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Iannazzo D, Celesti C, Giofrè SV, Ettari R, Bitto A. Theranostic Applications of 2D Graphene-Based Materials for Solid Tumors Treatment. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2380. [PMID: 37630966 PMCID: PMC10459055 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Solid tumors are a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, being characterized by rapid tumor growth and local and distant metastases. The failures encountered in cancer treatment are mainly related to the complicated biology of the tumor microenvironment. Nanoparticles-based (NPs) approaches have shown the potential to overcome the limitations caused by the pathophysiological features of solid cancers, enabling the development of multifunctional systems for cancer diagnosis and therapy and allowing effective inhibition of tumor growth. Among the different classes of NPs, 2D graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs), due to their outstanding chemical and physical properties, easy surface multi-functionalization, near-infrared (NIR) light absorption and tunable biocompatibility, represent ideal nanoplatforms for the development of theranostic tools for the treatment of solid tumors. Here, we reviewed the most recent advances related to the synthesis of nano-systems based on graphene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and graphene quantum dots (GQDs), for the development of theranostic NPs to be used for photoacoustic imaging-guided photothermal-chemotherapy, photothermal (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), applied to solid tumors destruction. The advantages in using these nano-systems are here discussed for each class of GBNs, taking into consideration the different chemical properties and possibility of multi-functionalization, as well as biodistribution and toxicity aspects that represent a key challenge for their translation into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Iannazzo
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Consuelo Celesti
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Salvatore V. Giofrè
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Chemistry, University of Messina, 98165 Messina, Italy; (S.V.G.); (R.E.)
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Chemistry, University of Messina, 98165 Messina, Italy; (S.V.G.); (R.E.)
| | - Alessandra Bitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
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Zhou Q, Li Y, Li L, Sun N, Zhang H, Jiang J, Du T, Mo Y, Aldeen A, Xiao R, Chen Y, Wang S, Liu M, Li C, Feng X. Radiosensitization of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma by Graphene Oxide Nanosheets to Reduce Bcl-2 Level. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:4245-4256. [PMID: 36913208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There are many treatments for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), but none of them are very effective. Radiotherapy is used extensively in NPC treatment, but radioresistance is a major problem. Graphene oxide (GO) has been previously studied in cancer treatment, and this study is aimed to explore its role in radiosensitization of NPC. Therefore, graphene oxide nanosheets were prepared, and the relationship between GO and radioresistance was explored. The GO nanosheets were synthesized by a modified Hummers' method. The morphologies of the GO nanosheets were characterized by field-emission environmental scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The morphological changes and radiosensitivity of C666-1 and HK-1 cells with or without the GO nanosheets were observed by an inverted fluorescence microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). Colony formation assay and Western Blot were applied for analysis of NPC radiosensitivity. The as-synthesized GO nanosheets have lateral dimensions (sizes ∼1 μm) and exhibit a thin wrinkled two-dimensional lamellar structure with slight folds and crimped edges (thickness values ∼1 nm). C666-1 cells with the GO was significantly changed the morphology of cells postirradiation. The full field of view visualized by a microscope showed the shadow of dead cells or cell debris. The synthesized graphene oxide nanosheets inhibited cell proliferation, promoted cell apoptosis, and inhibited the expression of Bcl-2 in C666-1 and HK-1 cells but increased the level of Bax. The GO nanosheets could affect the cell apoptosis and reduce the pro-survival protein Bcl-2 related to the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. The GO nanosheets could enhance radiosensitivity, which might be a radioactive material in NPC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology-head and Neck Surgery, Department of Oncology and Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Yadong Li
- Chenzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Liya Li
- Powder Metallurgy Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Nianzhe Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Hand & Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Hanghao Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Jiahui Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology-head and Neck Surgery, Department of Oncology and Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Tao Du
- Department of Otolaryngology-head and Neck Surgery, Department of Oncology and Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Yan Mo
- Department of Otolaryngology-head and Neck Surgery, Department of Oncology and Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Alaa Aldeen
- Department of Otolaryngology-head and Neck Surgery, Department of Oncology and Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Runsha Xiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yiting Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-head and Neck Surgery, Department of Oncology and Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Shuanglian Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-head and Neck Surgery, Department of Oncology and Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Mian Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Chengmin Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-head and Neck Surgery, Department of Oncology and Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Xueping Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology-head and Neck Surgery, Department of Oncology and Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
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3
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Research Status and Prospect of Non-Viral Vectors Based on siRNA: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043375. [PMID: 36834783 PMCID: PMC9962405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy has attracted much attention because of its unique mechanism of action, non-toxicity, and good tolerance, which can kill cancer cells without damaging healthy tissues. siRNA-based gene therapy can downregulate, enhance, or correct gene expression by introducing some nucleic acid into patient tissues. Routine treatment of hemophilia requires frequent intravenous injections of missing clotting protein. The high cost of combined therapy causes most patients to lack the best treatment resources. siRNA therapy has the potential of lasting treatment and even curing diseases. Compared with traditional surgery and chemotherapy, siRNA has fewer side effects and less damage to normal cells. The available therapies for degenerative diseases can only alleviate the symptoms of patients, while siRNA therapy drugs can upregulate gene expression, modify epigenetic changes, and stop the disease. In addition, siRNA also plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, and hepatitis B. However, free siRNA is easily degraded by nuclease and has a short half-life in the blood. Research has found that siRNA can be delivered to specific cells through appropriate vector selection and design to improve the therapeutic effect. The application of viral vectors is limited because of their high immunogenicity and low capacity, while non-viral vectors are widely used because of their low immunogenicity, low production cost, and high safety. This paper reviews the common non-viral vectors in recent years and introduces their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the latest application examples.
