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Goussard P, Eber E, Venkatakrishna SSB, Janson J, Schubert PT, Ebert L, Verster J, Basson M, Gie A, Andronikou S. Cryoprobe for Endoscopic Enucleation in Children with Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Effective but Not Without Danger - Case Report and Review of Literature. Respiration 2024; 103:513-520. [PMID: 38684142 DOI: 10.1159/000539076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) in children under 15 years often results in airway compression, with bronchus intermedius (BI) being the most common site. Endoscopic enucleations can be used to remove lymph nodes and establish an airway in severe cases. Both rigid and flexible bronchoscopy are suitable, with alligator forceps being preferred for its ability to extract tissue. Recent studies have also explored cryoprobe enucleation. CASE PRESENTATION An HIV-positive boy with persistent symptoms after 9 months of TB treatment was diagnosed based on his mother's and sister's Xpert MTB/RIF positive status. He was started on 4-drug TB treatment, but the child remained clinically symptomatic with abnormal chest X-ray and unconfirmed TB. Bronchoscopy was performed, revealing complete obstruction of BI due to caseating granulomas causing collapse of the right middle and lower lobes. Cryotherapy was used to recanalize the airway, and follow-up bronchoscopy confirmed patent BI. CONCLUSION While cryotherapy was effective in the restoration of airway patency in this case, there is a lack of knowledge about its use in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Goussard
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ernst Eber
- Division of Paediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Jacques Janson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pawel Tomasz Schubert
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Tygerberg Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lars Ebert
- Image Forensics, Zurich Forensic Science Institute, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janette Verster
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Forensic Pathology Service, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marthinus Basson
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre Gie
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Savvas Andronikou
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Goussard P, Eber E, Venkatakrishna S, Frigati L, Greybe L, Janson J, Schubert P, Andronikou S. Interventional bronchoscopy in pediatric pulmonary tuberculosis. Expert Rev Respir Med 2023; 17:1159-1175. [PMID: 38140708 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2023.2299336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lymphobronchial tuberculosis (TB) is common in children with primary TB and enlarged lymph nodes can cause airway compression of the large airways. If not treated correctly, airway compression can result in persistent and permanent parenchymal pathology, as well as irreversible lung destruction. Bronchoscopy was originally used to collect diagnostic samples; however, its role has evolved, and it is now used as an interventional tool in the diagnosis and management of complicated airway disease. Endoscopic treatment guidelines for children with TB are scarce. AREAS COVERED The role of interventional bronchoscopy in the diagnosis and management of complicated pulmonary TB will be discussed. This review will provide practical insights into how and when to perform interventional procedures in children with complicated TB for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This discussion incorporates current scientific evidence and refers to adult literature, as some of the interventions have only been done in adults but may have a role in children. Limitations and future perspectives will be examined. EXPERT OPINION Pediatric pulmonary TB lends itself to endoscopic interventions as it is a disease with a good outcome if treated correctly. However, interventions must be limited to safeguard the parenchyma and prevent permanent damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Goussard
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ernst Eber
- Division of Paediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Shyam Venkatakrishna
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lisa Frigati
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leonore Greybe
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jacques Janson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pawel Schubert
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Tygerberg Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Savvas Andronikou
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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