Upregulation of lncRNA NR_046683 Serves as a Prognostic Biomarker and Potential Drug Target for Multiple Myeloma

LINC01432 binds to CELF2 in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma promoting short progression-free survival to standard therapy

Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a highly prevalent and incurable form of cancer that arises from malignant plasma cells, with over 35,000 new cases diagnosed annually in the United States. While there are a growing number of approved therapies, MM remains incurable and nearly all patients will relapse and exhaust all available treatment options. Mechanisms for disease progression are unclear and in particular, little is known regarding the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) in mediating disease progression and response to treatment. In this study, we used transcriptome sequencing to compare newly diagnosed MM patients who had short progression-free survival (PFS) to standard first-line treatment (PFS < 24 months) to patients who had prolonged PFS (PFS > 24 months). We identified 157 differentially upregulated lncRNAs with short PFS and focused our efforts on characterizing the most upregulated lncRNA, LINC01432. We investigated LINC01432 overexpression and CRISPR/Cas9 knockdown in MM cell lines to show that LINC01432 overexpression significantly increases cell viability and reduces apoptosis, while knockdown significantly reduces viability and increases apoptosis, supporting the clinical relevance of this lncRNA. Next, we used individual-nucleotide resolution cross-linking immunoprecipitation with RT-qPCR to show that LINC01432 directly interacts with the RNA binding protein, CELF2. Lastly, we showed that LINC01432-targeted locked nucleic acid antisense oligonucleotides reduce viability and increases apoptosis. In summary, this fundamental study identified lncRNAs associated with short PFS to standard NDMM treatment and further characterized LINC01432, which inhibits apoptosis.

Highlighting the role of long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) in multiple myeloma (MM) pathogenesis and response to therapy

Transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that are not translated into proteins are known as long non-coding RNAs, or lncRNAs. Now, they are becoming more significant as important regulators of gene expression, and as a result, of many biological processes in both healthy and pathological circumstances, such as blood malignancies. Through controlling alternative splicing, transcription, and translation at the post-transcriptional level, lncRNAs have an impact on the expression of genes. In multiple myeloma (MM), the majority of lncRNAs is elevated and promotes the proliferation, adhesion, drug resistance and invasion of MM cells by blocking apoptosis and altering the tumor microenvironment (TME). To control mRNA splicing, stability, and translation, they either directly attach to the target mRNA or transfer RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). By expressing certain miRNA-binding sites that function as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), most lncRNAs mimic the actions of miRNAs. Here, we highlight lncRNAs role in the MM pathogenesis with emphasize on their capacity to control the molecular mechanisms known as "hallmarks of cancer," which permit earlier tumor initiation and progression and malignant cell transformation.

LncRNA FEZF1-AS1 accelerates multiple myeloma progression by regulating IGF2BP1/BZW2 signaling

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second largest hematological tumor with clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells. Growing reports have revealed that the dysregulation of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is involved in the MM progression. Nevertheless, lncRNA FEZF1 antisense RNA 1 (FEZF1-AS1) remain not deeply explored. The RNA transcripts and protein level of MM-associated molecule were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction or western blot assays, respectively. The clinical correlation was analyzed by Pearson analysis. Molecular interactions among lncRNA FEZF1-AS1, basic leucine zipper and W2 domain 2 (BZW2) and insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1) were verified by RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA pull-down assays. The survival of MM cells was detected by cell counting kit-8 and flow cytometry assays. Xenograft tumor in vivo was performed to assess tumor growth. The RNA transcripts of lncRNA FEZF1-AS1, BZW2 and IGF2BP1 were upregulated in MM samples compared to those in healthy donors. Knockdown of lncRNA FEZF1-AS1 could inhibit the proliferation and induce cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Besides, lncRNA FEZF1-AS1 could maintain the stability of BZW2 mRNA by interacting IGF2BP1. Moreover, BZW2 silence also downregulated the proliferation but enhanced apoptosis of MM cells, while BZW2 overexpression had an opposite role, which dramatically reversed the regulatory roles of lncRNA FEZF1-AS1. Altogether, lncRNA FEZF1-AS1 facilitated MM development by regulating IGF2BP1/BZW2 signaling, suggesting that lncRNA FEZF1-AS1 might be a candidate for MM treatment.

