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Li XM, Li HD, Shao YY, Ji JZ, Tang K, Zheng ZD, Wu Y, Ding PJ, Wang J, Jiang LP, Tai T, Mi QY, Fu M, Xie HG. The metabolic activation of and platelet response to vicagrel vary with P-glycoprotein deficiency, rather than P-glycoprotein inhibition, in mice. Xenobiotica 2024:1-11. [PMID: 39126503 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2024.2390972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine changes in the hydrolysis of vicagrel, a substrate drug of arylacetamide deacetylase (Aadac) and carboxylesterase 2 (Ces2), in P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-deficient or P-gp-inhibited mice and to elucidate the mechanisms involved.Male wild-type (WT) and P-gp knock-out (KO) mice were used to investigate the systemic exposure of vicagrel thiol active metabolite H4 and platelet response to vicagrel, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of intestinal Aadac and Ces2. Moreover, WT mice were administered vicagrel alone or in combination with elacridar (a potent P-gp inhibitor) to determine drug-drug interactions.Compared with WT mice, P-gp KO mice exhibited significant increases in the systemic exposure of H4, the protein expression levels of intestinal Aadac and Ces2, and inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by vicagrel. Further, the H4 exposure was positively correlated with intestinal Aadac protein expression levels but did not vary with short-term inhibition of P-gp efflux activity by elacridar.P-gp-deficient mice, rather than elacridar-treated mice, exhibited significant upregulation of intestinal Aadac and Ces2 and thus, enhanced metabolic activation of and platelet response to vicagrel, suggesting that the metabolic activation of vicagrel may vary with P-gp deficiency, not P-gp inhibition, in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Mei Li
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao-Dong Li
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Shao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Zi Ji
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Tang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhao-Dong Zheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei-Jie Ding
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Ping Jiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Tai
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiong-Yu Mi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Fu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College Women's and Children's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xie
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University School of Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
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Nagaoka M, Sakai Y, Nakajima M, Fukami T. Role of carboxylesterase and arylacetamide deacetylase in drug metabolism, physiology, and pathology. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116128. [PMID: 38492781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases (CES1 and CES2) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC), which are expressed primarily in the liver and/or gastrointestinal tract, hydrolyze drugs containing ester and amide bonds in their chemical structure. These enzymes often catalyze the conversion of prodrugs, including the COVID-19 drugs remdesivir and molnupiravir, to their pharmacologically active forms. Information on the substrate specificity and inhibitory properties of these enzymes, which would be useful for drug development and toxicity avoidance, has accumulated. Recently,in vitroandin vivostudies have shown that these enzymes are involved not only in drug hydrolysis but also in lipid metabolism. CES1 and CES2 are capable of hydrolyzing triacylglycerol, and the deletion of their orthologous genes in mice has been associated with impaired lipid metabolism and hepatic steatosis. Adeno-associated virus-mediated human CES overexpression decreases hepatic triacylglycerol levels and increases fatty acid oxidation in mice. It has also been shown that overexpression of CES enzymes or AADAC in cultured cells suppresses the intracellular accumulation of triacylglycerol. Recent reports indicate that AADAC can be up- or downregulated in tumors of various organs, and its varied expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with cancer. Thus, CES and AADAC not only determine drug efficacy and toxicity but are also involved in pathophysiology. This review summarizes recent findings on the roles of CES and AADAC in drug metabolism, physiology, and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Nagaoka
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Zhu T, Wu Y, Li XM, Jia YM, Zhou H, Jiang LP, Tai T, Mi QY, Ji JZ, Xie HG. Vicagrel is hydrolyzed by Raf kinase inhibitor protein in human intestine. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2022; 43:247-254. [PMID: 36519186 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As an analog of clopidogrel and prasugrel, vicagrel is completely hydrolyzed to intermediate thiolactone metabolite 2-oxo-clopidogrel (also the precursor of active thiol metabolite H4) in human intestine, predominantly by AADAC and CES2; however, other unknown vicagrel hydrolases remain to be identified. In this study, recombinant human Raf kinase inhibitor protein (rhRKIP) and pooled human intestinal S9 (HIS9) fractions and microsome (HIM) preparations were used as the different enzyme sources; prasugrel as a probe drug for RKIP (a positive control), vicagrel as a substrate drug of interest, and the rate of the formation of thiolactone metabolites 2-oxo-clopidogrel and R95913 as metrics of hydrolase activity examined, respectively. In addition, an IC50 value of inhibition of rhRKIP-catalyzed vicagrel hydrolysis by locostatin was measured, and five classical esterase inhibitors with distinct esterase selectivity were used to dissect the involvement of multiple hydrolases in vicagrel hydrolysis. The results showed that rhRKIP hydrolyzed vicagrel in vitro, with the values of Km , Vmax , and CLint measured as 20.04 ± 1.99 μM, 434.60 ± 12.46 nM/min/mg protein, and 21.69 ± 0.28 ml/min/mg protein, respectively, and that an IC50 value of locostatin was estimated as 1.24 ± 0.04 mM for rhRKIP. In addition to locostatin, eserine and vinblastine strongly suppressed vicagrel hydrolysis in HIM. It is concluded that RKIP can catalyze the hydrolysis of vicagrel in the human intestine, and that vicagrel can be hydrolyzed by multiple hydrolases, such as RKIP, AADAC, and CES2, concomitantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhu
