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Zhang C, Bo R, Zhou T, Chen N, Yuan Y. The raphe nuclei are the early lesion site of gastric α-synuclein propagation to the substantia nigra. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2057-2076. [PMID: 38799632 PMCID: PMC11119576 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegeneration disease with α-synuclein accumulated in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and most of the dopaminergic neurons are lost in SNpc while patients are diagnosed with PD. Exploring the pathology at an early stage contributes to the development of the disease-modifying strategy. Although the "gut-brain" hypothesis is proposed to explain the underlying mechanism, where the earlier lesioned site in the brain of gastric α-synuclein and how α-synuclein further spreads are not fully understood. Here we report that caudal raphe nuclei (CRN) are the early lesion site of gastric α-synuclein propagating through the spinal cord, while locus coeruleus (LC) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) were further affected over a time frame of 7 months. Pathological α-synuclein propagation via CRN leads to neuron loss and disordered neuron activity, accompanied by abnormal motor and non-motor behavior. Potential neuron circuits are observed among CRN, LC, and SNpc, which contribute to the venerability of dopaminergic neurons in SNpc. These results show that CRN is the key region for the gastric α-synuclein spread to the midbrain. Our study provides valuable details for the "gut-brain" hypothesis and proposes a valuable PD model for future research on early PD intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tiantian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Naihong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuhe Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing 100050, China
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2
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Rismanbaf A, Afshari K, Ghasemi M, Badripour A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Dehpour AR, Shafaroodi H. Therapeutic Effects of Azithromycin on Spinal Cord Injury in Male Wistar Rats: A Role for Inflammatory Pathways. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2021; 83:411-419. [PMID: 34781403 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory responses, including macrophages/microglia imbalance, are associated with spinal cord injury (SCI) complications. Accumulating evidence also suggests an anti-inflammatory property of azithromycin (AZM). MATERIAL AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were subjected to T9 vertebra laminectomy. SCI was induced by spinal cord compression at this level with an aneurysmal clip for 60 seconds. They were divided into three groups: the sham-operated group and two SCI treatment (normal saline as a vehicle control vs. AZM at 180 mg/kg/d intraperitoneally for 3 days postsurgery; first dose: 30 minutes after surgery) groups. Locomotor scaling and behavioral tests for neuropathic pain were evaluated and compared through a 28-day period. At the end of the study, tissue samples were taken to assess neuroinflammatory changes and neural demyelination using ELISA and histopathologic examinations, respectively. In addition, the proportion of M1/M2 macrophage polarization was assessed by using flow cytometry. RESULTS Post-SCI AZM treatment (180 mg/kg/d for 3 days) significantly improved locomotion (p < 0.01) and decreased sensitivity to mechanical (p < 0.01) and thermal allodynia (p < 0.001). Moreover, there was a significant tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) decline (p < 0.01) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) elevation (p < 0.01) in the spinal cord tissue of the AZM-treated group compared with the control groups 28 days post-SCI. AZM significantly improved neuroinflammation as evidenced by reduction of the M1 expression, elevation of M2 macrophages, and reduction of the M1/M2 ratio in both the dorsal root ganglion and the spinal cord tissue after SCI compared with controls (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION AZM treatment can be considered a therapeutic agent for SCI, as it could reduce neuroinflammation and SCI sensory/locomotor complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rismanbaf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Islamic Azad University Tehran Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Khashayar Afshari
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of).,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Abolfazl Badripour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Arvin Haj-Mirzaian
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Hamed Shafaroodi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
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3
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Fang H, Yang M, Pan Q, Jin HL, Li HF, Wang RR, Wang QY, Zhang JP. MicroRNA-22-3p alleviates spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury by modulating M2 macrophage polarization via IRF5. J Neurochem 2020; 156:106-120. [PMID: 32406529 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell death after spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) can occur through necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy, resulting in changes to the immune environment. However, the molecular mechanism of this immune regulation is not clear. Accumulating evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRs) play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord I/R injury. Here, we hypothesized miR-22-3p may be involved in spinal cord I/R injury by interacting with interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 5. Rat models of spinal cord I/R injury were established by 12-min occlusion of the aortic arch followed by 48-hr reperfusion, with L4-6 segments of spinal cord tissues collected. MiR-22-3p agomir, a lentivirus-delivered siRNA specific for IRF5, or a lentivirus expressing wild-type IRF5 was injected intrathecally to rats with I/R injury to evaluate the effects of miR-22-3p and IRF5 on hindlimb motor function. Macrophages isolated from rats were treated with miR-22-3p mimic or siRNA specific for IRF5 to evaluate their effects on macrophage polarization. The levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in spinal cord tissues were detected by ELISA. miR-22-3p was down-regulated, whereas IRF5 was up-regulated in rat spinal cord tissues following I/R. IRF5 was a target gene of miR-22-3p and could be negatively regulated by miR-22-3p. Silencing IRF5 or over-expressing miR-22-3p relieved inflammation, elevated Tarlov score, and reduced the degree of severity of spinal cord I/R injury. Increased miR-22-3p facilitated M2 polarization of macrophages and inhibited inflammation in tissues by inhibiting IRF5, thereby attenuating spinal cord I/R injury. Taken together, these results demonstrate that increased miR-22-3p can inhibit the progression of spinal cord I/R injury by repressing IRF5 in macrophages, highlighting the discovery of a promising new target for spinal cord I/R injury treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, P.R. China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou University People's Hospital, Guiyang, P.R. China.,Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Miao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, P.R. China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou University People's Hospital, Guiyang, P.R. China.,Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Qin Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, P.R. China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou University People's Hospital, Guiyang, P.R. China.,Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Hon-Ling Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, P.R. China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou University People's Hospital, Guiyang, P.R. China.,Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Feng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ru-Rong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Quan-Yun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, P.R. China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou University People's Hospital, Guiyang, P.R. China.,Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, P.R. China
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Mitochondrial biogenesis as a therapeutic target for traumatic and neurodegenerative CNS diseases. Exp Neurol 2020; 329:113309. [PMID: 32289315 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases, both traumatic and neurodegenerative, are characterized by impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics and often disturbed mitochondrial dynamics. The dysregulation observed in these pathologies leads to defective respiratory chain function and reduced ATP production, thereby promoting neuronal death. As such, attenuation of mitochondrial dysfunction through induction of mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) is a promising, though still underexplored, therapeutic strategy. MB is a multifaceted process involving the integration of highly regulated transcriptional events, lipid membrane and protein synthesis/assembly and replication of mtDNA. Several nuclear transcription factors promote the expression of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial import and export systems, antioxidant defense and mitochondrial gene transcription. Of these, the nuclear-encoded peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is the most commonly studied and is widely accepted as the 'master regulator' of MB. Several recent preclinical studies document that reestablishment of mitochondrial homeostasis through increased MB results in inhibited injury progression and increased functional recovery. This perspective will briefly review the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the propagation of CNS diseases, while also describing current research strategies that mediate mitochondrial dysfunction and compounds that induce MB for the treatment of acute and chronic neuropathologies.