Non-coding RNAs and exosomal ncRNAs in multiple myeloma: An emphasis on molecular pathways

One of the most common hematological malignancies is multiple myeloma (MM) that its mortality and morbidity have increased. The incidence rate of MM is suggested to be higher in Europe and various kinds of therapeutic strategies including stem cell transplantation. However, MM treatment is still challenging and gene therapy has been shown to be promising. The non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs are considered as key players in initiation, development and progression of MM. In the present review, the role of ncRNAs in MM progression and drug resistance is highlighted to provide new insights for future experiments for their targeting and treatment of MM. The miRNAs affect proliferation and invasion of MM cells, and targeting tumor-promoting miRNAs can induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and reduces proliferation of MM cells. Furthermore, miRNA regulation is of importance for modulating metastasis and chemotherapy response of tumor cells. The lncRNAs exert the same function and determine proliferation, migration and therapy response of MM cells. Notably, lncRNAs mainly target miRNAs in regulating MM progression. The circRNAs also target different molecular pathways in regulating MM malignancy that miRNAs are the most well-known ones. Furthermore, clinical application of ncRNAs in MM is discussed.

The Expression of Serum lncRNA MIR17HG in Patients with Multiple Myeloma and Its Clinical Significance

Objective. Multiple myeloma (MM) represents a malignant tumor with abnormal proliferation of plasma cells. The current study sought to investigate the changes in serum lncRNA MIR17HG (long noncoding RNA miR-17-92a-1 cluster host gene) levels in MM patients and its values in assessing the accuracy of MM diagnosis and predicting diagnosis. Methods. First, 108MM patients and 85 healthy controls were enrolled as the study subjects. The serum levels of MIR17HG in all subjects were determined by RT-qPCR. MM patients were clinically staged according to the Durie-Salmon (DS) and international staging system (ISS), and the levels of serum MIR17HG were compared among patients at different stages. The correlation of serum MIR17H level with serum creatinine (Scr), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and albumin (ALB) was analyzed using the Pearson method. The accuracy of the serum MIR17HG level in identifying MM was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves. The progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) curves of MM patients were plotted using the Kaplan–Meier method. Results. Serum MIR17HG levels were up-regulated in MM patients and elevated with the development of DS and ISS stages. The serum MIR17HG was positively correlated with Scr and LDH and negatively correlated with ALB in MM patients. Serum MIR17HG level >1.485 could evaluate the accuracy of identifying MM. The PFS and OS were significantly shortened in MM patients with elevated MIR17HG levels. Conclusion. Our findings collectively indicate that the serum MIR17HG can aid the evaluation of accurate MM identification, and a high serum MIR17HG level can predict poor prognosis of patients with MM.

Aberrantly expressed long noncoding RNAs as potential prognostic biomarkers in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: A systemic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Numerous studies have manifested long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) as biomarkers to determine the prognosis of multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Nevertheless, the prognostic role of lncRNAs in MM is still ambiguous. Herein, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the predictive value of aberrantly expressed lncRNAs in MM.

METHODS

A systemic literature search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases until October 9, 2021, and the protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42021284364). Our study extracted the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), or event-free survival (EFS). Begg's and Egger's tests were employed to correct publication bias.

