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Altyar AE, Afzal M, Ghaboura N, Alharbi KS, Alenezi SK, Sayyed N, Kazmi I. Barbaloin Protects Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Cognitive Deficits in Rodents via Modulation of Neurotransmitters and Inhibition of Oxidative-Free-Radicals-Led Inflammation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:699. [PMID: 38931365 PMCID: PMC11206990 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is defined by an excessive level of activity in the neurons and coordinated bursts of electrical activity, resulting in the occurrence of seizure episodes. The precise cause of epileptogenesis remains uncertain; nevertheless, the etiology of epilepsy may involve neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and malfunction of the neurotransmitter system. OBJECTIVE The goal of this investigation was to assess barbaloin's protective properties with respect to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-)-induced cognitive deficits in rats via antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neurotransmitter-modulating effects. METHODS Wistar rats were subjected to PTZ [40 mg/kg (i.p.)], which induced cognitive decline. Behavior assessment using a kindling score, open-field test (OFT), novel object recognition test (NORT), and assays for superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), caspase-3, nitric oxide (NO), interleukins-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), Bcl-2 and Bax, and neurotransmitter levels [GABA, DA, NE, and serotonin (5-HT)] were performed. RESULTS The treatment of rats with barbaloin resulted in behavior improvement and significant changes in the levels of GSH, SOD, CAT, MDA, AChE, NO, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, NF-κB, caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bax compared to the PTZ control group. Barbaloin treatment resulted in notable changes in neurotransmitter levels (GABA, NE, 5-HT, DA) compared to the PTZ group. CONCLUSIONS The ongoing study has gathered evidence indicating that the injection of barbaloin has resulted in significant improvements in cognitive performance in rats. This is achieved by inhibiting oxidative stress, enhancing the activity of natural antioxidant enzymes, reducing cytokine levels, and increasing the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain. These results were detected in comparison to a PTZ control and can be attributed to the potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities of barbaloin, which could be linked to its neuroprotective properties. Barbaloin may potentially increase cognitive decline and boost neuronal survival by altering the expression of Bax, caspase-3, Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Essam Altyar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeedah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeedah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehmat Ghaboura
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeedah 21442, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Khalid Saad Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Al Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia; (K.S.A.); (S.K.A.)
| | - Sattam Khulaif Alenezi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Al Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia; (K.S.A.); (S.K.A.)
| | - Nadeem Sayyed
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Mirzapur-Pole, Saharanpur 247121, India;
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
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Waris A, Ullah A, Asim M, Ullah R, Rajdoula MR, Bello ST, Alhumaydhi FA. Phytotherapeutic options for the treatment of epilepsy: pharmacology, targets, and mechanism of action. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1403232. [PMID: 38855752 PMCID: PMC11160429 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1403232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common, severe, chronic, potentially life-shortening neurological disorders, characterized by a persisting predisposition to generate seizures. It affects more than 60 million individuals globally, which is one of the major burdens in seizure-related mortality, comorbidities, disabilities, and cost. Different treatment options have been used for the management of epilepsy. More than 30 drugs have been approved by the US FDA against epilepsy. However, one-quarter of epileptic individuals still show resistance to the current medications. About 90% of individuals in low and middle-income countries do not have access to the current medication. In these countries, plant extracts have been used to treat various diseases, including epilepsy. These medicinal plants have high therapeutic value and contain valuable phytochemicals with diverse biomedical applications. Epilepsy is a multifactorial disease, and therefore, multitarget approaches such as plant extracts or extracted phytochemicals are needed, which can target multiple pathways. Numerous plant extracts and phytochemicals have been shown to treat epilepsy in various animal models by targeting various receptors, enzymes, and metabolic pathways. These extracts and phytochemicals could be used for the treatment of epilepsy in humans in the future; however, further research is needed to study the exact mechanism of action, toxicity, and dosage to reduce their side effects. In this narrative review, we comprehensively summarized the extracts of various plant species and purified phytochemicals isolated from plants, their targets and mechanism of action, and dosage used in various animal models against epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Waris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ata Ullah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Muhammad Asim
- Department of Neurosciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health (CRMH), Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rafi Ullah
- Department of Botany, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Charsadda, Pakistan
| | - Md. Rafe Rajdoula
- Department of Neurosciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stephen Temitayo Bello
