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Zumbach-Basu J, Rademacher A, Koglin U, Bender D, Lösel F. Longitudinal relations of prematurity and fetal growth restrictions with hyperactivity/inattention and aggression/delinquency. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03297-y. [PMID: 38898109 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is the aim of this study to analyze the longitudinal relationship between premature birth and low birth weight and the reciprocal influence between hyperactive/inattentive behavior and aggressive/delinquent behavior problems in children from early to late childhood. METHODS This study contains data from the German Erlangen-Nuremberg Development and Prevention Study. It applies prospective longitudinal path analyses on data obtained from postnatal pediatric assessments as well as later psychosocial behavior assessments by teachers and parents on N = 667 children, out of which n = 83 children (12.44%) were born preterm/small for gestational age. RESULTS The results show direct effects of birth complications at the beginning of preschool on hyperactivity/inattentiveness (teacher rating: ß = 0.28; p = 0.017; parent rating: ß = 0.32; p = 0.005), but not on aggression/delinquency (teacher rating: ß = 0.002; p = 0.427; parent rating: ß = 0.12; p = 0.324). Reciprocal effects between aggression/delinquency and hyperactivity/inattentiveness were stable at the end of elementary school, but not at the end of preschool across informants. CONCLUSION Our results support a differentiated view on the potential development of behavior problems after birth complications and the demand for early prevention measures. IMPACT STATEMENT Our results extend to the existing body of research by providing insight into the longitudinal effects of prematurity and fetal growth restrictions on hyperactive and aggressive/delinquent behavioral problems throughout a rather long period of development in childhood. The results show direct effects of birth complications on the development of hyperactivity for boys, but not for girls across informants. No direct effects of birth complications on aggression/delinquency are found. Our findings speak against too simple views on behavioral consequences of birth complications and thus can relieve too anxious parents, however close monitoring of the behavioral development of respective children is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Zumbach-Basu
- Department of Forensic Psychology, Psychologische Hochschule Berlin, Germany, Am Koellnischen Park 2, 10179, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Rademacher
- I. School of Education and Social Science, Department of Special Needs Education and Rehabilitation, Psychology in Special Needs Education and Rehabilitation, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerlaender Heerstrasse 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Ute Koglin
- I. School of Education and Social Science, Department of Special Needs Education and Rehabilitation, Psychology in Special Needs Education and Rehabilitation, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerlaender Heerstrasse 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Doris Bender
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bismarckstr. 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Lösel
- Institute of Criminology, Cambridge University & Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Sidgwick Avenue Cambridge CB3 9DA & Bismarckstr, 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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Metwally AM, Abdallah AM, El-Din EMS, Zeid DA, Khadr Z, Elshaarawy GA, Elkhatib AA, Elsaied A, Ashaat EA, Elghareeb NA, Abdou MH, Fathy AM, Eldeeb SE, AbdAllah M, Soliman MAT, El Banna RAS, Hassanein AK, Rabah TM, Abdelrahman M, Sallam SF. Screening and determinant of suspected developmental delays among Egyptian preschool-aged children: a cross-sectional national community-based study. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:521. [DOI: ttps:/doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Early childhood life is critical for optimal development and is the foundation of future well-being. Genetic, sociocultural, and environmental factors are important determinants of child development.
Aim
The objectives were to screen for suspected developmental delays (DDs) among Egyptian preschool children, and to explore the determinants of these delays based on sociodemographic, epidemiological, maternal, and child perinatal risk factors.
Methods
A national Egyptian cross-sectional developmental screening of a representative sample of preschool children (21,316 children) aged 12 to 71 months. The Revised Denver Prescreening Developmental Questionnaire (R-PDQ) followed by the Denver Developmental Screening Test, 2nd edition (DDST) was used.