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wu
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue-Mei Li
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Meng Jia
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Ping Jiang
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Tai
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiong-Yu Mi
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Zi Ji
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xie
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University School of Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
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Wang H, Wang D, Gu T, Zhu M, Cheng L, Dai W. AADAC promotes therapeutic activity of cisplatin and imatinib against ovarian cancer cells. Histol Histopathol 2022; 37:899-907. [PMID: 35451495 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore how AADAC functions in the malignant progression of ovarian cancer, and the effect of AADAC on drug therapeutic activity against ovarian cancer cells. METHODS AADAC level in tumor and normal samples from TCGA-OV dataset and its survival significance were analyzed by bioinformatics methods. Signaling pathway enrichment analysis for the high- and low-AADAC patients was achieved by using GSEA software. AADAC expression in the cell lines with different treatments was evaluated via qRT-PCR. Cell proliferative ability was assessed via MTT assay Cell migratory and invasive abilities were evaluated via transwell assay. Angiogenesis assay was performed to examine the angiogenetic ability. RESULTS AADAC was upregulated in ovarian cancer tissues, and patients with high expression of AADAC had favorable survival conditions compared to the low AADAC expression ones. Overexpression of AADAC inhibited the malignant progression of ovarian cancer cells. Both cisplatin and imatinib suppressed cancer cell malignant progression, while overexpressed AADAC synergistically enhanced such inhibition. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated that AADAC could somehow suppress the malignant progression of ovarian cancer, especially at the cellular level. In addition, synergic tumor-inhibitory effects between AADAC and the anti-cancer drugs were identified. All the above results proposed a novel idea and candidate biomarker for ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Wang
- Gynecology Department, Zibo Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zibo, Shangdong, China
| | - Disong Wang
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Translation, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Gu
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Translation, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjiao Zhu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Translation, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Cheng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Translation, Shanghai, China
| | - Wentao Dai
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Translation, Shanghai, China
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Zhang L, Sun H, Liu Y, Lai X, Gong Y, Liu X, Li YG, He Y, Zhang EY, Yan X. Semi-mechanistic Population Pharmacokinetics Analysis Reveals Distinct CYP2C19 Dependency in the Bioactivation of Vicagrel and Clopidogrel to Active Metabolite M15-2. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 177:106264. [PMID: 35868434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Hongbin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Center of Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Xiaojuan Lai
- Jiangsu Vcare PharmaTech Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Yanchun Gong
- Jiangsu Vcare PharmaTech Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Xuefang Liu
- Jiangsu Vcare PharmaTech Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Guo Li
- Guangzhou Jiayue Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang He
- EXDA, LLC, ROCKVILLE, MD, USA
| | | | - Xiaoyu Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR.
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Signature of arylacetamide deacetylase expression is associated with prognosis and immune infiltration in ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol Sci 2021; 65:52-63. [PMID: 34902961 PMCID: PMC8784941 DOI: 10.5468/ogs.21237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The role of the protein-coding gene arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) in the prognostication of ovarian cancer remains uncertain. We aimed to identify and validate its prognostic value using integrated bioinformatics analyses. Methods Gene expression profiles of RNA-sequencing and microarray data were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used to evaluate the prognostic value of gene expression. The predictive accuracy of the gene signature model was evaluated using a time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. In addition, the correlation between immune infiltration and AADAC was identified. A nomogram of the gene signature with clinical parameters was constructed to estimate the clinical application of the signature for survival prediction in patients with ovarian cancer. Results Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses in the training and validation cohorts indicated that a high AADAC expression signature was significantly and independently correlated with better survival outcomes in ovarian cancer. AADAC upregulation positively correlated with the infiltration of CD4+ memory T cells. Immunological signature gene sets were significantly enriched in CD4+ T cell regulation pathways. The area under the curve of the time-dependent ROC for overall survival indicated that the constructed nomogram had a moderate predictive ability for prognostic prediction in ovarian cancer. Conclusion AADAC expression signature significantly and independently correlated with the survival outcome and CD4+ memory T cell infiltration in ovarian cancer, indicating its potential applicability in the prediction of prognosis and immunotherapy efficacy.