- Department of Neurosciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health (CRMH), Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fahad A. Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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de Melo AD, Freire VAF, Diogo ÍL, Santos HDL, Barbosa LA, de Carvalho LED. Antioxidant Therapy Reduces Oxidative Stress, Restores Na,K-ATPase Function and Induces Neuroprotection in Rodent Models of Seizure and Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1397. [PMID: 37507936 PMCID: PMC10376594 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by epileptic seizures resulting from neuronal hyperexcitability, which may be related to failures in Na,K-ATPase activity and oxidative stress participation. We conducted this study to investigate the impact of antioxidant therapy on oxidative stress, Na,K-ATPase activity, seizure factors, and mortality in rodent seizure/epilepsy models induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), pilocarpine (PILO), and kainic acid (KA). After screening 561 records in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus databases, 22 were included in the systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines. The meta-analysis included 14 studies and showed that in epileptic animals there was an increase in the oxidizing agents nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), with a reduction in endogenous antioxidants reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SO). The Na,K-ATPase activity was reduced in all areas evaluated. Antioxidant therapy reversed all of these parameters altered by seizure or epilepsy induction. In addition, there was a percentage decrease in the number of seizures and mortality, and a meta-analysis showed a longer seizure latency in animals using antioxidant therapy. Thus, this study suggests that the use of antioxidants promotes neuroprotective effects and mitigates the effects of epilepsy. The protocol was registered in the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) CRD42022356960.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Dutra de Melo
- Departamento de Ciências e Linguagens, Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais, Bambui 38900-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Divinopolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Victor Antonio Ferreira Freire
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Divinopolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Leonardo Diogo
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Divinopolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Hérica de Lima Santos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Divinopolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leandro Augusto Barbosa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Divinopolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Mohammadi E, Nikbakht F, Barati M, Roghani M, Vazifekhah S, Khanizadeh AM, Heidari Z. Protective effect of N-acetyl cysteine on the mitochondrial dynamic imbalance in temporal lobe epilepsy: Possible role of mTOR. Neuropeptides 2022; 96:102294. [PMID: 36270032 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in epilepsy is critical for the development of more effective therapies. It is believed that mTOR (Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin kinases) activity and the mitochondrial dynamic balance change during epilepsy. mTOR affects mitochondrial fission by stimulating the translation of mitochondrial fission process 1 (MTFP1). In This study, the protective role of N-acetylcysteine was studied in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) through the regulation of mTOR and mitochondrial dynamic proteins. Rats received N-acetylcysteine (oral administration) seven days before induction of epilepsy, followed by one day after epilepsy. TLE was induced by microinjection of kainite into the left lateral ventricle. The total mTOR and Drp1 levels in the hippocampus were evaluated by western blotting. MFN1 was assessed using immunohistochemistry, and the expression of Fis.1 and MTFP1 (fission-related proteins) and OPA (fusion-related protein) were detected by real-time PCR. The mitochondrial membrane potential was measured by Rhodamin 123. The results showed that 72 h after induction of epilepsy, the mTOR protein level increased, and the balance of the mitochondrial dynamic was disturbed; however, oral administration of NAC decreased the mTOR protein level and improved the mitochondrial dynamic. These findings indicate that NAC plays a neuroprotective role in temporal lobe epilepsy, probably through decreasing the mTOR protein level, which can improve the imbalance in the mitochondrial dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekram Mohammadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Nikbakht
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Barati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Vazifekhah
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Khanizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Heidari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kandeda AK, Nguedia D, Djeuzong E, Kouamouo J, Dimo T. An aqueous macerate of Ziziphus jujuba reduces long-term spatial memory impairment in D-galactose treated rats: role of anti-inflammatory pathways. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2995-3009. [PMID: 35922734 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological treatments against Alzheimer disease provide only symptomatic relief and are associated with numerous side effects. Previous studies showed that a concoction of Ziziphus jujuba leaves possesses anti-amnesic effects in scopolamine-treated rats. More recently, an aqueous macerate of Z. jujuba leaves has been shown to reduce short-term memory impairment in D-galactose-treated rats. However, no study on the effect of an aqueous macerate of Z. jujuba on long-term memory impairment was performed. Therefore, this study evaluates the effect of an aqueous macerate of Z. jujuba on long-term spatial memory impairment in D-galactose-treated rats. Long-term spatial memory impairment was induced in rats by administering D-galactose (350 mg/kg/day, s.c.), once dailyfor 21 days. On the 22nd day, the integrity of this memory was assessed using the Morris water maze task. Rats that developed memory impairment were treated with tacrine (10 mg/kg, p.o.), or aspirin (20 mg/kg, p.o.), or extract (41.5, 83, and 166 mg/kg, p.o.), once daily, for 14 days. At the end of the treatment, memory impairment was once more assessed using the same paradigm. Animals were then euthanized, and some pro-inflammatory cytokine markers were analyzed in the hippocampus or blood. The extract at all doses significantly reduced the latency to attain the platforming of the water maze test. The extract (83 mg/kg) also increased the time spent in the target quadrant during the retention phase. The extract markedly reduced the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokine markers in the hippocampus and blood. Together, these results suggest that this aqueous extract Z. jujuba reduces long-term spatial memory impairment. This effect may be mediated in part by its anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Kavaye Kandeda
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, P.O. Box 812, Cameroon.