Results
Each screened child manifested at least one of six developmental categories. Either typical development, gross motor delay (GM), fine motor adaptive delay (FMA), Language delay (L), Personal-social delay (PS), or multiple DDs. The prevalence of preschool children with at least one DD was 6.4%, while 4.5% had multiple DDs. Developmental language delay was the most prevalent, affecting 4.2% of children. The least affected domain was GM (1.9% of children). Boys were more likely to have DD than girls. Children in urban communities were more likely to have at least one DD than those in rural areas (OR = 1.28, 95%CI: 1.14–1.42), and children of middle social class than of low or high social class (OR = 1.49, 95%CI: 1.30–1.70 & OR = 1.40, 95%CI: 1.23–1.59 respectively). The strong perinatal predictors for at least one DD were children with a history of postnatal convulsions (OR = 2.68, 95%CI: 1.97–3.64), low birth weight (OR = 2.06, 95%CI: 1.69–2.52), or history of postnatal cyanosis (OR = 1.77, 95%CI: 1.26–2.49) and mothers had any health problem during pregnancy (OR = 1.73, 95%CI: 1.44–2.07). Higher paternal and maternal education decreased the odds of having any DD by 43% (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.47–0.68) and 31% (OR = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.58–0.82) respectively.
Conclusion
This study demonstrates a considerable attempt to assess the types and the prevalence of DD among preschool children in Egypt. Perinatal factors are among the most common determinants of DD in preschool children and the majority could be preventable risk factors.
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Metwally AM, Abdallah AM, El-Din EMS, Zeid DA, Khadr Z, Elshaarawy GA, Elkhatib AA, Elsaied A, Ashaat EA, Elghareeb NA, Abdou MH, Fathy AM, Eldeeb SE, AbdAllah M, Soliman MAT, El Banna RAS, Hassanein AK, Rabah TM, Abdelrahman M, Sallam SF. Screening and determinant of suspected developmental delays among Egyptian preschool-aged children: a cross-sectional national community-based study. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:521. [PMID: 37858055 PMCID: PMC10585886 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood life is critical for optimal development and is the foundation of future well-being. Genetic, sociocultural, and environmental factors are important determinants of child development. AIM The objectives were to screen for suspected developmental delays (DDs) among Egyptian preschool children, and to explore the determinants of these delays based on sociodemographic, epidemiological, maternal, and child perinatal risk factors. METHODS A national Egyptian cross-sectional developmental screening of a representative sample of preschool children (21,316 children) aged 12 to 71 months. The Revised Denver Prescreening Developmental Questionnaire (R-PDQ) followed by the Denver Developmental Screening Test, 2nd edition (DDST) was used. RESULTS Each screened child manifested at least one of six developmental categories. Either typical development, gross motor delay (GM), fine motor adaptive delay (FMA), Language delay (L), Personal-social delay (PS), or multiple DDs. The prevalence of preschool children with at least one DD was 6.4%, while 4.5% had multiple DDs. Developmental language delay was the most prevalent, affecting 4.2% of children. The least affected domain was GM (1.9% of children). Boys were more likely to have DD than girls. Children in urban communities were more likely to have at least one DD than those in rural areas (OR = 1.28, 95%CI: 1.14-1.42), and children of middle social class than of low or high social class (OR = 1.49, 95%CI: 1.30-1.70 & OR = 1.40, 95%CI: 1.23-1.59 respectively). The strong perinatal predictors for at least one DD were children with a history of postnatal convulsions (OR = 2.68, 95%CI: 1.97-3.64), low birth weight (OR = 2.06, 95%CI: 1.69-2.52), or history of postnatal cyanosis (OR = 1.77, 95%CI: 1.26-2.49) and mothers had any health problem during pregnancy (OR = 1.73, 95%CI: 1.44-2.07). Higher paternal and maternal education decreased the odds of having any DD by 43% (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.47-0.68) and 31% (OR = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.58-0.82) respectively. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates a considerable attempt to assess the types and the prevalence of DD among preschool children in Egypt. Perinatal factors are among the most common determinants of DD in preschool children and the majority could be preventable risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammal M Metwally
- Community Medicine Research Department/ Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Public Health and Community Medicine, Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Ali M Abdallah
- Quantitative Methods Department - Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Ebtissam M Salah El-Din
- Child Health Department/ Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dina Abu Zeid
- Child Health Department/ Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Zeinab Khadr
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- The Social Research Center of the American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada A Elshaarawy
- Community Medicine Research Department/ Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Public Health and Community Medicine, Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alshaimaa A Elkhatib
- Child Health Department/ Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amal Elsaied
- Child With Special Needs Department/ Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Engy A Ashaat
- Clinical Genetics Department/ Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nahed A Elghareeb
- Prevention of Disability General Directorate, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Abdou
- Mansoura Health Directorate, Ministry of Health and Population, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Fathy
- Community Medicine Research Department/ Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Public Health and Community Medicine, Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sherif E Eldeeb
- Community Medicine Research Department/ Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Public Health and Community Medicine, Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed AbdAllah
