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Xu R, Du A, Deng X, Du W, Zhang K, Li J, Lu Y, Wei X, Yang Q, Tang H. tsRNA-GlyGCC promotes colorectal cancer progression and 5-FU resistance by regulating SPIB. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:230. [PMID: 39153969 PMCID: PMC11330149 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are newly discovered non-coding RNA, which are generated from tRNAs and are reported to participate in several biological processes in diseases, especially cancer; however, the mechanism of tsRNA involvement in colorectal cancer (CRC) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is still unclear. METHODS RNA sequencing was performed to identify differential expression of tsRNAs in CRC tissues. CCK8, colony formation, transwell assays, and tumor sphere assays were used to investigate the role of tsRNA-GlyGCC in 5-FU resistance in CRC. TargetScan and miRanda were used to identify the target genes of tsRNA-GlyGCC. Biotin pull-down, RNA pull-down, luciferase assay, ChIP, and western blotting were used to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of action of tsRNA-GlyGCC. The MeRIP assay was used to investigate the N(7)-methylguanosine RNA modification of tsRNA-GlyGCC. RESULTS In this study, we uncovered the feature of tsRNAs in human CRC tissues and confirmed a specific 5' half tRNA, 5'tiRNA-Gly-GCC (tsRNA-GlyGCC), which is upregulated in CRC tissues and modulated by METTL1-mediated N(7)-methylguanosine tRNA modification. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed the oncogenic role of tsRNA-GlyGCC in 5-FU drug resistance in CRC. Remarkably, our results showed that tsRNA-GlyGCC modulated the JAK1/STAT6 signaling pathway by targeting SPIB. Poly (β-amino esters) were synthesized to assist the delivery of 5-FU and tsRNA-GlyGCC inhibitor, which effectively inhibited tumor growth and enhanced CRC sensitive to 5-FU without obvious adverse effects in subcutaneous tumor. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed a specific tsRNA-GlyGCC-engaged pathway in CRC progression. Targeting tsRNA-GlyGCC in combination with 5-FU may provide a promising nanotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of 5-FU-resistance CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xu
- Department of Pathology, Changde Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (The first people's hospital of Changde city), Changde, Hunan, 415000, China
| | - Ashuai Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guizhou Provincial people's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550002, China
| | - Xinpei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Pathology, Changde Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (The first people's hospital of Changde city), Changde, Hunan, 415000, China
| | - Kaiying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Jianbo Li
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Changde Hospital, Changde, Hunan, 415000, China
| | - Yingxue Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guizhou Provincial people's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550002, China
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China.
| | - Qinglong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Guizhou Provincial people's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550002, China.
| | - Hailin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China.
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Mao C, Yuan W, Fang R, Wu Y, Zhang Z, Cong H. Transfer RNA‑derived small RNAs: A class of potential biomarkers in multiple cancers (Review). Oncol Lett 2024; 28:293. [PMID: 38737976 PMCID: PMC11082847 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Transfer (t)RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are a class of novel non-coding small RNAs that are created via precise cleavage of tRNAs or tRNA precursors by different enzymes. tsRNAs are specific biological molecules that serve essential roles in cell proliferation, apoptosis, transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional modification and translational regulation. Additionally, tsRNAs participate in the pathogenesis of several diseases, particularly in the development of malignant tumors. At present, the process of discovering and understanding the functions of tsRNAs is still in its early stages. The present review introduces the known biological functions and mechanisms of tsRNAs, and discusses the tsRNAs progression in several types of cancers as well as the possibility of tsRNAs becoming novel tumor biomarkers. Furthermore, tsRNAs may promote and hinder tumor formation according to different mechanisms and act as oncogenic or oncostatic molecules. Therefore, tsRNAs may be future potential tumor biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Wentao Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Ronghua Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Zhihan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Hui Cong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
