1
|
Ying Y, Yu Z, Wu L. Causal association between mTOR-dependent circulating protein levels and central precocious puberty: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1360043. [PMID: 38516410 PMCID: PMC10954777 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1360043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway has a significant effect on central precocious puberty (CPP). However, the causality between mTOR-dependent circulating protein levels and CPP is still unclear. Our aim is to assess the effects of seven mTOR-dependent circulating protein levels on CPP using Mendelian randomization (MR). Methods Instrumental variables (IVs) for mTOR-dependent circulating protein levels were retrieved from the proteomics-GWAS INTERVAL study and eQTLGen. The summary-level genetic datasets for CPP outcome were obtained from the FinnGen Consortium. Inverse-variance weighted (IVW) was used as the primary method and the pleiotropy, heterogeneity and robustness of the analyses were detected as sensitivity analysis. Positive exposures in the discovery cohort would be revalidated in the validation cohort. Results This two-sample MR study revealed a causal association between eIF4G level in plasma and CPP in both discovery cohort (IVW: OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.22-0.91, p = 0.026) and validation cohort (IVW: OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.24-0.85, p = 0.014). Conclusions There was a causal association between eIF4G level in plasma and CPP. Whether eIF4G can be used for the prevention or treatment of CPP needs to be explored in further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiao Ying
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Ze Yu
- Laboratory of Cytobiology & Molecular Biology, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Liping Wu
- Science and Education Section, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lei B, Yang Y, Xu L, Zhang X, Yu M, Yu J, Li N, Yu Y. Molecular insights into the effects of tetrachlorobisphenol A on puberty initiation in Wistar rats. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168643. [PMID: 37992829 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) is the chlorinated derivative of bisphenol A (BPA). Several studies have found that BPA adversely affects the reproductive activity largely through binding to estrogen receptors and the critical period of BPA exposure advances the vaginal opening time in the female offspring via the kisspeptin/G protein-coupled receptor 54 (KGG) system. However, whether TCBPA can affect puberty initiation via KGG and the roles of estrogen receptors in this process remain unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of TCBPA on the onset time of puberty in Wistar rats and the related molecular mechanisms by combing in vitro GT1-7 cells and molecular docking. In female Wistar rats, TCBPA at ≥100 mg/kg bw/day (49.2 μmol/L in rat body) markedly advanced vaginal opening time and increased serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). It also increased the relative gene expression of LH receptor (LHR), GnRH1, and FSH receptor (FSHR) in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis tissues. In GT1-7 cells, TCBPA increased genes and proteins associated with KGG pathway and activated the extracellular-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathways via G protein-coupled estrogen membrane receptor 1 (GPER1) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). Docking analyses supported its interactions with GPER1 and ERα, and treatment with specific inhibitors of ERα- and GPER1-modulated PI3K/Akt and Erk1/2 signaling suppressed its effects. Taken together, TCBPA-induced advancement of puberty initiation in Wistar rats thus results primarily from increased LH, GnRH, and FSH secretion together with GnRH1, FSHR, and LHR upregulation driven by ERα- and GPER1-modulated Erk1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling. Our results provide new molecular insights into the reproductive toxicity of EDCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingli Lei
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Lanbing Xu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Mengjie Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Odabasi Gunes S. Perceptions and use of complementary and alternative medicine in patients with precocious puberty. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2022; 35:1537-1543. [PMID: 36288430 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2022-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is widespread. This study aimed to investigate the use of CAM in children with central precocious puberty (PP) who used gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (GnRHa) treatment. METHODS Parents of 108 patients who were diagnosed as having PP were involved in the study. A questionnaire was administered to the parents during follow-ups. The patients were divided into two groups according to the use of CAM. RESULTS Forty (37%) patients had used CAM. Parents who graduated from primary school tended not to use CAM (χ 2 =10.463; p=0.015). There was no other statistically significant difference between the sociodemographic features (p>0.05). The most common information source was physicians (40%). Seventy-five percentage of CAM users and 44.1% of non-CAM users knew/heard about herbal medicine (χ 2 =8.517; p=0.004) and herbal medicine was the most common type of CAM used. 80% of parents in the CAM group and 54.4% of parents in the non-CAM group knew at least one biologically based therapy that had estrogenic activity (χ 2 =6.082; p=0.014). Seventy-one percentage of parents in the CAM group and 29% of parents in the non-CAM group stated that they would consider using CAM in the future (χ 2 =16.979; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The use of CAM among patients with PP is high. Although most CAM therapies are harmless, there may be adverse effects or drug interactions with current conventional treatment in children. Health professionals should be aware and inquire about the use and type of CAM, considering the medical history at every patient encounter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sevinc Odabasi Gunes
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, UHS Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Han XX, Zhao FY, Gu KR, Wang GP, Zhang J, Tao R, Yuan J, Gu J, Yu JQ. Development of precocious puberty in children: Surmised medicinal plant treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
5
|
Zhang Y, Sun N, Zhang M, Ding Q, Wang Q, Liang Y, He H, