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BenDavid E, Ramezanian S, Lu Y, Rousseau J, Schroeder A, Lavertu M, Tremblay JP. Emerging Perspectives on Prime Editor Delivery to the Brain. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:763. [PMID: 38931430 PMCID: PMC11206523 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Prime editing shows potential as a precision genome editing technology, as well as the potential to advance the development of next-generation nanomedicine for addressing neurological disorders. However, turning in prime editors (PEs), which are macromolecular complexes composed of CRISPR/Cas9 nickase fused with a reverse transcriptase and a prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA), to the brain remains a considerable challenge due to physiological obstacles, including the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This review article offers an up-to-date overview and perspective on the latest technologies and strategies for the precision delivery of PEs to the brain and passage through blood barriers. Furthermore, it delves into the scientific significance and possible therapeutic applications of prime editing in conditions related to neurological diseases. It is targeted at clinicians and clinical researchers working on advancing precision nanomedicine for neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli BenDavid
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada;
- Division of Human Genetics, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Laboratory of Nanopharmacology and Pharmaceutical Nanoscience, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel
| | - Sina Ramezanian
- Division of Human Genetics, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Yaoyao Lu
- Division of Human Genetics, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Joël Rousseau
- Division of Human Genetics, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Avi Schroeder
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel;
| | - Marc Lavertu
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada;
| | - Jacques P. Tremblay
- Division of Human Genetics, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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van der Wijk AE, VanBavel E. Perspectives for delivery of therapeutics by extravasation of biodegradable microspheres in the brain. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:969-970. [PMID: 37862192 PMCID: PMC10749621 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.385300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Eva van der Wijk
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurovascular Disorders Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Microcirculation Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ed VanBavel
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurovascular Disorders Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Microcirculation Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Rebbah B, El Haib A, Lahmady S, Forsal I, Gouygou M, Mallet-Ladeira S, Medaghri-Alaoui A, Rakib EM, Hannioui A. Synthesis, characterization, and inhibition effects of a novel eugenol derivative bearing pyrrole functionalities on the corrosion of mild steel in a HCl acid solution. RSC Adv 2024; 14:14152-14160. [PMID: 38686294 PMCID: PMC11057412 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01337a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Semi-synthetic modifications of natural products have yielded numerous anti-cancer drugs, antimicrobials, and corrosion inhibitors. In this study, eugenol, a natural product, was synthetically modified to generate a novel heterocyclic compound: pyrrole, which forms crystals. The latter is the outcome of the condensation reaction between eugenol hydrazide and 2,5-hexanedione, conducted under reflux ethanol conditions, without a catalyst, achieving a 96% yield. This compound structure was characterized through spectroscopic methods, such as NMR and FTIR, and validated par the crystal's X-ray diffraction analysis. According to the findings of the electrochemical study, pyrrole demonstrated effective inhibition against the carbon steel's corrosion in a 1 M HCl acid solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahija Rebbah
- Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University B.P. 523 Beni Mellal Morocco
| | - Abderrahim El Haib
- Chemical Processes and Applied Materials Laboratory, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University PB: 592 Beni Mellal Morocco
| | - Sara Lahmady
- Laboratory of Engineering and Applied Technologies, School of Technology Beni Mellal Morocco
| | - Issam Forsal
- Laboratory of Engineering and Applied Technologies, School of Technology Beni Mellal Morocco
| | - Maryse Gouygou
- CNRS, Coordination Chemistry Laboratory, Univesty of Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse-INP 205 Narbonne Road, BP 44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Sonia Mallet-Ladeira
- CNRS, Coordination Chemistry Laboratory, Univesty of Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse-INP 205 Narbonne Road, BP 44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Abdelouahid Medaghri-Alaoui
- Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University B.P. 523 Beni Mellal Morocco
| | - El Mostapha Rakib
- Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University B.P. 523 Beni Mellal Morocco
| | - Abdellah Hannioui
- Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University B.P. 523 Beni Mellal Morocco
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Kappel AD, Jha R, Guggilapu S, Smith WJ, Feroze AH, Dmytriw AA, Vicenty-Padilla J, Alcedo Guardia RE, Gessler FA, Patel NJ, Du R, See AP, Peruzzi PP, Aziz-Sultan MA, Bernstock JD. Endovascular Applications for the Management of High-Grade Gliomas in the Modern Era. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1594. [PMID: 38672676 PMCID: PMC11049132 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas (HGGs) have a poor prognosis and are difficult to treat. This review examines the evolving landscape of endovascular therapies for HGGs. Recent advances in endovascular catheter technology and delivery methods allow for super-selective intra-arterial cerebral infusion (SSIACI) with increasing precision. This treatment modality may offer the ability to deliver anti-tumoral therapies directly to tumor regions while minimizing systemic toxicity. However, challenges persist, including blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, hemodynamic complexities, and drug-tumor residence time. Innovative adjunct techniques, such as focused ultrasound (FUS) and hyperosmotic disruption, may facilitate BBB disruption and enhance drug penetration. However, hemodynamic factors that limit drug residence time remain a limitation. Expanding therapeutic options beyond chemotherapy, including radiotherapy and immunobiologics, may motivate future investigations. While preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate moderate efficacy, larger randomized trials are needed to validate the clinical benefits. Additionally, future directions may involve endovascular sampling for peri-tumoral surveillance; changes in drug formulations to prolong residence time; and the exploration of non-pharmaceutical therapies, like radioembolization and photodynamic therapy. Endovascular strategies hold immense potential in reshaping HGG treatment paradigms, offering targeted and minimally invasive approaches. However, overcoming technical challenges and validating clinical efficacy remain paramount for translating these advancements into clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari D. Kappel
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.D.K.); (S.G.); (R.D.); (A.P.S.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rohan Jha
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.D.K.); (S.G.); (R.D.); (A.P.S.)