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Zhou M, He X, Zhang J, Mei C, Zhong B, Ou C. tRNA-derived small RNAs in human cancers: roles, mechanisms, and clinical application. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:76. [PMID: 38622694 PMCID: PMC11020452 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-01992-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are a new type of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) produced by the specific cleavage of precursor or mature tRNAs. tsRNAs are involved in various basic biological processes such as epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translation regulation, thereby affecting the occurrence and development of various human diseases, including cancers. Recent studies have shown that tsRNAs play an important role in tumorigenesis by regulating biological behaviors such as malignant proliferation, invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis, immune response, tumor resistance, and tumor metabolism reprogramming. These may be new potential targets for tumor treatment. Furthermore, tsRNAs can exist abundantly and stably in various bodily fluids (e.g., blood, serum, and urine) in the form of free or encapsulated extracellular vesicles, thereby affecting intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Meanwhile, their abnormal expression is closely related to the clinicopathological features of tumor patients, such as tumor staging, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis of tumor patients; thus, tsRNAs can be served as a novel type of liquid biopsy biomarker. This review summarizes the discovery, production, and expression of tsRNAs and analyzes their molecular mechanisms in tumor development and potential applications in tumor therapy, which may provide new strategies for early diagnosis and targeted therapy of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Departments of Ultrasound Imaging, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Cheng Mei
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Clinical Transfusion Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Baiyun Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Chunlin Ou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
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Salehi M, Kamali MJ, Rajabzadeh A, Minoo S, Mosharafi H, Saeedi F, Daraei A. tRNA-derived fragments: Key determinants of cancer metastasis with emerging therapeutic and diagnostic potentials. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 753:109930. [PMID: 38369227 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.109930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Metastasis is a significant clinical challenge responsible for cancer mortality and non-response to treatment. However, the molecular mechanisms driving metastasis remain unclear, limiting the development of efficient diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Recent breakthroughs in cancer biology have discovered a group of small non-coding RNAs called tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs), which play a critical role in the metastatic behavior of various tumors. tRFs are produced from cleavage modifications of tRNAs and have different functional classes based on the pattern of these modifications. They perform post-transcriptional regulation through microRNA-like functions, displacing RNA-binding proteins, and play a role in translational regulation by inducing ribosome synthesis, translation initiation, and epigenetic regulation. Tumor cells manipulate tRFs to develop and survive the tumor mass, primarily by inducing metastasis. Multiple studies have demonstrated the potential of tRFs as therapeutic, diagnostic, and prognostic targets for tumor metastasis. This review discusses the production and function of tRFs in cells, their aberrant molecular contributions to the metastatic environment, and their potential as promising targets for anti-metastasis treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Salehi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Kamali
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Rajabzadeh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Shima Minoo
- Department of Dentistry, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Saeedi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Daraei
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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Fu B, Lou Y, Lu X, Wu Z, Ni J, Jin C, Wu P, Xu C. tRF-1:30-Gly-CCC-3 inhibits thyroid cancer via binding to PC and modulating metabolic reprogramming. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302285. [PMID: 38081642 PMCID: PMC10713435 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
tRFs and tiRNAs (tRNA-derived fragments) are an emerging class of small noncoding RNAs produced by the precise shearing of tRNAs in response to specific stimuli. They have been reported to regulate the pathological processes of numerous human cancers. However, the biofunction of tRFs and tiRNAs in the development and progression of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has not been reported yet. In this study, we aimed to explore the biological roles of tRFs and tiRNAs in PTC and discovered that a novel 5'tRNA-derived fragment called tRF-1:30-Gly-CCC-3 (tRF-30) was markedly down-regulated in PTC tissues and cell lines. Functionally, tRF-30 inhibited the proliferation and invasion of PTC cells. Mechanistically, tRF-30 directly bound to the biotin-dependent enzyme pyruvate carboxylase (PC), downregulated its protein level, interfered with the TCA cycle intermediate anaplerosis, and thus affected metabolic reprogramming and PTC progression. These findings revealed a novel regulatory mechanism for tRFs and a potential therapeutic target for PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bifei Fu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - YuMing Lou
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Zhaolin Wu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Junjie Ni
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Cong Jin
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Pu Wu
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Chaoyang Xu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