| | - Danide Nguedia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Mountains, Bangangté, P.O. Box 208, Cameroon
| | - Etienne Djeuzong
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Mountains, Bangangté, P.O. Box 208, Cameroon
| | - Jonas Kouamouo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Mountains, Bangangté, P.O. Box 208, Cameroon
| | - Théophile Dimo
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, P.O. Box 812, Cameroon
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Kandeda AK, Menvouta S, Mabou ST, Kouamouo J, Dimo T. Aqueous extract of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. (Fabaceae) exerts antiepileptogenic, anti-amnesic, and anxiolytic-like effects in mice via mechanisms involving antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:995881. [PMID: 36353486 PMCID: PMC9638135 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.995881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. (Fabaceae) is a widely distributed tree, used in traditional medicine to treat amebiasis, hookworm infection, ascariasis, asthma, sterility, dental pain, headaches, cardiac disorders, and epilepsy. To date, no study on the effect of an aqueous extract of P. biglobosa on epileptogenesis and associated neuropsychiatric disorders has been undertaken. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate antiepileptogenic-, antiamnesic-, and anxiolytic-like effects of an aqueous extract of P. biglobosa using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling in mice. Animals were divided into six groups of eight mice each. Thus, a PTZ group received distilled water (10 ml/kg, per os), a positive control group received sodium valproate (300 mg/kg, p.o.), and three test groups received the aqueous extract of P. biglobosa (80, 160, and 320 mg/kg, p.o.).In addition, a control group of eight mice receiving distilled water (10 ml/kg, p.o.) was formed. The treatments were administered to mice, 60 min before administration of PTZ (20 mg/kg, i.p.). These co-administrations were performed once daily, for 22 days. The number and duration of seizures (stages 1, 2, 3, and 4 of seizures) exhibited by each mouse were assessed for 30 min during the treatment period. Twenty-four hours following the last administration of the treatments and PTZ, novel object recognition and T-maze tests were performed to assess working memory impairment in mice, while the open field test was performed to assess anxiety-like behavior. After these tests, the animals were sacrificed, and the hippocampi were collected for biochemical and histological analysis. During the period of PTZ-kindling, the extract at all doses completely (p < 0.001) protected all mice against stages 3 and 4 of seizures when compared to sodium valproate, a standard antiepileptic drug. The extract also significantly (p < 0.001) attenuated working memory impairment and anxiety-like behavior. In post-mortem brain analyses, the extract significantly (p < 0.001) increased γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level and reduced oxidative stress and inflammation. Histological analysis showed that the aqueous extract attenuated neuronal degeneration/necrosis in the hippocampus. These results suggest that the extract is endowed with antiepileptogenic-, anti-amnesic-, and anxiolytic-like effects. These effects seem to be mediated in part by GABAergic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. These results suggest the merit of further studies to isolate the bioactive molecules responsible for these potentially therapeutically relevant effects of the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Kavaye Kandeda
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- *Correspondence: Antoine Kavaye Kandeda,
| | - Soline Menvouta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Mountains, Bangangté, Cameroon
| | | | - Jonas Kouamouo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Mountains, Bangangté, Cameroon
| | - Théophile Dimo
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Kandeda AK, Nodeina S, Mabou ST. An aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini protects against kainate-induced status epilepticus and amnesia: evidence for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory intervention. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2581-2602. [PMID: 35916986 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common drug-resistant epilepsy. To cure epilepsy, drugs must target the mechanisms at the origin of seizures. Thus, the present investigation aimed to evaluate the antiepileptic- and anti-amnesic-like effects of an aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini against kainate-induced status epilepticus in mice, and possible mechanisms of action. Mice were divided into 7 groups and treated as follows: normal group or kainate group received po distilled water (10 mL/kg), four test groups received Syzygium cumini (28.8, 72, 144, and 288 mg/kg, po), and the positive control group treated intraperitoneally (ip) with sodium valproate (300 mg/kg). An extra group of normal mice was treated with piracetam (200 mg/kg, po). Treatments were administered 60 min before the induction of status epilepticus with kainate (15 mg/kg, ip), and continued daily throughout behavioral testing. Twenty-four hours after the induction, T-maze and Morris water maze tasks were successively performed. The animals were then sacrificed and some markers of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation were estimated in the hippocampus. The extract significantly prevented status epilepticus and mortality. In the T-maze, the aqueous extract markedly increased the time spent and the number of entries in the discriminated arm. In the Morris water maze, the extract significantly increased the time spent in the target quadrant during the retention phase. Furthermore, the aqueous extract induced a significant reduction of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. These results suggest that the aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini has antiepileptic- and anti-amnesic-like effects, likely mediated in part by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Kavaye Kandeda
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Saleh Nodeina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Symphorien Talom Mabou
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Afzal M, Alzarea SI, Alharbi KS, Alzarea AI, Alenezi SK, Alshammari MS, Alquraini AH, Kazmi I. Rosiridin Attenuates Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairments in Rats via Inhibition of Oxidative and Nitrative Stress Leaded Caspase-3/9 and TNF-α Signaling Pathways. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27185888. [PMID: 36144623 PMCID: PMC9502378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM A monoterpene and bioactive component of the plant Rhodiola rosea (R. rosea), rosiridin has beneficial effects on the human central nervous system and enhances brain function. The goal of this scientific study was to determine if rosiridin might shield rats from neurocognitive problems induced by scopolamine. METHODS To track the potential toxicities in rats, the acute toxicity in rats was clarified. Rosiridin at a dose of 10 mg/kg was tested in rats for 14 days. At the conclusion of the investigation, behavioral parameters that were used to identify the rats' cognitive and motor abilities were evaluated. Several biochemical parameters were estimated using the prepared homogenate, including acetylcholine esterase (AChE), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), radical scavengers produced by the body (Catalase-CAT, superoxide dismutase-SOD, and reduced glutathione-GSH), indicators of oxidative and nitrative burnout, pro-inflammatory (Interleukins- IL-1β, IL-6, interferon gamma IFN-ꝩ, and tumor necrosis factor-TNF-α), and cell apoptosis caspases 3 and 9. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION A significant behavioral parameter restoration was seen in the rosiridin-treated group, including reduction in latency time during acquisition and retention trial in the Morris water maze test, and percentage of spontaneous alterations in the y-maze test, when compared to the disease control group that received scopolamine; rosiridin also altered the oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory markers, as well as restoring Ach and ChAT activities and normalizing GSH, SOD, MDA, TNF-α, nitrate, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-ꝩ, caspases 3 and 9 levels. The results imply that rosiridin limits the effect of scopolamine on rat cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (S.I.A.)