| | - Saibaba Guggilapu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.D.K.); (S.G.); (R.D.); (A.P.S.)
| | - William J. Smith
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.D.K.); (S.G.); (R.D.); (A.P.S.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Abdullah H. Feroze
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.D.K.); (S.G.); (R.D.); (A.P.S.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adam A. Dmytriw
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.D.K.); (S.G.); (R.D.); (A.P.S.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Juan Vicenty-Padilla
- Neurosurgery Section, School of Medicine University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan P.O. Box 365067, Puerto Rico (R.E.A.G.)
| | - Rodolfo E. Alcedo Guardia
- Neurosurgery Section, School of Medicine University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan P.O. Box 365067, Puerto Rico (R.E.A.G.)
| | - Florian A. Gessler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rostock University Hospital, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Nirav J. Patel
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.D.K.); (S.G.); (R.D.); (A.P.S.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rose Du
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.D.K.); (S.G.); (R.D.); (A.P.S.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alfred P. See
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.D.K.); (S.G.); (R.D.); (A.P.S.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Peruzzi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.D.K.); (S.G.); (R.D.); (A.P.S.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mohammad A. Aziz-Sultan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.D.K.); (S.G.); (R.D.); (A.P.S.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua D. Bernstock
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.D.K.); (S.G.); (R.D.); (A.P.S.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Pruis IJ, van Doormaal PJ, Balvers RK, van den Bent MJ, Harteveld AA, de Jong LC, Konijnenberg MW, Segbers M, Valkema R, Verburg FA, Smits M, Veldhuijzen van Zanten SEM. Potential of PSMA-targeting radioligand therapy for malignant primary and secondary brain tumours using super-selective intra-arterial administration: a single centre, open label, non-randomised prospective imaging study. EBioMedicine 2024; 102:105068. [PMID: 38518652 PMCID: PMC10981001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to provide quantitative evidence for the potential of PSMA-targeting radioligand therapy (RLT) as treatment approach for malignant brain tumours, and to explore whether tumour uptake could be enhanced by super-selective intra-arterial (ssIA)-administration. METHODS Ten patients (n = 5 high-grade glioma, n = 5 brain metastasis) received 1.5 MBq/kg [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 intravenously and, within 7 days, intra-arterially (i.e., selectively in tumour-feeding arteries), followed twice by PET-MRI at 90, 165 and 240 min post-injection. Patient safety was monitored for each procedure. Standardised uptake values (SUVs) were obtained for tumour, healthy-brain, salivary glands and liver. Tumour-to-salivary-gland (T/SG) and tumour-to-liver (T/L) uptake-ratios were calculated. FINDINGS No adverse events requiring study termination occurred. All patients showed uptake of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 at the tumour site. Uptake was a median 15-fold higher following ssIA-administration (SUVmax median: 142.8, IQR: 102.8-245.9) compared to IV-administration (10.5, IQR:7.5-13.0). According to the bootstrap analysis, mean SUVmax after ssIA (168.8, 95% CI: 110.6-227.0) was well beyond the 95% confidence-interval of IV administration (10.5, 95% CI: 8.4-12.7). Uptake in healthy-brain was negligible, independent of administration route (SUVmean <0.1-0.1). Off-target uptake was comparable, resulting in more favourable T/SG- and T/L-ratios of 8.4 (IQR: 4.4-11.5) and 26.5 (IQR: 14.0-46.4) following ssIA, versus 0.5 (IQR: 0.4-0.7) and 1.8 (IQR: 1.0-2.7) for IV-administration. INTERPRETATION ssIA-administration is safe and leads to a median fifteen-fold higher radioligand uptake at the tumour site, therewith qualifying more patients for treatment and enhancing the potential of therapy. These results open new avenues for the development of effective RLT-based treatment strategies for patients with brain tumours. FUNDING Semmy Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilanah J Pruis
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Brain Tumour Centre, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter Jan van Doormaal
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rutger K Balvers
- Brain Tumour Centre, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin J van den Bent
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anita A Harteveld
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Linda C de Jong
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark W Konijnenberg
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Segbers
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roelf Valkema
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frederik A Verburg
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marion Smits