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Inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases by vicagrel in human liver microsomes: A prediction of potential drug-drug interactions. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 352:109775. [PMID: 34910929 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vicagrel, an antiplatelet drug candidate targeting platelet P2Y12 receptor and has finished its phase II clinical trial. The inhibition of six major cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450) (CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4) and six UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) (UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, UGT1A6, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7) by vicagrel was evaluated using pooled human liver microsomes and specific probe substrates. Physiology-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) simulation was further applied to predict the in vivo drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential between vicagrel and bupropion as well as S-mephenytoin. The results suggested that vicagrel inhibited CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 potently with apparent IC50 values of 1.6 and 2.0 μM, respectively. In terms of mode of reversible inhibition, vicagrel exhibited mixed-type inhibition of CYP2B6-catalyzed bupropion hydroxylation and noncompetitive inhibition of CYP2C19-mediated S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation with Ki values of 0.19 μM and 1.2 μM, respectively. Vicagrel displayed profound time-dependent inhibition towards CYP2B6 with maximal rate constant of inactivation (kinact) and half-maximal inactivator concentration (KI) values of 0.062 min-1 and 1.52 μM, respectively. No time-dependent inhibition by vicagrel was noted for CYP2C19. For UGT, negligible to moderate inhibition by vicagrel was observed with IC50 values of >50.0, >50.0, 28.2, 8.7, >50.0 and 28.2 μM for UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, UGT1A6, UGT1A9 and UGT2B7, respectively. In terms of mode of reversible inhibition, vicagrel exhibited mixed-type inhibition of UGT1A6-catalyzed N-Acetylserotonin β-D-glucuronidation with a Ki value of 5.6 μM. No time-dependent inhibition by vicagrel was noted for UGT1A6. PBPK simulation indicated that neither altered AUC nor Cmax of bupropion and S-mephenytoin was observed in the presence of vicagrel. Our study provides inhibitory constants for future DDI prediction between vicagrel and drug substrates of CYP2B6, CYP2C19 and UGT1A6. In addition, our simulation suggests the lack of clinically important DDI between vicagrel and bupropion or S-mephenytoin.
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Pharmacokinetics, mass balance, and metabolism of [ 14C]vicagrel, a novel irreversible P2Y 12 inhibitor in humans. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1535-1546. [PMID: 33244163 PMCID: PMC8379165 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vicagrel, a novel irreversible P2Y12 receptor inhibitor, is undergoing phase III trials for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes in China. In this study, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics, mass balance, and metabolism of vicagrel in six healthy male Chinese subjects after a single oral dose of 20 mg [14C]vicagrel (120 µCi). Vicagrel absorption was fast (Tmax = 0.625 h), and the mean t1/2 of vicagrel-related components was ~38.0 h in both plasma and blood. The blood-to-plasma radioactivity AUCinf ratio was 0.55, suggesting preferential distribution of drug-related material in plasma. At 168 h after oral administration, the mean cumulative excreted radioactivity was 96.71% of the dose, including 68.03% in urine and 28.67% in feces. A total of 22 metabolites were identified, and the parent vicagrel was not detected in plasma, urine, or feces. The most important metabolic spot of vicagrel was on the thiophene ring. In plasma pretreated with the derivatization reagent, M9-2, which is a methylated metabolite after thiophene ring opening, was the predominant drug-related component, accounting for 39.43% of the radioactivity in pooled AUC0-8 h plasma. M4, a mono-oxidation metabolite upon ring-opening, was the most abundant metabolite in urine, accounting for 16.25% of the dose, followed by M3-1, accounting for 12.59% of the dose. By comparison, M21 was the major metabolite in feces, accounting for 6.81% of the dose. Overall, renal elimination plays a crucial role in vicagrel disposition, and the thiophene ring is the predominant metabolic site.