| | - Sami I. Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (S.I.A.)
| | - Khalid Saad Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz I. Alzarea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sattam Khulaif Alenezi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Salem Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali H. Alquraini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, Al Baha University, Al Baha 65779, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Samia P, Hassell J, Hudson J, Ahmed A, Shah J, Hammond C, Kija E, Auvin S, Wilmshurst J. Epilepsy research in Africa: A scoping review by the ILAE Pediatric Commission Research Advocacy Task Force. Epilepsia 2022; 63:2225-2241. [PMID: 35729725 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the high prevalence of epilepsy in Africa, evaluation of epilepsy research trends on the continent is lacking. Without establishing effective research, improvement in care for people with epilepsy cannot be effectively strategized or targeted. METHODS A scoping review of the peer-reviewed literature on epilepsy from Africa (1989-2019) was conducted. The aim was to understand from this what areas are well researched versus underresearched based on published epilepsy topics. RESULTS A total of 1227 publications were identified and assessed. A significant increase in publications occurred over the 30 years assessed. African author leadership was evident in most reports. Nine countries had >50 publications identified; the remaining 45 countries had <50 or no publications. Research studies were typically of lower quality (case series and observational studies). Research themes were more focused on clinical epilepsy (descriptive observational studies) and social aspects (qualitative surveys). However, there were a number of unique and strong themes, specifically for neurocysticercosis and nodding syndrome, where strong research collaborations were evident, basic science understandings were explored, and interventional models were established. SIGNIFICANCE Despite Africa being the continent with the most countries, it is lacking in the quantity, quality, and for some areas, relevance of research on epilepsy. Targeted approaches are needed to upskill the strength of research undertaken with more basic science, interventional, and randomized controlled studies. Themes of research need to promote those with unique African content but also to align with current international research areas that have impact on care delivery, such as epilepsy surgery and epilepsy genetics. For this to be possible, it is important to strengthen research hubs with collaborations that empower Africa to own its epilepsy research journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Samia
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Medical College, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya.,Brain and Mind institute, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jane Hassell
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.,Gertrude's Garden Children's Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jessica Hudson
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Azim Ahmed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jasmit Shah
- Brain and Mind institute, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Internal Medicine, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charles Hammond
- Department of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Edward Kija
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Stéphane Auvin
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Robert Debré Hospital, Neuro Diderot, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, University of Paris, Paris, France.,University Institute of France, Paris, France
| | - Jo Wilmshurst
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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An aqueous extract of Khaya senegalensis (Desv.) A. Juss. (Meliaceae) prevents seizures and reduces anxiety in kainate-treated rats: modulation of GABA neurotransmission, oxidative stress, and neuronal loss in the hippocampus. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09549. [PMID: 35663738 PMCID: PMC9160348 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common form of drug-resistant epilepsy. Therefore, medicinal plants provide an alternative source for the discovery of new antiepileptic drugs. Aim of the study This study was aimed at investigating the antiepileptic- and anxiolytic-like effects of an aqueous extract of Khaya senegalensis (K. senegalensis) in kainate-treated rats. Methods Seventy-two rats received a single dose of kainate (12 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Those that exhibited two hours of status epilepticus were selected and monitored for the first spontaneous seizure. Then, animals that developed seizures were divided into 6 groups of 8 rats each and treated twice daily for 14 days as follows: negative control group received per os (p.o.) distilled water (10 ml/kg); two positive control groups received either sodium valproate (300 mg/kg, p.o.) or phenobarbital (20 mg/kg, p.o.); and three test groups received different doses of the extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, p.o.). In addition, a group of 8 normal rats (normal control group) received distilled water (10 ml/kg, p.o.). During the treatment period, the animals were video-monitored 12 h/day for behavioral seizures. At the end of the treatment period, animals were subjected to elevated plus-maze and open field tests. Thereafter, rats were euthanized for the analysis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration, oxidative stress status, and neuronal loss in the hippocampus. Results The aqueous extract of K. senegalensis significantly reduced spontaneous recurrent seizures (generalized tonic-clonic seizures) and anxiety-like behavior compared to the negative control group. These effects were more marked than those of sodium valproate or phenobarbital. Furthermore, the extract significantly increased GABA concentration, alleviated oxidative stress, and mitigated neuronal loss in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Conclusion These findings suggest that the aqueous extract of K. senegalensis possesses antiepileptic- and anxiolytic-like effects. These effects were greater than those of sodium valproate or phenobarbital, standard antiepileptic drugs. Furthermore, these effects are accompanied by neuromodulatory and antioxidant activities that may be related to their behavioral effects. These data justify further studies to identify the bioactive molecules present in the extract for possible future therapeutic development and to unravel their mechanisms of action.