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Gan L, Song H, Ding X. Transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) in gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1184615. [PMID: 37503324 PMCID: PMC10369188 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1184615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are newly discovered noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). According to the specific cleavage of nucleases at different sites of tRNAs, the produced tsRNAs are divided into tRNA-derived stress-inducible RNAs (tiRNAs) and tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs). tRFs and tiRNAs have essential biological functions, such as mRNA stability regulation, translation regulation and epigenetic regulation, and play significant roles in the occurrence and development of various tumors. Although the roles of tsRNAs in some tumors have been intensively studied, their roles in gastric cancer are still rarely reported. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the generation and classification of tsRNAs, their biological functions, and their roles in gastric cancer. Sixteen articles investigating dysregulated tsRNAs in gastric cancer are summarized. The roles of 17 tsRNAs are summarized, of which 9 were upregulated and 8 were downregulated compared with controls. Aberrant regulation of tsRNAs was closely related to the main clinicopathological factors of gastric cancer, such as lymph node metastasis, Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) stage, tumor size, and vascular invasion. tsRNAs participate in the progression of gastric cancer by regulating the PTEN/PI3K/AKT, MAPK, Wnt, and p53 signaling pathways. The available literature suggests the potential of using tsRNAs as clinical biomarkers for gastric cancer diagnosis and prognosis and as therapeutic targets for gastric cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gan
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Haojun Song
- The Gastroenterology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- The Biobank of The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaoyun Ding
- The Gastroenterology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Di Fazio A, Gullerova M. An old friend with a new face: tRNA-derived small RNAs with big regulatory potential in cancer biology. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:1625-1635. [PMID: 36759729 PMCID: PMC10133234 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) essential for protein translation. Emerging evidence suggests that tRNAs can also be processed into smaller fragments, tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), a novel class of sncRNAs with powerful applications and high biological relevance to cancer. tsRNAs biogenesis is heterogeneous and involves different ribonucleases, such as Angiogenin and Dicer. For many years, tsRNAs were thought to be just degradation products. However, accumulating evidence shows their roles in gene expression: either directly via destabilising the mRNA or the ribosomal machinery, or indirectly via regulating the expression of ribosomal components. Furthermore, tsRNAs participate in various biological processes linked to cancer, including apoptosis, cell cycle, immune response, and retroviral insertion into the human genome. It is emerging that tsRNAs have significant therapeutic potential. Endogenous tsRNAs can be used as cancer biomarkers, while synthetic tsRNAs and antisense oligonucleotides can be employed to regulate gene expression. In this review, we are recapitulating the regulatory roles of tsRNAs, with a focus on cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Di Fazio
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Monika Gullerova
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
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Yang M, Mo Y, Ren D, Liu S, Zeng Z, Xiong W. Transfer RNA-derived small RNAs in tumor microenvironment. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:32. [PMID: 36797764 PMCID: PMC9933334 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01742-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs responsible for amino acid translocation during protein synthesis and are ubiquitously found in organisms. With certain modifications and under specific conditions, tRNAs can be sheared and fragmented into small non-coding RNAs, also known as tRNA-derived small RNAs (tDRs). With the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies and bioinformatic strategies, more and more tDRs have been identified and their functions in organisms have been characterized. tRNA and it derived tDRs, have been shown to be essential not only for transcription and translation, but also for regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and immunity. Aberrant expression of tDRs is associated with a wide range of human diseases, especially with tumorigenesis and tumor progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex ecosystem consisting of various cellular and cell-free components that are mutually compatible with the tumor. It has been shown that tDRs regulate the TME by regulating cancer stem cells, immunity, energy metabolism, epithelial mesenchymal transition, and extracellular matrix remodeling, playing a pro-tumor or tumor suppressor role. In this review, the biogenesis, classification, and function of tDRs, as well as their effects on the TME and the clinical application prospects will be summarized and discussed based on up to date available knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongzhen Mo
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Daixi Ren
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shun Liu
- grid.452708.c0000 0004 1803 0208Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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