- Complementary Medicine Department/ Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute/National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Muhammed Al-Tohamy Soliman
- Biological Anthropology Department/ Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute/National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rokia AbdElshafy S El Banna
- Biological Anthropology Department/ Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute/National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman K Hassanein
- Community Medicine Research Department/ Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Public Health and Community Medicine, Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Thanaa M Rabah
- Community Medicine Research Department/ Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Public Health and Community Medicine, Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelrahman
- Community Medicine Research Department/ Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Public Health and Community Medicine, Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sara F Sallam
- Child Health Department/ Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Lacalle L, Martínez-Shaw ML, Marín Y, Sánchez-Sandoval Y. Intelligence Quotient (IQ) in school-aged preterm infants: A systematic review. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1216825. [PMID: 37560105 PMCID: PMC10409487 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1216825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Preterm birth (before 37 weeks of gestational age) is associated with certain risks to child development. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize available and updated empirical evidence on prematurity as a risk factor for cognitive development in school age. Thus, we attempted to identify similarities and differences with the full-term population and to point out possible risk or protective factors among the biological, psychosocial and family variables. The conceptualization and methodology of this review followed the PRISMA recommendations. The search was carried out in Web of Science, Scopus, PsycInfo, and Dialnet databases, in May 2022. The search was limited to journal articles, published between 2012 and 2022, in English and Spanish. Research articles selected were those focused on the intelligence quotient (IQ) of preterm children aged 6-12 years. The review included studies with cross-sectional or longitudinal cohorts, compared to a control group of children born at term or to standardized scales. The quality of evidence of the selected studies was verified with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). The initial search identified 1,040 articles. Forty articles met the inclusion criteria and were finally included in this review. These studies involved 5,396 preterm children from 37 different cohorts. Despite the diversity found among the results, in general, total IQ scores were within the normative mean for premature children; however, compared to their full-term peers, these scores were lower. The most studied variables in relation to IQ are perinatal (e.g., gestational age and birth weight) and family (e.g., socioeconomic level and education level of the mother). Recent studies corroborate that premature birth affects cognitive development in school age, and identify associated perinatal and family variables. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=337371; identifier: CRD42022337371.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lacalle
- Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Melissa Liher Martínez-Shaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Yolanda Marín
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Yolanda Sánchez-Sandoval
- Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
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Kelly MM, Arcoleo K, D’Agata AL, Sullivan MC. A test of differential susceptibility in behavior trajectories of preterm infants from preschool to adulthood. Res Nurs Health 2023; 46:80-92. [PMID: 36316209 PMCID: PMC9839493 DOI: 10.1002/nur.22275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth predisposes children to internalizing and externalizing behaviors that may persist into adolescence resulting in adult mental health conditions. Social and caregiving contexts, particularly for vulnerable infants born preterm, influence long-term outcomes, but mechanisms are not clearly understood. Healthcare teams caring for those born preterm face difficulty predicting who will be most affected by risk, who will most benefit, and the optimal timing of intervention. Differential susceptibility theory offers an alternative to the traditional risk-only assessments and theories by positing that individuals may be more, or less, susceptible to environmental influences. A sample of preterm- and term-born infants were followed from birth to 23 years of age. Mixed model repeated measures analyses of internalizing and externalizing behaviors were utilized for the comparison groups (N = 214; observations = 1070). Environmental contexts were indexed as proximal protection (low, moderate, high) and medical risk (low, moderate, high). Personal characteristic covariates of sex, race, socioeconomic status, and cognition were modeled. Internalizing behavior trajectories varied significantly over time. Early proximal protective environments conferred a sustained positive influence on behaviors. There is partial support for differential susceptibility theory suggesting that prematurity, as a malleability characteristic enables absorption of both the positive and negative influences of the environment, with greater intensity that those without malleability. The current analyses suggest lasting effects of the preschool age proximal environment on internalizing and externalizing behaviors in young adulthood for those born preterm. Understanding these nuances may aid healthcare professionals in the promotion and timing of interventions to support the child and family. The current manuscript reflects ongoing analyses of longitudinal data. No patient or public contribution to the analyses were required for testing the differential susceptibility theory. The authors would solicit patient or public contribution when implementing practice or policy changes based on the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Kelly