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An aqueous extract of Lantana camara attenuates seizures, memory impairment, and anxiety in kainate-treated mice: Evidence of GABA level, oxidative stress, immune and neuronal loss modulation. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 129:108611. [PMID: 35193072 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures. Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) is a plant used in Cameroonian traditional medicine to treat dementia, epilepsy, and sleeping disorders. Hence, this study aimed to assess the antiepileptic-like effects of an aqueous extract of L. camara leaves on seizures induced by kainate in mice, and possible mechanisms of action. METHODS Mice were divided into two groups: a normal control group treated with 0.9% saline (10 ml/kg, i.p.), and a kainate group treated with kainate (10 mg/kg, i.p.). All mice that developed status epilepticus were individually observed for spontaneous seizures. Eighteen days after the induction of status epilepticus, mice that exhibited spontaneous seizures were further divided into 6 groups of 7 mice each and treated as follows: a kainate group treated with 0.9% saline (10 ml/kg, p.o.), two positive control groups either treated with sodium valproate (300 mg/kg, p.o.) or with piracetam (200 mg/kg, p.o.), and three test groups received the extract (230, 460, and 917 mg/kg, p.o.). The control group was treated with 0.9% saline (10 ml/kg, p.o.). These treatments lasted 14 days and the animals were observed 6 h per day for behavioral seizures. Subsequently, the animals were evaluated for anxiety disorders and memory impairment. Animals were then sacrificed and the hippocampus or prefrontal cortex was collected for histological and biochemical analyses. Furthermore, the dilacerates of the hippocampi were stored for white blood cell count. RESULTS The aqueous extract of L. camara (460 mg/kg) remarkably decreased (p < 0.001) the number and duration of seizures compared to sodium valproate. Also, it significantly increased the level of GABA both in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex and protected these organs from oxidative stress. Furthermore, the extract (230 mg/kg) induced the highest reduction in the number of white blood cells in the hippocampus. Finally, the extract (917 mg/kg) significantly attenuated neuronal loss in the CA1, CA2, and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. All these compared to the negative control. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the aqueous extract of L. camara has an antiepileptic-like effect comparable to that of sodium valproate. This, therefore, warrants further investigation into the effect of bioactive molecules present in the extract using in vitro and in vivo models of epilepsy.
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Kavaye Kandeda A, Okomolo Moto FC, Mbomo Ayissi RE, Omam Omam JP, Ojong L, Ngo Bum E. Pergularia daemia hydro-ethanolic extract protects against pentylenetetrazole kindling-induced seizures, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:114338. [PMID: 34144196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Current antiepileptic drugs fail to control approximately 30% of epilepsies. Therefore, there is a need to develop more effective antiepileptic drugs, and medicinal plants provide an attractive source for new compounds. Pergularia daemia (Asclepiadaceae) is used in Cameroon traditional medicine to treat stroke, anemia, inflammation, and epilepsy. Recently, traditional healers claim that an hydro-ethanolic extract of the roots of P. daemia is more effective than an aqueous extract on refractory seizures. AIM OF THE STUDY The antiepileptic effect of P. daemia hydro-ethanolic extract was investigated on the pentylenetetrazole kindling model of temporal lobe epilepsy in mice and possible mechanisms of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were divided into 8 groups treated as follows: normal group received distilled water (10 ml/kg, p.o.), control group received distilled water (10 ml/kg, p.o.), ethanol group received ethanol (5%, p.o.), positive control received sodium valproate (300 mg/kg, p.o.), and test groups received P. daemia hydro-ethanolic (HE) extract (1.6, 4, 8 and 16 mg/kg, p.o.). All groups were kindled by 11 injections of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (35 mg/kg, i.p.), once every alternate day (48 ± 2 h), until the development of kindling, i.e., the occurrence of stage 5 seizures for two consecutive trials. One week later, i.e., 29th day, mice were challenged with a single and lower dose of PTZ (25 mg/kg, i.p.) that does not induce seizures in normal mice but causes seizures in mice prone to seizures and behavioral alterations. After completion of the kindling procedure, Morris water maze, passive avoidance, and open field tests were performed. Afterward, animals were euthanized, and hippocampi were removed for the estimation of the levels of GABA-transaminase (GABA-T), L-glutamate decarboxylase (L-GAD), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation markers also were quantified. Finally, histological analysis of the hippocampus was carried out. RESULTS PTZ-kindling induced myoclonic jerks and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in control mice. However, the HE extract of P. daemia (4-16 mg/kg), compared to sodium valproate, significantly protected mice against myoclonic jerks and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Also, the HE extract (1.6-16 mg/kg) significantly increased the seizure score. Furthermore, the HE extract of P. daemia significantly reduced seizure-induced cognitive impairments. PTZ-kindling induced significant alterations in GABA, GABA-T, and L-GAD contents as well as oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, and the HE extract significantly reversed these effects, suggesting possible mechanisms. All these activities of the HE extract were confirmed by its protective effect against neuronal loss in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS The HE extract of P. daemia protected mice against kindled seizures and cognitive impairments, and these effects were greater than those of sodium valproate, a widely used antiepileptic drug. These effects may be mediated by neuromodulatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, thus suggesting a neuroprotective effect. These findings help to explain the beneficial use of these HE extracts of P.daemia in traditional medicine to treat epilepsy in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Kavaye Kandeda
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Fleur Clarisse Okomolo Moto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Rigobert Espoir Mbomo Ayissi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Jean Pierre Omam Omam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Lucie Ojong
- Center of Medical Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, P.O. Box 6163, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Elisabeth Ngo Bum
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 52, Maroua, Cameroon.