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Liu S, Wang Z, Tian X, Cai W. Predicting the Effects of CYP2C19 and Carboxylesterases on Vicagrel, a Novel P2Y12 Antagonist, by Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling Approach. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:591854. [PMID: 33424602 PMCID: PMC7793822 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.591854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vicagrel, a novel acetate derivative of clopidogrel, exhibits a favorable safety profile and excellent antiplatelet activity. Studies aim at identifying genetic and non-genetic factors affecting vicagrel metabolic enzymes Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19), Carboxylesterase (CES) 1 and 2 (CES1 and CES2), which may potentially lead to altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, are warranted. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) model incorporating vicagrel and its metabolites was constructed, verified and validated in our study, which could simultaneously characterize its sequential two step metabolism and clinical response. Simulations were then performed to evaluate the effects of CYP2C19, CES1 and CES2 genetic polymorphisms as well as inhibitors of these enzymes on vicagrel pharmacokinetics and antiplatelet effects. Results suggested vicagrel was less influenced by CYP2C19 metabolic phenotypes and CES1 428 G > A variation, in comparison to clopidogrel. No pharmacokinetic difference in the active metabolite was also noted for volunteers carrying different CES2 genotypes. Omeprazole, a CYP2C19 inhibitor, and simvastatin, a CES1 and CES2 inhibitor, showed weak impact on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vicagrel. This is the first study proposing a dynamic PBPK/PD model of vicagrel able to capture its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles simultaneously. Simulations indicated that genetic polymorphisms and drug-drug interactions showed no clinical relevance for vicagrel, suggesting its potential advantages over clopidogrel for treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Our model can be utilized to support further clinical trial design aiming at exploring the effects of genetic polymorphisms and drug-drug interactions on PK and PD of this novel antiplatelet agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaibing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ziteng Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weimin Cai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Zhang Y, Zhu X, Zhan Y, Li X, Liu C, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Wei H, Xia Y, Sun H, Liu Y, Lai X, Gong Y, Liu X, Li Y, Ding Y, Zhong D. Impacts of CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms on bioavailability and effect on platelet adhesion of vicagrel, a novel thienopyridine P2Y 12 inhibitor. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:1860-1874. [PMID: 32267573 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS We investigated the impacts of CYP2C19 polymorphisms on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vicagrel in healthy Chinese subjects. METHODS CYP2C19 extensive metabolizers (EMs), intermediate metabolizers (IMs) and poor metabolizers (PMs; 16 subjects/group) participated in a randomized, open-label, 2-period cross-over study. Each study period lasted 7 days, with a loading dose of 24 mg of vicagrel or 300 mg of clopidogrel on day 1, and maintenance doses of 6 mg of vicagrel or 75 mg of clopidogrel daily from day 2 to day 7. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were assessed on day 1 and day 7. RESULTS After a loading dose, the AUC0-t of the active metabolite H4 by vicagrel was slightly lower in IMs and PMs (decreased by 21 and 27%, respectively) compared to EMs. Similar results were found after maintenance doses. In EMs, the AUC0-t of H4 by vicagrel was somewhat higher than clopidogrel after the loading dose, and comparable with clopidogrel (90% confidence interval 0.94, 1.21) after the maintenance doses. However, it was much higher than clopidogrel in PMs, with a 1.28-fold (loading dose) and a 73% (maintenance doses) increases compared to clopidogrel (P < 0.001). Consequently, the inhibition of platelet aggregation by vicagrel was greater than clopidogrel after both loading dose (28.2 vs 12.4% at 4 hours, P < 0.01) and maintenance doses (42.8 vs 24.6% at 4 hours, P < 0.001) in PMs. CONCLUSIONS CYP2C19 polymorphisms have less impact on vicagrel as compared to clopidogrel. Drug exposure and response to vicagrel in PMs were even higher than to clopidogrel in IMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojiao Li
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Cai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Haijing Wei
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Yu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Center of Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Xiaojuan Lai
- Jiangsu Vcare PharmaTech Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Yanchun Gong
- Jiangsu Vcare PharmaTech Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Xuefang Liu
- Jiangsu Vcare PharmaTech Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | | | - Yanhua Ding
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Dafang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Li Y, Meng Q, Yang M, Liu D, Hou X, Tang L, Wang X, Lyu Y, Chen X, Liu K, Yu AM, Zuo Z, Bi H. Current trends in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:1113-1144. [PMID: 31867160 PMCID: PMC6900561 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics (PK) is the study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) processes of a drug. Understanding PK properties is essential for drug development and precision medication. In this review we provided an overview of recent research on PK with focus on the following aspects: (1) an update on drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in the determination of PK, as well as advances in xenobiotic receptors and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the modulation of PK, providing new understanding of the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms that result in inter-individual variations in pharmacotherapy; (2) current status and trends in assessing drug-drug interactions, especially interactions between drugs and herbs, between drugs and therapeutic biologics, and microbiota-mediated interactions; (3) advances in understanding the effects of diseases on PK, particularly changes in metabolizing enzymes and transporters with disease progression; (4) trends in mathematical modeling including physiologically-based PK modeling and novel animal models such as CRISPR/Cas9-based animal models for DMPK studies; (5) emerging non-classical xenobiotic metabolic pathways and the involvement of novel metabolic enzymes, especially non-P450s. Existing challenges and perspectives on future directions are discussed, and may stimulate the development of new research models, technologies, and strategies towards the development of better drugs and improved clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Qiang Meng
