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Weller M, Remon J, Rieken S, Vollmuth P, Ahn MJ, Minniti G, Le Rhun E, Westphal M, Brastianos PK, Soo RA, Kirkpatrick JP, Goldberg SB, Öhrling K, Hegi-Johnson F, Hendriks LEL. Central nervous system metastases in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: A review of the therapeutic landscape. Cancer Treat Rev 2024; 130:102807. [PMID: 39151281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Up to 40% of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) develop central nervous system (CNS) metastases. Current treatments for this subgroup of patients with advanced NSCLC include local therapies (surgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, and, less frequently, whole-brain radiotherapy), targeted therapies for oncogene-addicted NSCLC (small molecules, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and antibody-drug conjugates), and immune checkpoint inhibitors (as monotherapy or combination therapy), with multiple new drugs in development. However, confirming the intracranial activity of these treatments has proven to be challenging, given that most lung cancer clinical trials exclude patients with untreated and/or progressing CNS metastases, or do not include prespecified CNS-related endpoints. Here we review progress in the treatment of patients with CNS metastases originating from NSCLC, examining local treatment options, systemic therapies, and multimodal therapeutic strategies. We also consider challenges regarding assessment of treatment response and provide thoughts around future directions for managing CNS disease in patients with advanced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jordi Remon
- Paris-Saclay University, Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
| | - Stefan Rieken
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Lower Saxony (CCC-N), University Hospital Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Philipp Vollmuth
- Division for Computational Radiology & Clinical AI, Clinic for Neuroradiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Division for Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Myung-Ju Ahn
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Giuseppe Minniti
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.
| | - Emilie Le Rhun
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Manfred Westphal
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Tumor Biology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Ross A Soo
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - John P Kirkpatrick
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Sarah B Goldberg
- Department of Medicine (Medical Oncology), Yale School of Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | | | - Fiona Hegi-Johnson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Lizza E L Hendriks
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht, Netherlands.
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Ghaderi S, Mohammadi S, Fatehi F. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) Biomarker Alterations in Brain Metastases and Comparable Tumors: A Systematic Review of DTI and Tractography Findings. World Neurosurg 2024; 190:113-129. [PMID: 38986953 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain metastases (BMs) are the most frequent tumors of the central nervous system. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a magnetic resonance imaging technique that provides insights into brain microstructural alterations and tensor metrics and generates tractography to visualize white matter fiber tracts based on diffusion directionality. This systematic review assessed evidence from DTI biomarker alterations in BMs and comparable tumors such as glioblastoma. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched, and published between January 2000 and August 2023. The key inclusion criteria were studies reporting DTI metrics in BMs and comparisons with other tumors. Data on study characteristics, tumor types, sample details, and main DTI findings were extracted. RESULTS Fifty-seven studies with 1592 BM patients and 1578 comparable brain tumors were included. Peritumoral fractional anisotropy (FA) consistently differentiates BMs from primary brain tumors, whereas intratumoral FA shows limited discriminatory power. Mean diffusivity increased in BMs versus comparators. Intratumoral metrics were less consistent but revealed differences in BM origin. Axial and radial diffusivity have provided insights into the effects of radiation, tumor origin, and infiltration. Axial diffusivity/radial diffusivity differentiated tumor infiltration from vasogenic edema. Tractography revealed anatomical relationships between white matter tracts and BMs. In addition, tractography-guided BM surgery and radiotherapy planning are required. Machine learning models incorporating DTI biomarkers/metrics accurately classified BMs versus comparators and improved diagnostic classification. CONCLUSIONS DTI metrics provide noninvasive biomarkers for distinguishing BMs from other tumors and predicting outcomes. Key metrics included peritumoral FA and mean diffusivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Ghaderi
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sana Mohammadi
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Fatehi
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurology Department, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom.