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Antiamnesic and Neuroprotective Effects of an Aqueous Extract of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (Rhamnaceae) on Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairments in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5577163. [PMID: 34422074 PMCID: PMC8373493 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5577163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease is a neurological condition that affects about 44 million people worldwide. The available treatments target symptoms rather than the underlying causes. Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae) is widely used in traditional Cameroonian medicine to treat diabetes, pain, infections, and dementia. Previous studies reported that Z. jujuba aqueous macerate improves working memory impairment, but no study on the antiamnesic effect of a concoction of Z. jujuba in rats has been performed. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the antiamnesic and neuroprotective effects of an aqueous extract of Z. jujuba on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in rats. Methods Learning and memory impairments were induced in rats by administering scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) to 58 rats for 15 days. Rats that developed learning and memory impairments in Morris water maze and Y-maze paradigms were divided into 7 groups (8 rats each) and treated daily for 15 days as follows: the normal control group received distilled water (10 ml/kg, p.o.), the negative control group received distilled water (10 ml/kg, p.o.), positive control groups either received donepezil (1.2 mg/kg, p.o.) or tacrine (10 mg/kg, p.o.), and the three test groups were given the extract (29, 57, and 114 mg/kg, p.o.). At the end of treatments, learning and memory impairments were determined using the same paradigms. Animals were then euthanized, and biochemical parameters of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis were analyzed in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Results On the 4th day of the acquisition phase in the Morris water maze, Z. jujuba (29 and 114 mg/kg) reduced (p < 0.001) the latency to reach the platform, while in the retention phase, Z. jujuba (57 and 114 mg/kg) decreased (p < 0.001) the time to reach the platform and increased the time in the target quadrant (p < 0.05) compared to control. Surprisingly, the extract failed to affect spontaneous alternations in the Y-maze. Furthermore, the extract (29, 57, and 114 mg/kg) reversed (p < 0.001) scopolamine-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. This was supported by the reduction of neuronal alterations in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Conclusions Compared to donepezil, a standard drug against Alzheimer's disease, these findings suggest that Z. jujuba extract possesses antiamnesic and neuroprotective effects, and these effects are mediated in part through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. These findings help to explain its use in treating psychiatric disorders in Cameroon's folk medicine.
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Kandeda AK, Taiwe GS, Ayissi REM, Moutchida C. An aqueous extract of Canarium schweinfurthii attenuates seizures and potentiates sleep in mice: Evidence for involvement of GABA Pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:111973. [PMID: 34343898 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
About 30% of epileptic patients continue to have seizures. The present study investigates the anticonvulsant and sedative effects of an aqueous extract of C. schweinfurthii in mice. Anticonvulsant effects of C. schweinfurthii aqueous extract (0.01-300 mg/kg, p.o.) were tested against 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 15 mg/kg, i.p.) -, pilocarpine (PILO, 380 mg/kg, i.p.) - and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 75 mg/kg, i.p.) -induced seizures, while sedative effects were tested on diazepam (35 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced sleep. Afterward, the most effective dose of the extract (11.9 mg/kg) was antagonized with N-methyl-β-carboline-3-carboxamide or flumazenil. In another set of experiments, mice were sacrificed for the estimation of GABA content and GABA-T activity in the cerebral cortex. The dose of the extract that protected 50% of mice (ED50) against 4-AP, PILO, and PTZ was respectively 4.43 mg/kg (versus 12.01 for phenobarbital), 9.59 mg/kg (vs 8.67 for diazepam), and 2.12 mg/kg (vs 0.20 for clonazepam). Further, the ED50 of the extract that increased the duration of sleep was 0.24 mg/kg (vs 0.84 for phenobarbital). N-methyl-β-carboline-3-carboxamide or flumazenil antagonized (p < 0.001) the anticonvulsant effect of C. schweinfurthii in PTZ-induced seizures and diazepam-induced sleep when compared to the negative control group. The extract at all doses increased (p < 0.001) the GABA content and decreased (p < 0.001) GABA-T activity. These findings suggest that C. schweinfurthii possesses anticonvulsant and sedative effects. These effects seem to be mediated via the modulation of the GABA neurotransmission. These data explain the use of this plant to treat epilepsy in Cameroon traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Kavaye Kandeda
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Germain Sotoing Taiwe
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Rigobert Espoir Mbomo Ayissi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Clémentine Moutchida
- Department of Psychology, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 755, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae) Alleviates Working Memory Impairment and Restores Neurochemical Alterations in the Prefrontal Cortex of D-Galactose-Treated Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6610864. [PMID: 34194520 PMCID: PMC8184324 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6610864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive cognitive dysfunction. However, pharmacological treatments are symptomatic and have many side effects, opening the opportunity to alternative medicine. This study investigated the antiamnesic effect of the aqueous extract of Ziziphus jujuba on D-galactose-induced working memory impairment in rats. Impairment of working memory was induced by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of D-galactose (350 mg/kg/day) to rats for 21 days. These animals were then subjected to object recognition and Y-maze tests. Rats with confirmed memory impairment were treated per os (p.o.) with tacrine (10 mg/kg), aspirin (20 mg/kg, p.o.), extract (41.5, 83, and 166 mg/kg, p.o.), and distilled water (10 mL/kg, p.o.) daily for 14 days. At the end of the treatments, alteration in working memory was assessed using the above paradigms. Afterward, these animals were euthanized, and cholinergic, proinflammatory, and neuronal damage markers were analyzed in the prefrontal cortex. Rats administered D-galactose and treated with distilled water had impaired working memory (evidenced by decreased time spent on the novel object and discrimination index) and decreased spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze. D-galactose also decreased the levels of acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine and increased the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Treatment with the extract (166 mg/kg) reversed the time spent on the novel object and the discrimination index. It equally increased the percentage of spontaneous alternation. Neurochemical analysis revealed that the extract markedly alleviated acetylcholinesterase activity and neuroinflammation. These observations were corroborated by the reduction in neuronal loss. Taken together, these results suggest that Ziziphus jujuba aqueous extract possesses an antiamnesic effect. This effect seems to involve cholinergic and anti-inflammatory modulations. This, therefore, claims using this plant in the treatment of dementia in Cameroon subject to further studies and trials.
