage of cases (9%-10%) that bear this mutation. Cancers with KRAS wild type and PIK3CA mutations are observed in 12% to 14% of colorectal cancer patients, harbor the highest percentage of cases with BRAF mutations and Microsatellite Instability (MSI), and are candidates for the respective targeted therapies. New targeted therapies in development, such as ATR inhibitors could be effective in cases with ATM mutations and ARID1A mutations that are also most prevalent in this sub-group (14% to 22% and 30%, respectively). KRAS and PIK3CA double mutant cancers have also few targeted options currently and could benefit from combination therapies with PI3K inhibitors and new KRAS inhibitors in development. CONCLUSION The backbone of common KRAS and PIK3CA mutations is a rational frame for development of therapeutic algorithms in colorectal cancer and can help guide new drug therapies development. In addition, the prevalence of different molecular groups presented here may help with planning of combination clinical trials by providing estimations of sub-sets with more than one alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Voutsadakis
- Algoma District Cancer Program, Sault Area Hospital, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada, and Section of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
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