RESULT

Twenty-six individual studies containing 3501 MM patients were enrolled in this study. The results showed that aberrant expression of lncRNAs was associated with poor OS and PFS of MM patients. The pooled HRs for univariate OS and PFS were 1.48 (95% CI = 1.17-1.88, p < 0.001) and 1.30 (95% CI = 1.18-1.43, p < 0.001), respectively, whereas the pooled HRs for multivariate OS and PFS were 1.50 (95% CI = 1.16-1.95, p < 0.001) and 1.59 (95% CI = 1.22-2.07, p < 0.001), respectively. Subgroup analysis suggested that MALAT1, TCF7, NEAT1, and PVT1 upregulation were associated with poor OS (p < 0.05), PVT1, and TCF7 upregulation were implicated with worse PFS (p < 0.05), while only TCF7 overexpression was correlated with reduced EFS (p < 0.05). Moreover, the contour-enhanced funnel plot demonstrated the reliability of our current conclusion, which was not affected by publication bias.

CONCLUSION

Aberrantly expressed particular lncRNAs are critical prognostic indicators in long-term survival as well as promising biomarkers in progression-free status. However, different cutoff values and dissimilar methods to assess lncRNA expression among studies may lead to heterogeneity.

The Multiple Myeloma Landscape: Epigenetics and Non-Coding RNAs

Simple Summary

Recent findings in multiple myeloma have led to therapies which have improved patient life quality and expectancy. However, frequent relapse and drug resistance emphasize the need for more efficient therapeutic approaches. The discovery of non-coding RNAs as key actors in multiple myeloma has broadened the molecular landscape of this disease, together with classical epigenetic factors such as methylation and acetylation. microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs comprise the majority of the described non-coding RNAs dysregulated in multiple myeloma, while circular RNAs are recently emerging as promising molecular targets. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the most recent knowledge on this topic and suggests new therapeutic strategies.

Abstract

Despite advances in available treatments, multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable disease and represents a challenge in oncohematology. New insights into epigenetic factors contributing to MM development and progression have improved the knowledge surrounding its molecular basis. Beyond classical epigenetic factors, including methylation and acetylation, recent genome analyses have unveiled the importance of non-coding RNAs in MM pathogenesis. Non-coding RNAs have become of interest, as their dysregulation opens the door to new therapeutic approaches. The discovery, in the past years, of molecular techniques, such as CRISPR-Cas, has led to innovative therapies with potential benefits to achieve a better outcome for MM patients. This review summarizes the current knowledge on epigenetics and non-coding RNAs in MM pathogenesis.

The Landscape of lncRNAs in Multiple Myeloma: Implications in the "Hallmarks of Cancer", Clinical Perspectives and Therapeutic Opportunities

Simple Summary

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an aggressive hematological neoplasia caused by the uncontrolled proliferation of aberrant plasmacells. Neoplastic transformation and progression are driven by a number of biological processes, called ‘hallmarks of cancer’, which are regulated by different molecules, including long non-coding RNAs. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms that regulate MM development and progression will help to improve patients stratification and management, and promote the identification of new therapeutic targets.

Abstract

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that are not translated into proteins. Nowadays, lncRNAs are gaining importance as key regulators of gene expression and, consequently, of several biological functions in physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer. Here, we point out the role of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM). We focus on their ability to regulate the biological processes identified as “hallmarks of cancer” that enable malignant cell transformation, early tumor onset and progression. The aberrant expression of lncRNAs in MM suggests their potential use as clinical biomarkers for diagnosis, patient stratification, and clinical management. Moreover, they represent ideal candidates for therapeutic targeting.

Knockdown of lncRNA AL928768.3 inhibits multiple myeloma cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase

Background

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B-lymphocyte-derived malignancy. It ranks as the second most common hematological malignancy, with relatively high morbidity and mortality. However, the molecular mechanisms of MM occurrence and development remain elusive. This study found that long non-coding RNA AL928768.3 (lncRNA AL) was abnormally expressed in MM samples. However, the effect and molecular mechanism of lncRNA AL on the occurrence and development of MM remains unclear.

