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Ramli H, Nor Aripin KN, Mohd Said S, Mohamad Hanafiah R, Mohd Dom TN. The effectiveness of miswak (Salvadora persica L. and Azadirachta indica A.Juss.) practices in reducing plaque and gingivitis among adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115598. [PMID: 35944735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salvadora persica L. and Azadirachtaindica A.Juss. are listed within the most common sources of miswak or chewing stick that widely used among Western Asia and Muslim populations worldwide. Miswak use in conjunction with toothbrush (adjunctive) has become apparent among the adults. Furthermore, miswak has been reported to have mechanical and pharmacological activities, and benefits to the oral health, by many studies. AIM OF THE STUDY To assess the effectiveness of miswak in maintaining periodontal health among adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effect of miswak published in PubMed, EBSCOHOST (Dentistry & Oral Sciences), SCOPUS, and Cochrane Database for Systematic Review (CDSR) from inception to May 08, 2022. The primary outcomes of interest were changes in the periodontal health measured with plaque and gingivitis scores as well as subgingival bacteria load. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) approach while the estimates of effect were pooled using a random-effects model. RESULTS Ten eligible articles were identified, of which 9 could be analysed quantitatively. The remaining report was included as part of the qualitative analysis. The meta-analysis showed that miswak was comparable with the toothbrush in reducing the mean plaque score (p= 0.08, SMD: 0.39, and 95% CI: -0.05 to 0.83) and mean gingivitis score (p= 0.37, SMD: 0.13, and 95% CI: -0.16 to 0.43). Even higher certainty of evidence for the effect of miswak on mean plaque reduction on labial surface of anterior teeth. However, the adjunctive effect of miswak was significantly more superior for reducing plaque (p= 0.01, SMD: 0.68, and 95% CI: 0.14 to 1.22) and gingivitis score (p= 0.04, SMD: 0.66, and 95% CI: 0.03 to 1.29). CONCLUSIONS Miswak effectively reduced plaque and gingivitis scores to a level comparable to toothbrush when used exclusively. Adjunctive miswak use was particularly effective in improving periodontal health. However, the included studies inadequately reported on the method of toothbrushing using miswak and the frequency of miswak use. Therefore, further clinical studies are recommended to explore on the advantages and proper method of miswak practice for optima outcome and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haslinda Ramli
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Periodontology and Community Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Pandan Indah, 55100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Khairun Nain Nor Aripin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences II, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Putra Nilai, 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
| | - Shahida Mohd Said
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Rohazila Mohamad Hanafiah
- Department of Basic Science and Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Pandan Indah, 55100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Tuti Ningseh Mohd Dom
- Department of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Ramli H, Mohd-Dom TN, Mohd-Said S. Clinical benefits and adverse effects of siwak (S. persica) use on periodontal health: a scoping review of literature. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:618. [PMID: 34861857 PMCID: PMC8641788 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01950-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Siwak is a chewing stick used as an oral hygiene aid associated with Muslim communities across the globe since more than 1500 years ago. Used either exclusively or in conjunction with a regular toothbrush, there is evidence supporting its clinical effectiveness in plaque control, but adverse effects on periodontal health remains inconclusive. OBJECTIVE This study aims to systematically review the wide range of data and literatures related to siwak practice and its effect on periodontal health. METHOD The review was conducted based on scoping review techniques, searching literature in EBSCOHOST, PubMed, SCOPUS and Google scholar databases using the following search terms: "siwak' or 'miswak' or 'chewing stick" for intervention, and "periodontium or 'periodontal' or 'periodontal health' or 'periodontal disease" for outcome. Articles published between January 1990 to March 2021 and written in English language were included. RESULTS A total of 721 articles collected from the search and 21 of them were eligible for the final analysis. Results of this study was described based on clinical and antibacterial reporting of siwak, method of siwak practice and its adverse effect on oral health. Siwak was found effective at removing dental plaque and improving periodontal health over time although its effect on subgingival microbiota was inconclusive. Presence of gingival recession and clinical attachment loss were much more commonly reported in siwak users, attributable to variations in the methods employed for tooth cleaning using the siwak. CONCLUSION There is substantial evidence that the lack of standardised reporting for effective siwak use may have resulted in contradictory findings about its oral hygiene benefits and adverse effects. As such, future work on safe and effective siwak practice is to be advocated among its users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haslinda Ramli
- Department of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Periodontology and Community Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Pandan Indah, 55100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tuti Ningseh Mohd-Dom
- Department of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shahida Mohd-Said
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Mutuku A, Mwamburi L, Keter L, Ondicho J, Korir R, Kuria J, Chemweno T, Mwitari P. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity and safety of Rhus vulgaris (Anacardiaceae) extracts. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:272. [PMID: 32912200 PMCID: PMC7488075 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medicinal plants have been used in the treatment of various ailments in most developing countries. Oral infections are the most prevalent diseases in man. The Rhus family has been found to have antimicrobial, antimalarial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Few studies have been done on Rhus vulgaris Meikle. A study was conducted to determine the effect of Rhus vulgaris Meikle stem bark extracts against selected oral pathogenic microorganisms and the safety of the extracts in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Methanol:dichloromethane (1:1), methanol and aqueous extracts were tested for bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Cytotoxicity of the active extracts was determined using Vero E6 cell lines while safety was evaluated in mice and rats. Phytochemical screening was performed on the methanol extracts. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons tests were performed using IBM SPSS statistics 20.0 for antimicrobial assay and acute toxicity testing. One-way ANOVA and Dunnett's multiple comparison tests were conducted using GraphPad Prism 8.0 for cytotoxicity assay. RESULTS Methanol extract of Rhus vulgaris showed significant antimicrobial activity against MRSA (12.00 ± 0.00 mm; p-value of < 0.005; Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of 0.391 mg/ml; Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of 1.563 mg/ml). The extract were not cytotoxic at 100 μg/ml which was the highest tested concentration. In acute dermal irritation testing, the methanol extract resulted in mild irritation with erythema and flaking that cleared within 8 days. There were no observable adverse effects from oral administration of the extracts (acute oral toxicity testing) at concentrations of 50 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg. Tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, alkaloids and phenols were detected in the methanol extract. CONCLUSIONS Antimicrobial activity of R. vulgaris extracts supports its traditional use as a toothbrush. Cytotoxicity demonstrated by the extracts as well as the mild skin irritation warrants further study before R. vulgaris can be recommended for the development of effective and safe mouthwashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Mutuku
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya.