- M. Louise Fitzpatrick College of Nursing, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA
- College of Nursing, University of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Kimberly Arcoleo
- College of Nursing, University of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Amy L. D’Agata
- College of Nursing, University of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Mary C. Sullivan
- College of Nursing, University of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Syltern J, Ursin L, Solberg B, Støen R. Postponed Withholding: Balanced Decision-Making at the Margins of Viability. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2022; 22:15-26. [PMID: 33998962 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2021.1925777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in neonatology have led to improved survival for periviable infants. Immaturity still carries a high risk of short- and long-term harms, and uncertainty turns provision of life support into an ethical dilemma. Shared decision-making with parents has gained ground. However, the need to start immediate life support and the ensuing difficulty of withdrawing treatment stands in tension with the possibility of a fair decision-making process. Both the parental "instinct of saving" and "withdrawal resistance" involved can preclude shared decision-making. To help health care personnel and empower parents, we propose a novel approach labeled "postponed withholding." In the absence of a prenatal advance directive, life support is started at birth, followed by planned redirection to palliative care after one week, unless parents, after a thorough counseling process, actively ask for continued life support. Despite the emotional challenges, this approach can facilitate ethically balanced decision-making processes in the gray zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janicke Syltern
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology
- St Olavs Hospital University Hospital in Trondheim
| | - Lars Ursin
- The Norwegian University of Science and Technology
| | | | - Ragnhild Støen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology
- St Olavs Hospital University Hospital in Trondheim
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Multi-level hypothalamic neuromodulation of self-regulation and cognition in preterm infants: Towards a control systems model. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2022; 9:100109. [PMID: 35755927 PMCID: PMC9216652 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Giordano V, Stummer S, Lindtner C, Fuiko R, Berger A, Pichler K. Neonatal sepsis is associated with behavioral abnormalities in very low birthweight infants at preschool age. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:906379. [PMID: 35923781 PMCID: PMC9339780 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.906379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate neonatal sepsis as potential risk factor for adverse behavioral outcome in very low birth weight infants (VLBWI) at preschool age. Regardless of improvements in the obstetric and neonatal intensive care, preterm infants are still at high risk for behavioral problems later in life. The spectrum, origin and potential risk factors of these behavioral problems have not been well-defined. METHODS In this retrospective observational study, the influence of culture-proven neonatal sepsis on the behavioral outcome of VLBWI born at a gestational age <32 weeks was analyzed at 5 years of age in a multivariable regression model. Behavior was assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Neonatal morbidities, socioeconomic status and neurodevelopmental outcome served as covariates in the analysis. RESULTS 312 VLBWI entered the final analysis, of whom 11% had experienced neonatal sepsis. Neonatal sepsis appeared to be a relevant risk factor for both internalizing, i.e., emotional reactivity and anxiety/depression, as well as externalizing behavioral problems, i.e., oppositional and aggressive behavior in this cohort of VLBWI. Low socioeconomic status and male gender were additional statistically significant risk factors for both internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems. No difference in neurocognitive development was observed between the groups. CONCLUSION The study supports the fact that VLBWI are vulnerable to multiple behavioral disorders independent of their cognitive development. In contrast to former assumptions, the results of the study emphasize that not only post-natal environment but also neonatal morbidities, especially neonatal sepsis, have an impact on behavioral outcome of VLBWI at preschool age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Giordano
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Comprehensive Center for Paediatrics (CCP), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophie Stummer
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Comprehensive Center for Paediatrics (CCP), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Lindtner
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Comprehensive Center for Paediatrics (CCP), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Fuiko
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Comprehensive Center for Paediatrics (CCP), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Berger
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Comprehensive Center for Paediatrics (CCP), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Pichler
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Comprehensive Center for Paediatrics (CCP), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Zhang Y, Gong F, Liu P, He Y, Wang H. Effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure on birth outcomes, brain structure, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Dev Neurosci 2021; 43:271-280. [PMID: 34139695 DOI: 10.1159/000517753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Youyou Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fuhua Gong
- Department of Geriatrics Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Geriatrics Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ya He
- Department of Geriatrics Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Geriatrics Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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