Methods

Bone marrow fluids of MM patients (n=54) and volunteers (n=13) were collected and CD138⁺ cells were isolated. The expression level of lncRNA AL in MM cells was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and the correlation between the expression level of lncRNA AL and the clinicopathological features of patients was analyzed. Lentiviral vectors targeting lncRNA AL knockdown were constructed and transfected into cells. After transfection, the effects of lncRNA AL knockdown on MM cell proliferation and the cell cycle were detected by the CCK-8 assay, clone formation assay, and flow cytometry. The effect of lncRNA AL knockdown on MM cell cycle-related proteins was detected by Western blot. In addition, tumorigenicity experiments were performed in nude mice to detect the effect of lncRNA AL knockdown on MM cell proliferation in vivo.

Results

LncRNA AL was highly expressed in MM patient samples and cell lines, and was significantly correlated with the disease stage of patients. Knockdown of lncRNA AL significantly inhibited the proliferation and colony formation of MM cells and induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase. Western blot analysis showed that knockdown of lncRNA AL significantly inhibited the expression of CDK2 and cyclin D1 and promoted the expression of cyclin suppressor p21. Knockdown of lncRNA AL significantly inhibited the proliferation of MM cells in nude mice.

Conclusions

LncRNA AL was highly expressed in MM patients. Knockdown of this gene significantly inhibited the proliferative ability of MM cells and induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase. Therefore, lncRNA AL may be a novel biological target molecule for the early diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic evaluation of MM patients.

Long Noncoding RNA Mediated Regulation in Human Embryogenesis, Pluripotency, and Reproduction

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of noncoding RNAs with more than 200 bp in length, are produced by pervasive transcription in mammalian genomes and regulate gene expression through various action mechanisms. Accumulating data indicate that lncRNAs mediate essential biological functions in human development, including early embryogenesis, induction of pluripotency, and germ cell development. Comprehensive analysis of sequencing data highlights that lncRNAs are expressed in a stage-specific and human/primate-specific pattern during early human development. They contribute to cell fate determination through interacting with almost all classes of cellular biomolecules, including proteins, DNA, mRNAs, and microRNAs. Furthermore, the expression of a few of lncRNAs is highly associated with the pathogenesis and progression of many reproductive diseases, suggesting that they could serve as candidate biomarkers for diagnosis or novel targets for treatment. Here, we review research on lncRNAs and their roles in embryogenesis, pluripotency, and reproduction. We aim to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms essential for human development and provide novel insight into the causes and treatments of human reproductive diseases.

The Role of lncRNAs in the Pathobiology and Clinical Behavior of Multiple Myeloma

Simple Summary

Multiple myeloma (MM), the second most common hematological neoplasm, is still considered an incurable disease. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), genes that do not encode proteins, participate in numerous biological processes, but their deregulation, like that of coding genes, can contribute to carcinogenesis. Increasing evidence points to the relevant role of lncRNAs in the development of human tumors, such that they emerge as attractive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer treatment, including MM. Here we review the oncogenic or tumor-suppressor functions of lncRNAs in MM and provide an overview of novel therapeutic approaches based on lncRNAs that will help to improve the management of these patients.

Abstract

MM is a hematological neoplasm that is still considered an incurable disease. Besides established genetic alterations, recent studies have shown that MM pathogenesis is also characterized by epigenetic aberrations, such as the gain of de novo active chromatin marks in promoter and enhancer regions and extensive DNA hypomethylation of intergenic regions, highlighting the relevance of these non-coding genomic regions. A recent study described how long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) correspond to 82% of the MM transcriptome and an increasing number of studies have demonstrated the importance of deregulation of lncRNAs in MM. In this review we focus on the deregulated lncRNAs in MM, including their biological or functional mechanisms, their role as biomarkers to improve the prognosis and monitoring of MM patients, and their participation in drug resistance. Furthermore, we also discuss the evidence supporting the role of lncRNAs as therapeutic targets through different novel RNA-based strategies.