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Jiao J, Wang Y, Ren P, Sun S, Wu M. Necrosulfonamide Ameliorates Neurological Impairment in Spinal Cord Injury by Improving Antioxidative Capacity. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1538. [PMID: 31998134 PMCID: PMC6962303 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no efficient therapy for spinal cord injury (SCI). Anoxemia after SCI is a key problem, which leads to tissue destruction, while hypoxia after SCI induces cell injury along with inflammation. Mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) is a critical signal molecule of necroptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction is regarded as one of the most pivotal events after SCI. Based on the important role of MLKL in cell damage and potential role of mitochondrial dysfunction, our study focuses on the regulation of MLKL by Necrosulfonamide (NSA) in mitochondrial dysfunction of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced cell damage and SCI-mice, which specifically blocks the MLKL. Our results showed that NSA protected against a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential, adenosine triphosphate, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase levels and an increase in reactive oxygen species and malonyldialdehyde levels. NSA also improved the locomotor function in SCI-mice and OGD-induced spinal neuron injury through inhibition of MLKL activation independently of receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3) phosphorylation. Besides the protective effects, NSA exhibited a therapeutic window. The optimal treatment time was within 12 h after the injury in the SCI-mice model. In conclusion, our data suggest a close association between the NSA level inhibiting p-MLKL independently of RIP3 phosphorylation and induction of neurological impairment by improving antioxidative capacity after SCI. NSA ameliorates neurological impairment in SCI through inhibiting MLKL-dependent necroptosis. It also provides a theoretical basis for further research and application of NSA in the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhang Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengfei Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shicai Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Minfei Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Chen T, Zhu J, Hang CH, Wang YH. The Potassium SK Channel Activator NS309 Protects Against Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury Through Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1432. [PMID: 31849677 PMCID: PMC6895208 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays important roles in neuronal cell death and functional deficits after TBI. Small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (SK) have been shown to be potential therapeutic targets for treatment of neurological disorders, such as stroke and Parkinson’s disease (PD). The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of SK channels in an animal model of TBI induced by controlled cortical impact (CCI). The SK channels activator NS309 at a concentration of 2 mg/kg was administered by intraperitoneal injection, and no obviously organ-related toxicity of NS309 was found in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Treatment with NS309 significantly reduced brain edema after TBI, but had no effect on contusion volume. This protection can be observed even when the administration was delayed by 4 h after injury. NS309 attenuated the TBI-induced deficits in neurological function, which was accompanied by the reduced neuronal apoptosis. The results of immunohistochemistry showed that NS309 decreased the number of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and microglia cells, with no effect on astrocytes. In addition, NS309 markedly decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and chemokines (MCP-1, MIP-2, and RANTES), but increased the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β1) after TBI. The results of RT-PCR and western blot showed that NS309 increased TSG-6 expression and inhibited NF-κB activation. Furthermore, knockdown of TSG-6 using in vivo transfection with TSG-6 specific shRNA partially reversed the protective and anti-inflammatory effects of NS309 against TBI. In summary, our results indicate that the SK channel activator NS309 could modulate inflammation-associated immune cells and cytokines via regulating the TSG-6/NF-κB pathway after TBI. The present study offers a new sight into the mechanisms responsible for SK channels activation with implications for the treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, School of Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, School of Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chun-Hua Hang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Hai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, School of Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, China
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7
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SK channel activation potentiates auranofin-induced cell death in glio- and neuroblastoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 171:113714. [PMID: 31738894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Brain tumours are among the deadliest tumours being highly resistant to currently available therapies. The proliferative behaviour of gliomas is strongly influenced by ion channel activity. Small-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK/KCa) channels are a family of ion channels that are associated with cell proliferation and cell survival. A combined treatment of classical anti-cancer agents and pharmacological SK channel modulators has not been addressed yet. We used the gold-derivative auranofin to induce cancer cell death by targeting thioredoxin reductases in combination with CyPPA to activate SK channels in neuro- and glioblastoma cells. Combined treatment with auranofin and CyPPA induced massive mitochondrial damage and potentiated auranofin-induced toxicity in neuroblastoma cells in vitro. In particular, mitochondrial integrity, respiration and associated energy generation were impaired. These findings were recapitulated in patient-derived glioblastoma neurospheres yet not observed in non-cancerous HT22 cells. Taken together, integrating auranofin and SK channel openers to affect mitochondrial health was identified as a promising strategy to increase the effectiveness of anti-cancer agents and potentially overcome resistance.
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