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Elbaseet HM, Aldeen AJ, Irahim AKH. Efficacy of intraoperative use of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss from telescoping nail application in osteogenesis imperfecta. A randomized controlled trial. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2024:103927. [PMID: 38987031 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2024.103927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteogenesis imperfecta (O.I) is a rare disease caused by an abnormality in type 1 collagen synthesis leading to repeated fractures after low-energy trauma and progressive long bones deformity. Telescoping nail application and surgical correction of these deformities usually necessitates multiple osteotomies and significant bleeding occur due to weakened capillaries and impaired platelet activity. Tranexamic acid (TXA) has an antifibrinolytic effect which is useful in reducing bleeding and need for blood transfusions following several orthopaedic procedures. HYPOTHESIS The use of intraoperative (Local and Intravenous) tranexamic acid reduces blood loss during femoral telescoping nail application in O.I. PATIENTS MATERIAL AND METHODS A prospective randomized controlled study was carried out on 40 patients during applying femoral telescoping nail divided into Group A: (case TXA); 20 patients receiving intraoperative TXA and Group B: (control); 20 patients not receiving TXA. Blood loss and perioperative Hemoglobin (Hb) and Hematocrit Level (Hct) were assessed. RESULTS The study included 29 males and 11 females with mean age 7.98 years. The number of osteotomies in both groups ranged from zero to 3 osteotomies with a median one osteotomy. A significant decrease in blood loss was observed in TXA group (mean 241.5 cc) compared to control group (mean 461.5 cc). Postoperative Hb was significantly lower in control group (mean 12.30 g/dL changed to 10.45 g/dL) compared to TXA group (mean 12.26 g/dL changed to 11.52 g/dL). Also, postoperative Hct was significantly lower in control group (m:ean 37.37 % changed to 32.03%) compared to TXA group (mean 36.53 % changed to 34.66 %). DISCUSSION The use of TXA during femoral telescoping nail application in OI patients has contributed to a remarkable reduction in overall blood loss. Consideration of adding it to management protocol is advised. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II; Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Mohamed Elbaseet
- Pediatric Orthopaedic Unit, Orthopaedic and Traumatology Department, Assiut University, 71515, Egypt.
| | - Ammar Jamal Aldeen
- Pediatric Orthopaedic Unit, Orthopaedic and Traumatology Department, Assiut University, 71515, Egypt
| | - Abdel Khalek Hafez Irahim
- Pediatric Orthopaedic Unit, Orthopaedic and Traumatology Department, Assiut University, 71515, Egypt
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Eaton V, Braaten M, Schissel M, Wallace M. Assessing the Safety and Efficacy of Tranexamic Acid Usage in Osteogenesis Imperfecta Patients. J Pediatr Orthop 2024; 44:e73-e78. [PMID: 37750572 PMCID: PMC10702696 DOI: 10.1097/bpo.0000000000002524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) usually causes an increased fracture burden and bone deformity, with subsequent operations common. In addition to skeletal manifestations, there is a potential increase in bleeding susceptibility due to the increased frequency of orthopedic procedures, warranting investigation into methods to mitigate this risk. This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tranexamic acid (TXA) usage to reduce intraoperative blood loss in children with OI. We want to assess the potential benefits, risks, and complications involved with TXA use in this patient population. METHODS TXA-receiving patients (cases) were matched 1:1 with non-TXA-receiving controls on the following criteria: age within 2 years, bone category, and OI Type. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Fisher Exact Test was performed to compare transfusion status between groups. A Wilcoxon Rank Sum test was performed to assess differences between the groups in days of stay, length of surgery, and estimated blood loss (EBL). All analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.4. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Our TXA-receiving population of 30 patients consisted of 11 females and 19 males. One patient was OI type I, 13 were OI type III, 14 were OI type IV, and 2 were categorized as Other (not Type I through Type IV). We found a significant difference in transfusion status ( P =0.02), with zero TXA patients requiring a transfusion compared with 20% of the control cases. There is also a significant difference in median EBL ( P =0.0004) between groups, with TXA patients having decreased intraoperative EBL (20 vs. 62.5 mL). There was also a difference in median days of postoperative stay between TXA-receiving and non-TXA-receiving patients ( P =0.001; 2.6 vs. 4 d). CONCLUSIONS Our study concluded that TXA use in OI patients is associated with lower perioperative transfusions and intraoperative blood loss rates. These results support the standard usage of TXA in these patients to reduce intraoperative blood loss. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maegen Wallace
- University of Nebraska Medical Center
- Children’s Hospital & Medical Center, Omaha, NE