Silencing of long noncoding RNA TUG1 inhibits viability and promotes apoptosis of acute myeloid leukemia cells by targeting microRNA-221-3p/KIT axis

OBJECTIVE: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematological malignancy. This study was attempted to uncover the effects of long noncoding RNA taurine-upregulated gene1 (TUG1) on the viability and apoptosis of AML cells. METHODS: QRT-PCR was implemented to examine the expression of TUG1, miR-221-3p and KIT in AML. The correlation between TUG1 and clinicopathological features of AML patients was evaluated. The effect of TUG1 on AML cells were studied by RNA interference approach. AML cells were transfected with miR-221-3p mimic and miR-221-3p inhibitor, respectively. Then the viability and apoptosis of AML cells were examined by MTT and flow cytometry assay, respectively. Additionally, dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the interactions among TUG1, miR-221-3p and KIT. Western blot was applied to analyze protein expression of KIT. RESULTS: The expression of TUG1 and KIT was up-regulated in AML, but miR-221-3p was down-regulated. TUG1 expression had obviously correlation with World Health Organization (WHO) grade in AML patients. The functional experiment stated that TUG1 silencing suppressed the viability and accelerated the apoptosis of AML cells. Moreover, the mechanical experiment demonstrated that TUG1 and KIT were both targeted by miR-221-3p with the complementary binding sites at 3’UTR. Up-regulation of miR-221-3p inhibited the protein expression of KIT. Furthermore, in the feedback experiment, miR-221-3p inhibition or KIT overexpression reversed the repression of tumor behavior induced by TUG1 silencing. CONCLUSIONS: TUG1 silencing retarded viability and promoted apoptosis of AML cells via regulating miR-221-3p/KIT axis, providing a potential therapeutic target for AML.

Long non-coding RNA T-cell factor 7 in multiple myeloma: A potential biomarker for deteriorated clinical features and poor prognosis

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to investigate the correlation of long non-coding RNA T-cell factor 7 (lnc-TCF7) with clinical features and prognosis in patients with multiple myeloma (MM).

METHODS

Totally, 216 newly diagnosed symptomatic MM patients and 60 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled. Bone marrow samples were collected from patients before treatment and from HCs on donation to detect lnc-TCF7 expression in plasma cells by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Besides, clinical response, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) of patients were assessed.

RESULTS

Lnc-TCF7 expression was increased in patients with MM compared with HCs. Lnc-TCF7 expression was highest in international staging system (ISS) stage III patients, followed by ISS stage II patients, and then ISS stage I patients, while lnc-TCF7 expression was similar in patients with different immunoglobulin subtypes and Durie-Salmon stages. Regarding chromosomal abnormalities, lnc-TCF7 expression positively correlated with t(4; 14) and Del(17p), whereas no correlation of lnc-TCF7 expression with t(14; 16), 1q21 amplification, Del(13q), or hyperdiploid was observed in patients with MM. Furthermore, lnc-TCF7 expression positively correlated with serum creatinine, beta-2-microglobulin, and lactate dehydrogenase in patients. Besides, lnc-TCF7 was negatively associated with complete response but not overall response rate in patients. Additionally, patients with lnc-TCF7 high expression exhibited shorter PFS and OS compared to patients with lnc-TCF7 low expression.

CONCLUSION

Lnc-TCF7 might have clinical value in aiding disease management and prognosis prediction of MM.

Integrated Analysis of a Risk Score System Predicting Prognosis and a ceRNA Network for Differentially Expressed lncRNAs in Multiple Myeloma