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Mengbi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dongyang Liu
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiangyu Hou
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lan Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuanfeng Lyu
- School of Pharmacy, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ai-Ming Yu
- UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Zhong Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huichang Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Vicagrel enhances aspirin-induced inhibition of both platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in rodents due to its decreased metabolic inactivation. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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13
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Li X, Sun J, Guo Z, Zhong D, Chen X. Carboxylesterase 2 and Intestine Transporters Contribute to the Low Bioavailability of Allisartan, a Prodrug of Exp3174 for Hypertension Treatment in Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:843-853. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.085092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Jia YM, Zhou H, Tai T, Gu TT, Ji JZ, Mi QY, Huang BB, Li YF, Zhu T, Xie HG. Enhanced responsiveness of platelets to vicagrel in IL-10-deficient mice through STAT3-dependent up-regulation of the hydrolase arylacetamide deacetylase in the intestine. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1717-1727. [PMID: 30825385 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Vicagrel is a novel promising antiplatelet drug designed for overcoming clopidogrel resistance. There is limited evidence indicating that exogenous IL-10 suppresses CYP3A4 activity in healthy subjects and that IL-10 knockout (KO) mice exhibit increased clopidogrel bioactivation compared with wild-type (WT) mice. In this study, we sought to determine whether IL-10 could play an important role in the metabolism of and platelet response to vicagrel in mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH IL-10 KO and WT mice were administered vicagrel, then their plasma H4 (active metabolite of vicagrel) concentrations were determined by LC-MS/MS, and inhibition of ADP-induced whole-blood platelet aggregation by vicagrel was assessed with an aggregometer. The mRNA and protein levels of several relevant genes between IL-10 KO and WT mice were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blots, respectively. Intestinal Aadac protein levels were measured in IL-10 WT mice injected i.p. with vehicle control, Stattic, or BAY 11-7082. KEY RESULTS Compared with WT mice, IL-10 KO mice exhibited significantly increased plasma levels of H4 and enhanced platelet responses to vicagrel, as well as significantly higher mRNA and protein levels of arylacetamide deacetylase (Aadac) in the intestine. In WT mice, STAT3, not NF-κB, mediated Aadac expression in the intestine. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS IL-10 suppresses metabolic activation of vicagrel through down-regulation of Aadac in mouse intestine in a STAT3-dependent manner and, consequently, attenuates platelet responses to vicagrel, suggesting that the antiplatelet effect of vicagrel may be modulated by changes in plasma IL-10 levels in relevant clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Meng Jia
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Tai
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong-Tong Gu
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Zi Ji
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiong-Yu Mi
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bei-Bei Huang
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Fei Li
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xie
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University School of Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
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Liu C, Zhang Y, Chen W, Lu Y, Li W, Liu Y, Lai X, Gong Y, Liu X, Li Y, Chen X, Li X, Sun H, Yang J, Zhong D. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of vicagrel, a novel thienopyridine P2Y12 inhibitor, compared with clopidogrel in healthy Chinese subjects following single oral dosing. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 127:151-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Baqi Y, Müller CE. Antithrombotic P2Y 12 receptor antagonists: recent developments in drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2018; 24:325-333. [PMID: 30291899 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The P2Y12 receptor is one of eight known P2Y receptor subtypes, and belongs to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. The P2Y12 receptor is highly expressed on blood platelets and in the brain. Potent, selective, peripherally acting antagonists for the P2Y12 receptor are used clinically as antithrombotic drugs. Several different scaffolds have been identified as P2Y12 receptor antagonists, including irreversibly acting thienotetrahydropyridines (prodrugs), and reversible competitive antagonists, including adenine nucleotide analogs, piperazinyl-glutamate-quinolines, -pyridines, and -pyrimidines, and anthraquinone derivatives. Here, we provide an overview of the different scaffolds that have been developed as P2Y12 receptor antagonists, some of which have become important therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younis Baqi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 36, Postal Code 123, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Christa E Müller
- Pharma-Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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