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Zingerone Targets Status Epilepticus by Blocking Hippocampal Neurodegeneration via Regulation of Redox Imbalance, Inflammation and Apoptosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020146. [PMID: 33670383 PMCID: PMC7918711 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is an intricate neurological disease where the neurons are severely affected, leading to the mortality of millions worldwide. Status epilepticus (SE), induced by lithium chloride (LiCl) and pilocarpine, is the most accepted model for epilepsy. The current work aims to unravel the mechanisms underlying the anti-epileptic efficacy of zingerone (an active ingredient of ginger), which has beneficial pharmacological activities on seizure-induced behavioral, histological, neurochemical, and molecular patterns in mice. Zingerone restored cognitive function by diminishing seizure activity, escape latency, and subsequent hippocampal damage manifested in histology. Seizures are associated with local inflammation, redox imbalance, and neural loss, confirmed by the present study of SE, and was attenuated by zingerone treatment. Nuclear factor-kappa B and its downstream signaling molecules (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NO, MPO) were activated in the LiCl-and-pilocarpine-induced group leading to inflammatory signaling, which was substantially ameliorated by zingerone treatment. The intrinsic apoptotic process was triggered subsequent to SE, as demonstrated by augmentation of cleaved caspase-3, downregulation of Bcl-2. However, zingerone treatment downregulated caspase-3 and upregulated Bcl-2, increasing cell survival and decreasing hippocampal neural death, deciphering involvement of apoptosis in SE. Therefore, zingerone plays an essential role in neuroprotection, probably by precluding oxidative stress, inflammation, and obstructing the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis.
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Kavaye Kandeda A, Okomolo Moto FC, Omam Omam JP, Mbomo Ayissi RE, Ojong L, Ngo Bum E. Pergularia daemia alters epileptogenesis and attenuates cognitive impairment in kainate-treated mice: Insight into anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 115:107707. [PMID: 33429138 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 60% of temporal lobe epilepsies are drug resistant. Thus, medicinal plants are sources of new antiepileptic drugs. Pergularia daemia is used in Cameroon to treat pain, fever, arthritis, infections, and temporal lobe epilepsy. However, there are no scientific reports on the anti-inflammatory activity of P. daemia during epileptogenesis. OBJECTIVE This study aimed at determining the involvement of the anti-inflammatory activity of P. daemia during epileptogenesis in kainate-treated mice. METHODS Status epilepticus was induced in mice with kainate (15 mg/kg; i.p.). Those developing status epilepticus for 2 h were divided and treated once daily, for two weeks, with distilled water (10 ml/kg; p.o.), P. daemia extract (4.9, 12.3, 24.5, and 49 mg/kg; p.o.), and sodium valproate (300 mg/kg; i.p.) or aspirin (20 mg/kg; i.p.). One hour following the last treatment, the susceptibility of mice to seizures was assessed during epileptogenesis with pentylenetetrazole (40 mg/kg; i.p.). Then, mice were subjected to morris water maze, object recognition, and open-field tests. After completion of behavioral analysis, hippocampi and blood were collected for pro-inflammatory markers or histological analysis. RESULTS The extract of P. daemia at all doses significantly reduced the latency and duration of seizures and increased seizure score. P. daemia (24.5 and 49 mg/kg) also prevented SE-induced cognitive impairment. Furthermore, the extract (24.5 and 49 mg/kg) markedly decreased tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukins-1β, and -6 levels in hippocampi or serum. Histological analysis revealed that P. daemia attenuated neuronal loss in CA1 and CA3 areas of the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that anti-inflammatory mechanisms are involved in the antiepileptogenic effect of P. daemia extract. This justifies therefore its use to treat epilepsy and inflammation in Cameroon traditional folk medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Kavaye Kandeda
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Fleur Clarisse Okomolo Moto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Higher Teachers Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Jean Pierre Omam Omam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Higher Teachers Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Rigobert Espoir Mbomo Ayissi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Higher Teachers Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Lucie Ojong
- Center of Medical Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, P.O. Box 6163, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Elisabeth Ngo Bum
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 52, Maroua, Cameroon.