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-protein-coding RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that lncRNA is a potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, there are no prognostic biomarkers and lncRNA models for multiple myeloma (MM). Hence, it is necessary to screen novel lncRNA that can potentially participate in the initiation and progression of MM and consequently construct a risk score system for the disease. Raw microarray datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus website. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis and principal component analysis identified 12 lncRNAs of interest. Then, univariate, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression and multivariate Cox hazard regression analysis identified two lncRNAs (LINC00996 and LINC00525) that were formulated to construct a risk score system to predict survival. Receiver operating characteristic analysis certificated the superior performance in predicting 3-year overall survival (area under the curve = 0.829). The similar prognostic values of the two-lncRNA signature were also observed in the tested The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset. Furthermore, two other lncRNAs (LINC00324 and LINC01128) were differentially expressed between CD138+ plasma cells from normal donors and MM patients and were verified to be associated with cancer stage in the Gene Expression Omnibus dataset. A lncRNA-mediated competing endogenous RNA network, including 2 lncRNAs, 12 mitochondrial RNAs, and 103 target messenger RNAs, was constructed. In conclusion, we developed a two-lncRNA expression signature to predict the prognosis of MM and constructed a key lncRNA-based competing endogenous RNA network in MM. These lncRNAs were associated with survival and are probably involved in the occurrence and progression of MM.

Construction of a prognosis‑associated long noncoding RNA‑mRNA network for multiple myeloma based on microarray and bioinformatics analysis

At present, the association between prognosis-associated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs is yet to be reported in multiple myeloma (MM). The aim of the present study was to construct prognostic models with lncRNAs and mRNAs, and to map the interactions between these lncRNAs and mRNAs in MM. LncRNA and mRNA data from 559 patients with MM were acquired from the Genome Expression Omnibus (dataset GSE24080), and their prognostic values were calculated using the survival package in R. Multivariate Cox analysis was used on the top 20 most significant prognosis-associated mRNAs and lncRNAs to develop prognostic signatures. The performances of these prognostic signatures were tested using the survivalROC package in R, which allows for time-dependent receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve estimation. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was conducted to investigate the associations between lncRNAs and mRNAs, and a lncRNA-mRNA network was constructed using Cytoscape software. Univariate Cox regression analysis identified 39 lncRNAs and 1,445 mRNAs that were significantly associated with event-free survival of MM patients. The top 20 most significant survival-associated lncRNAs and mRNAs were selected as candidates for analyzing independent MM prognostic factors. Both signatures could be used to separate patients into two groups with distinct outcomes. The areas under the ROC curves were 0.739 for the lncRNA signature and 0.732 for the mRNA signature. In the lncRNA-mRNA network, a total of 143 mRNAs were positively or negatively associated with 23 prognosis-associated lncRNAs. NCRNA00201, LOC115110 and RP5-968J1.1 were the most dominant drivers. The present study constructed a model that predicted prognosis in MM and formed a network with the corresponding prognosis-associated mRNAs, providing a novel perspective for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of MM, and suggesting novel directions for interpreting the mechanisms underlying the development of MM.

LncRNA HOXB-AS1 promotes cell growth in multiple myeloma via FUT4 mRNA stability by ELAVL1

Multiple myeloma (MM) is defined as the second most common hematological tumor in the globe. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to play stimulative or suppressive role in the progression of different carcinomas. The investigation of lncRNAs in MM is still inadequate. LncRNA HOXB cluster antisense RNA 1 (HOXB-AS1) was once revealed to facilitate glioma progression by affecting cellular activities of glioma cells. However, whether HOXB-AS1 participates in the development of MM still remains an enigma. In this study, we unveiled that HOXB-AS1 was highly expressed in MM and loss-of-function assays certified that HOXB-AS1 obstruction suppressed MM cell proliferation, and stimulated cell apoptosis. In addition, HOXB-AS1 could modulate fucosyltransferase 4 (FUT4) and FUT4-mediated Wnt/β-catenin pathway. In subsequence, it was observed from mechanism assays that HOXB-AS1 enhanced the interaction between ELAVL1 and FUT4 so as to stabilize FUT4 messenger RNA. In the end, rescue experiments affirmed that HOXB-AS1 affected the cell growth through FUT4 in MM. In conclusion, the whole modulation mechanism of HOXB-AS1/ELAVL1/FUT4 axis in MM was validated in this study, which suggested that HOXB-AS1 might function as a powerful and promising therapeutic biomarker for the clinical treatment of patients with MM.