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Lin PS, Yao YT, Tian LJ, Jiang JJ, Zhang Y, He LX, Yu YP, Ma J. The efficacy and safety of intravenous administration of tranexamic acid in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: Evidence from a single cardiovascular center. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33819. [PMID: 37335691 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study was performed to systemically review the efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid (TXA) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery at a single large-volume cardiovascular center. METHODS A computerized search of electronic databases was performed to identify all relevant studies using search terms till December 31st, 2021. The primary outcomes were postoperative blood loss and the composite incidence of mortality and morbidities during hospitalization. Secondary outcomes included postoperative massive bleeding and transfusion, postoperative recovery profiles, coagulation functions, inflammatory variables, and biomarkers of vital organ injury. RESULTS Database search yielded 23 qualified studies including 27,729 patients in total. Among them, 14,136 were allocated into TXA group and 13,593 into Control group. The current study indicated that intravenous TXA significantly reduced total volume of postoperative bleeding in both adult and pediatric patients, and that medium- and high-dose TXA were more effective than low-dose TXA in adult patients (P < .05). The current study also demonstrated that intravenous TXA, as compared to Control, remarkably reduced postoperative transfusion incidences and volume of red blood cell and fresh frozen plasma, and reduced postoperative transfusion incidence of platelet concentrates (PC) (P < .05) without obvious dose-effects (P > .05), but TXA did not reduce PC transfusion volume postoperatively in adult patients (P > .05). For pediatrics, TXA did not significantly reduce postoperative transfusion incidence and volume of allogenic red blood cell, fresh frozen plasma and PC (P > .05). Additionally, the current study demonstrated that intravenous TXA did not influence the composite incidence of postoperative mortality and morbidities in either adults or pediatrics during hospitalization (P > .05), and that there was no obvious dose-effect of TXA in adult patients (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS This current study suggested that intravenous TXA significantly reduced total volume of postoperative bleeding in both adult and pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery at the single cardiovascular center without increasing the composite incidence of mortality and morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shuang Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Fujian Medical University Affiliated First Quanzhou Hospital, Fujian, China
| | - Yun-Tai Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Juan Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan-Juan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Research for Cardiovascular Medications, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Xian He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fuwai Yunnan Cardiovascular Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Yi-Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Bigdelian H, Montazeri M, Sedighi M, Mansouri M, Amanollahi A. Topical and Intravenous Tranexamic Acid in Acyanotic Children Undergoing Congenital Heart Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Surg Res 2023; 288:64-70. [PMID: 36948034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Postoperative bleeding is a common complication in congenital heart surgery. We aimed to evaluate effects of topical and intravenous tranexamic acid (TXA) administration on postoperative hemoglobin and bleeding in children with acyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD). METHODS In this randomized clinical trial, 50 acyanotic CHD children were allocated into two groups of topical (n = 25) and infusion (n = 25). Children in the infusion group were given intravenous TXA 50 mg/kg-1 after sternotomy. Children in topical group were given 50 mg/kg-1 TXA added to 20 mL of saline intrapericardially before sternal closure. Primary endpoint of study was comparison of postoperative hemoglobin and bleeding between topical and infusion groups. A linear mixed model (LMM) was used to estimate longitudinal changes in postoperative endpoints. RESULTS We did not observe significant differences in children's characteristics between two groups. Also, intraoperative and postoperative outcomes did not differ between two groups but children with intravenous TXA experienced significantly longer intubation time than topical children (P = 0.047). LMM analysis revealed that postoperative bleeding in topical group was lower compared to infusion group (P = 0.036). Also, age of children had a significant effect on mean changes of hemoglobin during postoperative care (β = -0.27, P = 0.030). No children died and none had serious postoperative complications such as seizures and reoperation. CONCLUSIONS We found that topical TXA is not superior to intravenous administration in management of blood loss. Also, no additional effect was found about topical TXA in further reducing transfusion rates and postoperative complications in acyanotic CHD children undergoing cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Bigdelian
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Minoo Montazeri
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sedighi
- Trauma and Injury Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Mansouri
- Cardiovascular Anesthesia Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Amanollahi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Prophylactic Use of Antifibrinolytics During Pediatric Cardiac Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass on Postoperative Bleeding and Transfusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2022; 23:e517-e529. [PMID: 35997516 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000003049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of intraoperative antifibrinolytics, including tranexamic acid (TXA), aminocaproic acid (EACA), or aprotinin, on bleeding in children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). DATA SOURCES Relevant articles were systematically searched from Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to November 15, 2021. STUDY SELECTION Abstracts were screened, and full texts were reviewed using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses