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Semis M, Gugiu GB, Bernstein EA, Bernstein KE, Kalkum M. The Plethora of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-Processed Peptides in Mouse Plasma. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6440-6453. [PMID: 31021607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I into the potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II, which regulates blood pressure. However, ACE activity is also essential for other physiological functions, presumably through processing of peptides unrelated to angiotensin. The goal of this study was to identify novel natural substrates and products of ACE through a series of mass-spectrometric experiments. This included comparing the ACE-treated and untreated plasma peptidomes of ACE-knockout (KO) mice, validation with select synthetic peptides, and a quantitative in vivo study of ACE substrates in mice with distinct genetic ACE backgrounds. In total, 244 natural peptides were identified ex vivo as possible substrates or products of ACE, demonstrating high promiscuity of the enzyme. ACE prefers to cleave substrates with Phe or Leu at the C-terminal P2' position and Gly in the P6 position. Pro in P1' and Iso in P1 are typical residues in peptides that ACE does not cleave. Several of the novel ACE substrates are known to have biological activities, including a fragment of complement C3, the spasmogenic C3f, which was processed by ACE ex vivo and in vitro. Analyses with N-domain-inactive (NKO) ACE allowed clarification of domain selectivity toward substrates. The in vivo ACE-substrate concentrations in WT, transgenic ACE-KO, NKO, and CKO mice correspond well with the in vitro observations in that higher levels of the ACE substrates were observed when the processing domain was knocked out. This study highlights the vast extent of ACE promiscuity and provides a valuable platform for further investigations of ACE functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Semis
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute , Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - Gabriel B Gugiu
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute , Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope , Duarte , California 91010 , United States.,Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics Core Facility , Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles , California 90048 , United States
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles , California 90048 , United States
| | - Markus Kalkum
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute , Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope , Duarte , California 91010 , United States.,Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics Core Facility , Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
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Ceotto Freitas-Lima L, Merlo E, Campos Zicker M, Navia-Pelaez JM, de Oliveira M, Dos Santos Aggum Capettini L, Nogueira CR, Versiani Matos Ferreira A, Sousa Santos SH, Bernardes Graceli J. Tributyltin impacts in metabolic syndrome development through disruption of angiotensin II receptor signaling pathways in white adipose tissue from adult female rats. Toxicol Lett 2018; 299:21-31. [PMID: 30172001 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction and obesity are a consequence of a low-grade inflammation state. These WAT irregularities could result from abnormal metabolic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) control. Recently, tributyltin (TBT) has been found to play a critical role in these metabolic irregularities. However, TBT actions on the WAT-RAS functions are not currently well understood. In this study, we assessed whether TBT exposure resulted in metabolic syndrome (MetS) development and other metabolic complications as a result of abnormal modulation of WAT-RAS pathways. TBT (100 ng/kg/day) was administered to adult female Wistar rats, and their WAT morphophysiology and adipokine profiles were assessed. We further assessed the expression of Angiotensin-II receptor proteins (AT1R and AT2R) and proteins involved in downstream pathways mediating inflammation and adipogenesis modulation. TBT-exposed rats exhibited increases in body weight and adiposity. TBT rats present dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, suggesting MetS development. TBT promoted WAT inflammatory infiltration, AT1R protein overexpression and reduced Angiotensin-(1-7) expression. These TBT WAT abnormalities are reflected by NFκB activation, with higher adipokine levels (leptin, TNF-α and IL-6) and overexpression of AKT, ERK, P38, FAS and PPARγ protein. In vitro, TBT exposure stimulates lipid accumulation, reduces AT2R protein expression, and increases leptin, AKT and ERK protein expression in 3T3L1 cells. These findings suggest that TBT exposure participates in MetS development via the improper function of WAT-RAS metabolic control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Merlo
- Department of Morphology, Healthy Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Marina Campos Zicker
- Department. of Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Miriane de Oliveira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu School of Medicine, University of São Paulo State, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Célia Regina Nogueira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu School of Medicine, University of São Paulo State, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Sérgio Henrique Sousa Santos
- Health Science Graduate Program, UNIMONTES, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil; Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Food Engineering College, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil
| | - Jones Bernardes Graceli
- Department of Morphology, Healthy Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil.
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