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Yang J, Xu Y, Fu Z, Chen J, Fan W, Wu X. Progress in research and development of temozolomide brain-targeted preparations: a review. J Drug Target 2023; 31:119-133. [PMID: 36039767 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2119243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are a heterogeneous group of brain tumours with high malignancy, for which surgical resection remains the mainstay of treatment at present. However, the overall prognosis of gliomas remains poor because of their aggressiveness and high recurrence. Temozolomide (TMZ) has anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects and is indicated for glioblastoma multiforme and recurrent mesenchymal astrocytoma. However, TMZ is disadvantaged by low efficacy and drug resistance, and therefore it is necessary to enhance the brain drug concentration of TMZ to improve its effectiveness and reduce the toxic and adverse effects from systemic administration. There have been many nano-formulations developed for the delivery of TMZ to gliomas that overcome the limitations of TMZ penetration to tumours and increase brain targeting. In this paper, we review the research progress of TMZ nano-formulations, and also discuss challenges and opportunities in the research and development of drug delivery systems, hoping that the data and information summarised herein could provide assistance for the clinical treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefen Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Youfa Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Wei Er Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqin Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Wei Er Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Wei Er Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
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Kang Z, Zeng C, Tian L, Wang T, Yang S, Cheng Q, Zhang J, Meng Q, Zhang C, Meng Z. Transferrin receptor targeting segment T7 containing peptide gene delivery vectors for efficient transfection of brain tumor cells. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:2375-2385. [PMID: 35866298 PMCID: PMC9310815 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2102696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful gene therapy for brain tumors are often limited by two important factors, the existence of blood brain barrier (BBB) and inefficient transfection of brain tumor cells. In this study, we designed a series of peptide-based gene delivery vectors decorated with T7 segment for binding the transferrin (Tf) receptors which were highly expressed on brain tumor cells, and evaluated their ability of gene delivery. The physicochemical properties of peptide vectors or peptide/DNA complexes were studied as well. The in vitro transfection efficiency was investigated in normal and glioma cell lines. Among these complexes, PT-02/DNA complexes showed the highest transfection efficiency in glioma cells and low cytotoxicity in normal cell lines, and it could transport DNA across the BBB model in vitro. Furthermore, PT-02/DNA could deliver pIRES2-EGFP into the brain site of zebrafish in vivo. The designed peptide vectors offered a promising way for glioma gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyao Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Long Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of the Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Taoran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,Anhui Institute for Food and Drug Control, Baohe, Hefei, China
| | - Qin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Qingbin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Changhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Zhao Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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Krasteva N, Georgieva M. Promising Therapeutic Strategies for Colorectal Cancer Treatment Based on Nanomaterials. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061213. [PMID: 35745786 PMCID: PMC9227901 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a global health problem responsible for 10% of all cancer incidences and 9.4% of all cancer deaths worldwide. The number of new cases increases per annum, whereas the lack of effective therapies highlights the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Conventional treatment methods, such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, are widely applied in oncology practice. Their therapeutic success is little, and therefore, the search for novel technologies is ongoing. Many efforts have focused recently on the development of safe and efficient cancer nanomedicines. Nanoparticles are among them. They are uniquewith their properties on a nanoscale and hold the potential to exploit intrinsic metabolic differences between cancer and healthy cells. This feature allows them to induce high levels of toxicity in cancer cells with little damage to the surrounding healthy tissues. Graphene oxide is a promising 2D material found to play an important role in cancer treatments through several strategies: direct killing and chemosensitization, drug and gene delivery, and phototherapy. Several new treatment approaches based on nanoparticles, particularly graphene oxide, are currently under research in clinical trials, and some have already been approved. Here, we provide an update on the recent advances in nanomaterials-based CRC-targeted therapy, with special attention to graphene oxide nanomaterials. We summarise the epidemiology, carcinogenesis, stages of the CRCs, and current nanomaterials-based therapeutic approaches for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Krasteva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, “Acad. Georgi Bonchev” Str., bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (N.K.); (M.G.); Tel.: +359-889-577-074 (N.K.); +359-896-833-604 (M.G.)
| | - Milena Georgieva
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Acad. R. Tsanev”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, “Acad. Georgi Bonchev” Str., bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (N.K.); (M.G.); Tel.: +359-889-577-074 (N.K.); +359-896-833-604 (M.G.)
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