reporting guideline. DATA EXTRACTION A standardized data extraction tool was used. DATA SYNTHESIS Sixty-eight studies including 28,735 patients were analyzed. TXA compared with placebo resulted in a mean decrease in chest tube output of 9.1 mL/kg (95% CI, 6.0-12.3 mL/kg), I2 equals to 65.2%, p value of less than 0.001, platelet requirement of 2.9 mL/kg (95% CI, 0.1-5.8 mL/kg), I2 =72.5%, p value less than 0.001 and plasma requirement of 4.0 mL/kg (95% CI, 0.6-7.2 mL/kg), I2 equals to 94.5%, p value less than0.001. Aprotinin compared with placebo resulted in a mean decrease in chest tube output of 4.3 mL/kg (2.4-6.2 mL/kg), I2 equals to 66.3%, p value of less than 0.001, platelet transfusion of 4.6 mL/kg (95% CI, 0.6-8.6 mL/kg), I2 equals to 93.6%, p value of less than 0.001, and plasma transfusion of 7.7 mL/kg (95% CI, 2.1-13.2 mL/kg), I2 equals to 95.3%, p value of less than 0.001. EACA compared with placebo resulted in a mean decrease in chest tube output of 9.2 mL/kg (2.3-21.0 mL/kg), I2 equals to 96.4%, p value of less than 0.001, RBC transfusion of 7.2 mL/kg (95% CI, 2.4-12.1 mL/kg), I2 equals to 94.5%, p value equals to 0.002, and platelet transfusion of 10.7 mL/kg (95% CI, 2.9-18.5 mL/kg), I2 equals to 0%, p value of less than 0.001. No statistical difference was observed in chest tube output when TXA was compared with aprotinin. Subgroup analysis of cyanotic patients showed a significant decrease in chest tube output, platelet requirement, and plasma requirement for patients receiving aprotinin. Overall, the quality of evidence was moderate. CONCLUSIONS Antifibrinolytics are effective at decreasing blood loss and blood product requirement in children undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB although the quality of evidence is only moderate.
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Zou ZY, He LX, Yao YT. Tranexamic acid reduces postoperative blood loss in Chinese pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e28966. [PMID: 35244062 PMCID: PMC8896488 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tranexamic acid has been increasingly used for blood conservation in cardiac surgery. However, the evidence supporting the routine use of tranexamic acid in Chinese pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery remains weak. This meta-analysis aimed to systematically review the efficacy of tranexamic acid when applying to Chinese pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. PARTICIPANTS Chinese pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. INTERVENTIONS Tranexamic acid or control drugs (saline/blank). METHODS PUBMED, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data, and VIP Data till May 4, 2021, database search was updated on August 1. Primary outcomes of interest included postoperative bleeding, allogeneic transfusion, and reoperation for bleeding. Secondary outcomes of interest included postoperative recovery. For continuous/dichotomous variables, treatment effects were calculated as weighted mean difference (WMD)/odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. RESULTS A database search yielded 15 randomized controlled trials including 1641 patients, where 8 studies were allocated into non-cyanotic congenital group, 5 were allocated into cyanotic congenital group, and the other 2 were allocated into combined cyanotic/non-cyanotic group. This meta-analysis demonstrate that tranexamic acid administration can reduce the postoperative 24 hours blood loss in non-cyanotic, cyanotic, and combined cyanotic/non-cyanotic patients, the red blood cell transfusion in non-cyanotic and cyanotic patients, and the fresh frozen plasma transfusion in non-cyanotic and combined cyanotic/non-cyanotic patients. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis demonstrates that tranexamic acid is highly effective in reducing the blood loss in Chinese pediatric cardiac surgery, but it behaves poorly when it comes to the transfusion requirement. To further confirm this, more well-designed and adequately-powered randomized trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-yao Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fuwai Yunnan Cardiovascular Hospital, Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Li-xian He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fuwai Yunnan Cardiovascular Hospital, Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yun-tai Yao
- Anesthesia Center, Fuwai Hospital, NCCD, PUMC&CAMS, Beijing, China
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El Baser IIA, ElBendary HM, ElDerie A. The synergistic effect of tranexamic acid and ethamsylate combination on blood loss in pediatric cardiac surgery. Ann Card Anaesth 2021; 24:17-23. [PMID: 33938826 PMCID: PMC8081143 DOI: 10.4103/aca.aca_84_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pediatric patients are at risk for bleeding after cardiac surgery. Administration of antifibrinolytic agents reduces postoperative blood loss. Objective: Evaluation of the efficacy of combined administration of tranexamic acid (TXA) and ethamsylate in the reduction of postoperative blood loss in pediatric cardiac surgery. Methods: This prospective randomized study included 126 children submitted for cardiac surgery, and they were allocated into three groups: control group (n = 42); TXA group (n = 42):- received only TXA; and combined ethamsylate TXA group (n = 42):- received a combination of TXA and ethamsylate. The main collected data included sternal closure time, the needs for intraoperative transfusion of blood and its products, the total amount of blood loss, and the amount of the whole blood and its products transfused to the patients in the first 24 postoperative hours. Results: Blood loss volume in the first 24 postoperative hours was significantly smaller in combined group than the TXA and control groups and was significantly smaller in the TXA group than the control group. The sternal closure time was significantly shorter in the combined group than the other 2 groups and significantly shorter in TXA than the control group. The amount of whole blood transfused to patients in the combined group during surgery and in the first postoperative 24 h was significantly smaller than the other 2 groups and smaller in TXA group than the control group during surgery. Conclusion: Combined administration of ethamsylate and TXA in pediatric cardiac surgery was more effective in reducing postoperative blood loss and whole blood transfusion requirements than the administration of TXA alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim I Abd El Baser