| | - Lizzy Mwamburi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Lucia Keter
- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joyce Ondicho
- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Richard Korir
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Kuria
- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Timothy Chemweno
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Peter Mwitari
- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
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Essential Oils from Ugandan Aromatic Medicinal Plants: Chemical Composition and Growth Inhibitory Effects on Oral Pathogens. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:230832. [PMID: 26170872 PMCID: PMC4478384 DOI: 10.1155/2015/230832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The study assessed the growth inhibitory effects of essential oils extracted from ten Ugandan medicinal plants (Bidens pilosa, Helichrysum odoratissimum, Vernonia amygdalina, Hoslundia opposita, Ocimum gratissimum, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon nardus, Teclea nobilis, Zanthoxylum chalybeum, and Lantana trifolia) used traditionally in the management of oral diseases against oral pathogens. Chemical compositions of the oils were explored by GC-MS. Inhibitory effects of the oils were assessed on periodontopathic Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and cariogenic Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus using broth dilution methods at concentrations of 1%, 0.1%, and 0.01%. The most sensitive organism was A. actinomycetemcomitans. Its growth was markedly inhibited by six of the oils at all the concentrations tested. Essential oil from C. nardus exhibited the highest activity with complete growth inhibition of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis at all the three concentrations tested, the major constituents in the oil being mainly oxygenated sesquiterpenes. Most of the oils exhibited limited effects on L. acidophilus. We conclude that essential oils from the studied plants show marked growth inhibitory effects on periodontopathic A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis, moderate effects on cariogenic S. mutans, and the least effect on L. acidophilus. The present study constitutes a basis for further investigations and development of certain oils into alternative antiplaque agents.
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Ocheng F, Bwanga F, Joloba M, Borg-Karlson AK, Gustafsson A, Obua C. Antibacterial activities of extracts from Ugandan medicinal plants used for oral care. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:852-855. [PMID: 24945400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Medicinal plants are widely used for treatment of oral/dental diseases in Uganda. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate antibacterial activities of 16 commonly used medicinal plants on microorganisms associated with periodontal diseases (PD) and dental caries (DC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Pulp juice and solvent extracts (hexane, methanol and water) from the plants were tested against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia associated with PD and Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus acidophilus associated with DC. Tests were done using agar well-diffusion (pulp juice) and agar-dilution (Solvent extracts) assays. RESULTS Pulp juice from Zanthoxylum chalybeum and Euclea latidens showed activity against all the bacteria, Zanthoxylum chalybeum being most active. Hexane extract from aerial part of Helichrysum odoratissimum was most active (MIC: 0.125-0.5 mg/ml). Methanol extract from leaves of Lantana trifolia showed activity against all bacteria (MIC: 0.25-1 mg/ml). CONCLUSION Several of the tested plants showed antibacterial activities against bacteria associated with PD and DC, meriting further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Ocheng
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072 Kampala, Uganda; Unit of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, P.O. Box, 4064, SE-141 04, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Freddie Bwanga
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses Joloba
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ann-Karin Borg-Karlson
- Ecological Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Gustafsson
- Unit of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, P.O. Box, 4064, SE-141 04, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Celestino Obua
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
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Ramesh G, Nagarajappa R, Madhusudan AS, Sandesh N, Batra M, Sharma A, Patel SA. Estimation of salivary and tongue coating pH on chewing household herbal leaves: A randomized controlled trial. Anc Sci Life 2013; 32:69-75. [PMID: 24167330 PMCID: PMC3807960 DOI: 10.4103/0257-7941.118531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of the study was to evaluate saliva and tongue coating pH and also to assess the degree of tongue coating in healthy subjects before and after chewing herbal leaves (tulsi, mint, and curry leaf). Materials and Methods: A double-blind, randomized, concurrent, parallel-group study was conducted among 60 volunteer subjects, who were randomly assigned into three groups of 20 each (tulsi, mint, and curry leaf) and were asked to chew five to six fresh leaves of the respective plants twice daily for 7 days. Salivary and tongue coating pH were measured by a digital pH meter and color pH indicators. Data were analyzed statistically using repeated measure analysis of variance and Student's t-test. Results: Mean salivary pH values showed an increase immediately and 30 min after chewing the herbal leaves. A significant difference (P < 0.01) was observed between mint and curry leaf groups immediately after chewing and between tulsi and curry leaf groups (P < 0.05) 30 min after chewing the leaves. Tongue coating pH showed an increase toward alkalinity in all the groups. The assessment of tongue coating showed an increase in scores among tulsi and curry leaf groups, but this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Chewing traditional medicinal plant leaves can be considered as safe, effective, and economical alternate options for maintaining good oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Ramesh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Pacific Dental College and Hospital, Airport Road, Debari, Udaipur, India
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Nalubega R, David Kaba J, Olila D, Kateregga J. Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Eleven Plants Used as Poultry Ethnomedicines in Southern Uganda. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/aj.2011.303.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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