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Cruz S, Zubizarreta SCP, Costa AD, Araújo R, Martinho J, Tubío-Fungueiriño M, Sampaio A, Cruz R, Carracedo A, Fernández-Prieto M. Is There a Bias Towards Males in the Diagnosis of Autism? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2024:10.1007/s11065-023-09630-2. [PMID: 38285291 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-023-09630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Autism is more frequently diagnosed in males, with evidence suggesting that females are more likely to be misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed. Possibly, the male/female ratio imbalance relates to phenotypic and camouflaging differences between genders. Here, we performed a comprehensive approach to phenotypic and camouflaging research in autism addressed in two studies. First (Study 1 - Phenotypic Differences in Autism), we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of gender differences in autism phenotype. The electronic datasets Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsychInfo were searched. We included 67 articles that compared females and males in autism core symptoms, and in cognitive, socioemotional, and behavioural phenotypes. Autistic males exhibited more severe symptoms and social interaction difficulties on standard clinical measures than females, who, in turn, exhibited more cognitive and behavioural difficulties. Considering the hypothesis of camouflaging possibly underlying these differences, we then conducted a meta-analysis of gender differences in camouflaging (Study 2 - Camouflaging Differences in Autism). The same datasets as the first study were searched. Ten studies were included. Females used more compensation and masking camouflage strategies than males. The results support the argument of a bias in clinical procedures towards males and the importance of considering a 'female autism phenotype'-potentially involving camouflaging-in the diagnostic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cruz
- Psychology of Development Research Center, Lusiada University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Sabela Conde-Pumpido Zubizarreta
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Daniela Costa
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rita Araújo
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - María Tubío-Fungueiriño
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Genetics Group, GC05, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, U-711, Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Adriana Sampaio
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Raquel Cruz
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, U-711, Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Carracedo
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Genetics Group, GC05, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, U-711, Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Servicio Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Montse Fernández-Prieto
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Genetics Group, GC05, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, U-711, Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Zhang H, Xu L, Yu J, Li J, Wang J. Identification of autism spectrum disorder based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy using adaptive spatiotemporal graph convolution network. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1132231. [PMID: 36968494 PMCID: PMC10038196 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1132231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The accurate diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is of great practical significance in clinical practice. The spontaneous hemodynamic fluctuations were collected by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) from the bilateral frontal and temporal cortices of typically developing (TD) children and children with ASD. Since traditional machine learning and deep learning methods cannot make full use of the potential spatial dependence between variable pairs, and require a long time series to diagnose ASD. Therefore, we use adaptive spatiotemporal graph convolution network (ASGCN) and short time series to classify ASD and TD. To capture spatial and temporal features of fNIRS multivariable time series without the pre-defined graph, we combined the improved adaptive graph convolution network (GCN) and gated recurrent units (GRU). We conducted a series of experiments on the fNIRS dataset, and found that only using 2.1 s short time series could achieve high precision classification, with an accuracy of 95.4%. This suggests that our approach may have the potential to detect pathological signals in autism patients within 2.1 s. In different brain regions, the left frontal lobe has the best classification effect, and the abnormalities occur more frequently in left hemisphere and frontal lobe region. Moreover, we also found that there were correlations between multiple channels, which had different degrees of influence on the classification of ASD. From this, we can also generalize to a wider range, there may be potential correlations between different brain regions. This may help to better understand the cortical mechanism of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhang
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyu Xu
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lingyu Xu
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Jie Yu
| | - Jun Li
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Lab for Behavioral Economic Science & Technology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhong Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Liu C, Hu Y, Zhou J, Guan Y, Wang M, Qi X, Wang X, Zhang H, Adilijiang A, Li T, Luan G. Retrospective Clinical Analysis of Epilepsy Treatment for Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy (A Single-Center Experience). Brain Sci 2022; 13:brainsci13010014. [PMID: 36671996 PMCID: PMC9856722 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This retrospective cohort study investigated the clinical characteristics and seizure outcomes of patients aged 1−14 years with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) who were treated by different typologies of therapy. Methods: Four hundred and eighteen children with DRE were recruited from Sanbo Brain Hospital of Capital Medical University from April 2008 to February 2015. The patients were divided into three groups: medication (n = 134, 32.06%), resection surgery (n = 185, 44.26%), and palliative surgery (n = 99, 23.68%) groups. Demographic characteristics were attained from medical records. All patients were followed up for at least 5 years, with seizure outcomes classified according to International League Against Epilepsy criteria. The psychological outcome was evaluated with the development quotient and Wechsler Intelligence Quotient Scale for children (Chinese version). Results: The most frequent seizure type was generalized tonic seizure in 53.83% of patients. Age at seizure onset in 54.55% of patients was <3 years. The most frequent etiologies were focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). West syndrome was the most common epilepsy syndrome. Favorable seizure outcomes at the 5-year follow-up in the medication, resection surgery, and palliative surgery groups were 5.22%, 77.30%, and 14.14%, respectively. The patients showed varying degrees of improvement in terms of developmental and intellectual outcomes post-treatment. Conclusions: Pediatric patients with DRE were characterized by frequent seizures, a variety of seizure types, and complex etiology. Recurrent seizures severely affected the cognitive function and development of children. Early surgical intervention would be beneficial for seizure control and prevention of mental retardation. Palliative surgery was also a reasonable option for patients who were not suitable candidates for resection surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
- Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Aviation General Hospital, China Medical University, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
- Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yuguang Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
- Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Mengyang Wang
- Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
- Department of Neurology, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xueling Qi
- Department of Pathology, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiongfei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
- Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | | | - Tiemin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Guoming Luan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
- Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
- Correspondence:
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