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Lee J, Lee DH, Park JE, Lee YH, Choi SH, Seo H, Yoo SS, Lee SY, Cha SI, Park JY, Kim CH. Clinical impact of pleural fluid carcinoembryonic antigen on therapeutic strategy and efficacy in lung adenocarcinoma patients with malignant pleural effusion. Korean J Intern Med 2024; 39:318-326. [PMID: 38351680 PMCID: PMC10918375 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2023.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation is important in determining the treatment strategy for advanced lung cancer patients with malignant pleural effusion (MPE). Contrary to serum carcinoembryonic antigen (S-CEA) levels, the associations between pleural fluid CEA (PF-CEA) levels and EGFR mutation status as well as between PF-CEA levels and treatment efficacy have rarely been investigated in lung adenocarcinoma patients with MPE. METHODS This retrospective study enrolled lung adenocarcinoma patients with MPE and available PF-CEA levels and EGFR mutation results. The patients were categorized based on PF-CEA levels: < 10 ng/mL, 10-100 ng/mL, 100-500 ng/mL, and ≥ 500 ng/mL. The association between PF-CEA levels and EGFR mutation status as well as their therapeutic impact on overall survival was compared among the four groups. RESULTS This study included 188 patients. PF-CEA level was found to be an independent predictor of EGFR mutation but not S-CEA level. The EGFR mutation rates were higher as the PF-CEA levels increased, regardless of cytology results or sample types. Among EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients receiving EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment, those with high PF-CEA levels had significantly better survival outcomes than those with low PF-CEA levels. CONCLUSION High PF-CEA levels were associated with high EGFR mutation rate and may lead to a favorable clinical outcome of EGFR-TKI treatment in EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients with MPE. These findings highlight the importance of actively investigating EGFR mutation detection in patients with suspected MPE and elevated PF-CEA levels despite negative cytology results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Deok Heon Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yong Hoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sun Ha Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyewon Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seung Soo Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Shin Yup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seung-Ick Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Yong Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Liu X, Liu S, Yang Y, Cai H, Zheng R, Zhang Y, Li X, Fan F, Liu H, Li S. Animal models of brain and spinal cord metastases of NSCLC established using a brain stereotactic instrument. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24809. [PMID: 38318004 PMCID: PMC10838758 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Animal models of brain and spinal cord metastases of non-small cell lung cancer were established through the intracranial injection of PC-9 Luc cells with a brain stereotaxic device. This method provides a reliable modeling method for studying brain and spinal cord metastases of non-small cell lung cancer. Methods PC-9 Luc cells at logarithmic growth stage were injected into the skulls of 5-week-old BALB/c nude mice at different cell volumes (30 × 104, 80 × 104) and different locations (using anterior fontanel as a location point, 1 mm from the coronal suture, and 1.5 mm from the sagittal suture on the right upper and right lower side of the skull). After 1 week of cell inoculation, fluorescence signals of tumor cells in the brain and spinal were detected using the IVIS Xenogen Imaging system. After 4 weeks, brain and spinal tissues from the nude mice were harvested. Following paraffin-embedded sectioning, HE staining was performed on the tissues. Results The fluorescence signals revealed that both brain and spinal cord metastasis occurred in the mice where the cells were injected at the lower right side of the skull. There was only brain metastasis in the nude mice injected with 30 × 104 cells at the upper right side of the skull. Both brain and spinal cord metastasis occurred in the nude mice injected with 80 × 104 cells. The HE staining revealed that both brain and spinal cord metastasis occurred in the mice injected with different amounts of PC-9 Luc cells, consistent with the results detected using the IVIS Xenogen Imaging system, thereby demonstrating the reliability of detecting fluorescent signals in vivo to determine tumor growth. Conclusion It is a reliable method to establish the animal model of brain and spinal cord metastases of non-small cell lung cancer by injecting different quantities of cells from different positions with a brain stereotaxic device. The IVIS Xenogen Imaging system has high reliability in detecting the fluorescence signals of brain and spinal cord metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerou Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Shiyao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Yumei Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Hui Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Ruijie Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Yaoshuai Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Xian Li
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceutical, Bengbu, China
| | - Fangtian Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceutical, Bengbu, China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceutical, Bengbu, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceutical, Bengbu, China
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Xu X, Chen G, Fan S, Zhang Q, Huang W, Chen J, Ji W, Ma J, He J. Risk factors for brain metastases in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with radical radiotherapy. J Thorac Dis 2024; 16:479-490. [PMID: 38410550 PMCID: PMC10894422 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-23-1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Background Brain metastases (BM) happen frequently in lung cancer patients and lead to a poor prognosis as well as a lower quality of life. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for BM in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC) patients receiving radical radiotherapy, which will be useful for selecting appropriate patient population for further intervention and future trial design. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study. Patients with inoperable stage IIB-IIIC NSCLC were treated consecutively with definitive thoracic radiotherapy from January 2018 to December 2021, and were retrospectively reviewed and enrolled. Patients with various clinical variables were analyzed to clarify their impact on BM with competing risk models by Fine and Gray. Results A total of 134 patients were enrolled in this study. The median follow-up for all patients was 37 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 30.5-43.5 months]. BM occurred in 25 patients at the time of analysis. The 1-year and 3-year cumulative BM incidence were 10.5% and 19.9%, respectively. Patients with BM had worse overall survival than those without BM [stratified hazard ratio (HR) for death: 2.83; 95% CI:1.31-6.11; P<0.001]. Based on univariate analyses, non-squamous cell carcinoma (non-SCC), biological effective dose (BED) and planning target volume (PTV) were used as input variables in multivariable analysis (P<0.01). According to multivariate analysis, non-SCC (P<0.001; HR: 6.08; 95% CI: 2.26-16.37), BED <72 Gy (P=0.017; HR: 2.81; 95% CI: 1.20-6.57), and PTV >157.73 cm3 (P=0.043; HR: 2.56; 95% CI: 1.03-6.35) were independent risk factors for BM. In subgroup analysis of adenocarcinoma with known epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status, PTV >157.73 cm3 and positive EGFR mutation were independent predictors for BM. Conclusions In this retrospective study, we found that BED <72 Gy and PTV >157.73 cm3 were significantly associated with BM development and we validated that non-SCC and positive EGFR mutation were risk factors for BM. More research is required to screen the high-risk patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaonan Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhan Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyao Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixing Ji