- Department of Anesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hanaa M ElBendary
- Department of Anesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmad ElDerie
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Randall MM, Nurse J, Singh KP. Tranexamic Acid in a Case Report of Life-threatening Nontraumatic Hemorrhage in Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura. Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med 2020; 4:421-423. [PMID: 32926702 PMCID: PMC7434249 DOI: 10.5811/cpcem.2020.5.46955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune-mediated disorder in which the body produces antibodies that destroy platelets, causing an increased risk of bleeding and bruising. Tranexamic acid (TXA) is a medication that prevents clot breakdown and is used to treat uncontrolled bleeding. Case Report We present the case of an 11-year-old female with significant epistaxis and hypotension in the emergency department. Traditional therapies were initiated; however, the patient continued to have bleeding and remained hypotensive, so intravenous TXA was given. The patient’s bleeding then resolved. Conclusion TXA may be a safe and effective adjunct to traditional therapies for the treatment of life-threatening hemorrhage in ITP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Randall
- Loma Linda University Medical Center and Children's Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Jason Nurse
- San Gorgonio Memorial Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Banning, California
| | - Karan P Singh
- San Gorgonio Memorial Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Banning, California
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Tzatzairis T, McMahon S, Shilpa J, Maizen C. Safety and efficacy of tranexamic acid in children with cerebral palsy undergoing femoral varus derotational osteotomy: a double cohort study. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY AND TRAUMATOLOGY 2020; 30:1039-1044. [DOI: 10.1007/s00590-020-02663-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Zhang Y, Jia Y, Shi J, Yuan S, Wang R, Zhang Z, Wang X, Liu J, Ran J, Zhao Y, Hua Z, Yan J, Li S, Zheng Z, Hu S, Wang Y, Yan F. Safety and efficacy of tranexamic acid in paediatric cardiac surgery: study protocol for a double-blind randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e032642. [PMID: 31772102 PMCID: PMC6887001 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An initial retrospective study suggested that tranexamic acid (TXA) administration increased the incidence of seizures in paediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. However, the efficacy of TXA in paediatric cardiac surgery remains unclear owing to the small sample sizes of the studies. Therefore, this study will investigate the efficacy and safety of TXA in paediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. We hypothesised that TXA may increase the incidence of postoperative seizures with no effect on postoperative allogeneic transfusion in paediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The pragmatic study will provide important implications for paediatric cardiac surgery. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This will be a single-centre prospective, double-blind randomised controlled trial. The plan is to enrol in the study 2090 paediatric patients aged 31 days to 7 years who will be undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). All eligible participants will be randomly assigned to either the TXA or placebo group by using a Web-based randomisation service in a 1:1 ratio. The primary safety end point will be postoperative seizures until hospital discharge, and the primary efficacy end point will be the volume of allogeneic red blood cell transfusion after termination of CPB. All patients will be followed up for 1 year postdischarge. All data will be analysed in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study was approved by the institutional review board of Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (No 20191195). Written informed consent will be obtained from the parents/legal guardian of each patient because all participants will be <18 years of age. The results of the trial will be published in an international peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Chinese Clinical Trial Register (ChiCTR1900024131).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Anaesthesiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Jia
- Anaesthesiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Shi
- Anaesthesiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Su Yuan
- Anaesthesiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Anaesthesiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Anaesthesiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jinping Liu
- Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ran
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Zhao
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongdong Hua
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shoujun Li
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shengshou Hu
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Medical Research and Biometrics Centre, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fuxia Yan
- Anaesthesiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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