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Brain Tumour Centre, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Medical Delta, Delft, Huismansingel 4, 2629 JH, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Sophie E M Veldhuijzen van Zanten
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Brain Tumour Centre, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Doron O, Patel AB, Hawryluk GWJ. Neurovascular Interventions for Neurotrauma: From Treatment of Injured Vessels to Treatment of the Injured Brain? Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2024; 26:247-255. [PMID: 37976141 DOI: 10.1227/ons.0000000000000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is often associated with a direct or secondary neurovascular pathology. In this review, we present recent advancements in endovascular neurosurgery that enable accurate and effective vessel reconstruction with emphasis on its role in early diagnosis, the expanding use of flow diversion in pseudoaneurysms, and traumatic arteriovenous fistulas. In addition, future directions in which catheter-based interventions could potentially affect traumatic brain injury are described: targeting blood brain barrier integrity using the advantages of intra-arterial drug delivery of blood brain barrier stabilizers to prevent secondary brain edema, exploring the impact of endovascular venous access as a means to modulate venous outflow in an attempt to reduce intracranial pressure and augment brain perfusion, applying selective intra-arterial hypothermia as a neuroprotection method mitigating some of the risks conferred by systemic cooling, trans-vessel wall delivery of regenerative therapy agents, and shifting attention using multimodal neuromonitoring to post-traumatic vasospasm to further characterize the role it plays in secondary brain injury. Thus, we believe that the potential of endovascular tools can be expanded because they enable access to the "highways" governing perfusion and flow and call for further research focused on exploring these routes because it may contribute to novel endovascular approaches currently used for treating injured vessels, harnessing them for treatment of the injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Doron
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston , Massachusetts , USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Aldar and Iby Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Aman B Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Gregory W J Hawryluk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Akron General Neuroscience Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Akron , Ohio , USA
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Pinkiewicz M, Pinkiewicz M, Walecki J, Zaczyński A, Zawadzki M. Breaking Barriers in Neuro-Oncology: A Scoping Literature Review on Invasive and Non-Invasive Techniques for Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:236. [PMID: 38201663 PMCID: PMC10778052 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses a significant challenge to drug delivery for brain tumors, with most chemotherapeutics having limited permeability into non-malignant brain tissue and only restricted access to primary and metastatic brain cancers. Consequently, due to the drug's inability to effectively penetrate the BBB, outcomes following brain chemotherapy continue to be suboptimal. Several methods to open the BBB and obtain higher drug concentrations in tumors have been proposed, with the selection of the optimal method depending on the size of the targeted tumor volume, the chosen therapeutic agent, and individual patient characteristics. Herein, we aim to comprehensively describe osmotic disruption with intra-arterial drug administration, intrathecal/intraventricular administration, laser interstitial thermal therapy, convection-enhanced delivery, and ultrasound methods, including high-intensity focused and low-intensity ultrasound as well as tumor-treating fields. We explain the scientific concept behind each method, preclinical/clinical research, advantages and disadvantages, indications, and potential avenues for improvement. Given that each method has its limitations, it is unlikely that the future of BBB disruption will rely on a single method but rather on a synergistic effect of a combined approach. Disruption of the BBB with osmotic infusion or high-intensity focused ultrasound, followed by the intra-arterial delivery of drugs, is a promising approach. Real-time monitoring of drug delivery will be necessary for optimal results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miłosz Pinkiewicz
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mateusz Pinkiewicz
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Mazowiecki Regional Hospital in Siedlce, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Jerzy Walecki
- Division of Interventional Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, The National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Zaczyński
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Zawadzki
- Division of Interventional Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, The National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Radiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
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