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jintao Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Imber BS, Sehgal R, Saganty R, Reiner AS, Ilica AT, Miao E, Li BT, Riely GJ, Yu HA, Panageas KS, Young RJ, Pike LR, Moss NS. Intracranial Outcomes of De Novo Brain Metastases Treated With Osimertinib Alone in Patients With Newly Diagnosed EGFR-Mutant NSCLC. JTO Clin Res Rep 2023; 4:100607. [PMID: 38124791 PMCID: PMC10730363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtocrr.2023.100607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC have a high incidence of brain metastases. The EGFR-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitor osimertinib has intracranial activity, making the role of local central nervous system (CNS)-directed therapies, such as radiation and surgery, less clear. Methods Patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC and brain metastases who received osimertinib as initial therapy after brain metastasis diagnosis were included. Individual lesion responses were assessed using adapted RANO-BM criteria. CNS progression and local progression of brain metastasis from osimertinib start were analyzed using cumulative incidence treating death as a competing risk. Overall survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier methodology. Results There were 36 patients who had a median interval from brain metastasis diagnosis to first-line osimertinib initiation of 25 days. In total, 136 previously untreated brain metastases were tracked from baseline. Overall, 105 lesions (77.2%) had complete response and 31 had partial response reflecting best objective response of 100%. Best response occurred at a median of 96 days (range: 28-1113 d) from baseline magnetic resonance imaging. This reflects a best objective response rate of 100%. Two-year overall survival was 80%. CNS progression rates at 1-, 2-, and 3-years post-osimertinib were 21%, 32%, and 41%, respectively. Lesion-level local failure was estimated to be 0.7% and 4.7% at 1- and 2-years post-osimertinib, respectively. No clinicodemographic factors including brain metastasis number were associated with post-osimertinib progression. Conclusions Intracranial response to osimertinib is excellent for patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC with de novo, previously untreated brain metastases. Very low local failure rates support a strategy of upfront osimertinib alone in selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S. Imber
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Multidisciplinary Brain Metastasis Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ryka Sehgal
- Department of Neurosurgery and Multidisciplinary Brain Metastasis Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Rachel Saganty
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Multidisciplinary Brain Metastasis Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Anne S. Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - A. Turan Ilica
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Emily Miao
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Multidisciplinary Brain Metastasis Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Bob T. Li
- Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Gregory J. Riely
- Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Helena A. Yu
- Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Katherine S. Panageas
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Robert J. Young
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Luke R.G. Pike
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Multidisciplinary Brain Metastasis Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nelson S. Moss
- Department of Neurosurgery and Multidisciplinary Brain Metastasis Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Patel S, Patel JD. Current and Emerging Treatment Options for Patients with Metastatic EGFR-Mutated Non-small Cell Lung Cancer After Progression on Osimertinib and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy: A Podcast Discussion. Adv Ther 2023; 40:5579-5590. [PMID: 37801233 PMCID: PMC10611612 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-023-02680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients with metastatic epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are widely treated with osimertinib, the preferred first-line treatment option. However, disease progression inevitably occurs, driven by EGFR-dependent or EGFR-independent mechanisms of resistance. Platinum-based chemotherapy is the recommended treatment following progression with osimertinib but responses to platinum-based chemotherapy are transient. Salvage therapies, which are used after progression on platinum-based chemotherapy, have poor clinical outcomes in addition to substantial toxicity. In this podcast, we discuss the current treatment landscape and emerging therapeutic options for patients with metastatic EGFR-mutated NSCLC whose disease has progressed following treatment with osimertinib and platinum-based chemotherapy.Podcast audio available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Patel
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
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Wang M, Zhu L, Yang X, Li J, Liu Y, Tang Y. Targeting immune cell types of tumor microenvironment to overcome resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in lung cancer. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1132158. [PMID: 36874015 PMCID: PMC9974851 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1132158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the common malignant tumor with the highest mortality rate. Lung cancer patients have achieved benefits from immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy. Unfortunately, cancer patients acquire adaptive immune resistance, leading to poor prognosis. Tumor microenvironment (TME) has been demonstrated to play a critical role in participating in acquired adaptive immune resistance. TME is associated with molecular heterogeneity of immunotherapy efficacy in lung cancer. In this article, we discuss how immune cell types of TME are correlated with immunotherapy in lung cancer. Moreover, we describe the efficacy of immunotherapy in driven gene mutations in lung cancer, including KRAS, TP53, EGFR, ALK, ROS1, KEAP1, ZFHX3, PTCH1, PAK7, UBE3A, TNF-α, NOTCH, LRP1B, FBXW7, and STK11. We also emphasize that modulation of immune cell types of TME could be a promising strategy for improving adaptive immune resistance in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lijie Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoxu Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yu'e Liu
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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