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Tsegay E, Balasubramanian R, Tuem K, Gebre A. Beneficial effect of moringa stenopetala (bak.f) cuf. on lithium–pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy in experimental animals. Pharmacogn Mag 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_276_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Upadhyay P, Shukla R, Tiwari KN, Dubey GP, Mishra SK. Neuroprotective effect of Reinwardtia indica against scopolamine induced memory-impairment in rat by attenuating oxidative stress. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:709-725. [PMID: 32026225 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reinwardtia indica belongs to Linaceae family and used as a folk medicine in Asian countries. Traditionally, it has been used in the treatment of paralysis and anti-microbial in wound healing, etc. The current study was undertaken in order to investigate the antioxidant and memory protective effect of the alcoholic (99.90%) (AERI) and hydro-alcoholic (70:30) leaves extract (HAERI) of Reinwardtia indica, against scopolamine-induced memory impairment in animals and also tried to determine the possible mechanism of action. In addition, phytochemical profiling of alcoholic leaves extract was also conducted through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Rats were pretreated with AERI, HAERI (dose 250 and 500 mg/kg) and Donepezil (standard drug) along with scopolamine (1 mg/kg) for a period of 14 days followed by different test like elevated plus maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze to assess learning and memory ability. Acetylcholine levels, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT & GSH), histopathology of the brain and biochemical test were also performed at the end of the treatment period. The scopolamine treatment resulted in learning and memory deficits which were partially and significantly ameliorated by the AERI at higher dose among other doses of extracts. The AERI at higher dose also counteracted the scopolamine-induced decrease in acetylcholine levels, increase in AChE activity, and decrease in antioxidant enzymes activities. No significant changes observed in the biochemical estimation of all dose of extracts. Histology of brain tissue showed the marked cellular changes in only scopolamine treated group while the standard, AERI and HAERI treated group were showing less damage at hippocampus region of the brain. The phytochemicals found after chemical profiling through GC-MS also supported the activity because of the presence of chemicals already reported for the neuroprotective, memory-enhancing and antioxidant activity, etc. The results demonstrated that the ability of the AERI at higher dose among all doses of extracts has more potential to revert the scopolamine-induced learning and memory deficits in rats by attenuating the decreased level of acetylcholine and antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Upadhyay
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rashmi Shukla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Kavindra Nath Tiwari
- Department of Botany, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - G P Dubey
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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Moto FCO, Arsa’a A, Ngoupaye GT, Taiwe GS, Njapdounke JSK, Kandeda AK, Nkantchoua GCN, Omam Omam JP, Pale S, Kouemou NE, Ayissi Mbomo ER, Pahaye DB, Ojong L, Mairara V, Ngo Bum E. Anxiolytic and Antiepileptic Properties of the Aqueous Extract of Cissus quadrangularis (Vitaceae) in Mice Pilocarpine Model of Epilepsy. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:751. [PMID: 30065650 PMCID: PMC6056655 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cissus quadrangularis (C. quadrangularis) is a plant of the Vitaceae family known for its anticonvulsant effects in traditional medicine. The objective of this study was to elucidate the anxiolytic and antiepileptic effects of aqueous extract of C. quadrangularis. The mice were divided into different groups and treated for seven consecutive days as follows: a negative control group that received distilled water, po, four test groups that received four doses of the plant (37.22, 93.05, 186.11, and 372.21 mg/kg, po), and a positive control group that received sodium valproate (300 mg/kg, ip). One hour after the first treatment (first day), epilepsy was induced by intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of pilocarpine (360 mg/kg). On the seventh day, the anxiolytic effects of the extract were evaluated in the epileptic mice using the elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field (OP) paradigms. Antioxidant activities and the involvement of gabaergic neurotransmission were determined by measuring the levels of malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione (GSH), GABA, and GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) in the hippocampus of sacrificed epileptic mice. The results show that the extract of C. quadrangularis significantly and dose-dependently increased the latency to clonic and generalized tonic-clonic seizures and decreased the number and duration of seizures. In the EPM, the extract of C. quadrangularis significantly increased the number of entries and the time spent into the open arms and reduced the number of entries and the time spent into the closed arms as well as the number of rearing. The extract of C. quadrangularis also increased the number of crossing, and the time spent in the center of the OP. The level of MDA and the activity of GABA-T were significantly decreased by the extract of C. quadrangularis while reduced GSH and GABA levels were increased. The results suggest that the anticonvulsant activities of C. quadrangularis are accompanied by its anxiolytics effects. These effects may be supported by its antioxidant properties and mediated at least in part by the GABA neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur C. O. Moto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Aren Arsa’a
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Gwladys T. Ngoupaye
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Germain S. Taiwe
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | - Antoine K. Kandeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Gisele C. N. Nkantchoua
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Jean P. Omam Omam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Simon Pale
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Nadege E. Kouemou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Espoir R. Ayissi Mbomo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - David B. Pahaye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Lucie Ojong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
- Center of Medical Research, Institute of Medical Research and Studies on Medicinal Plants, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Veronique Mairara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Elisabeth Ngo Bum
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, Faculty of Mines and Petroleum Industries, University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon
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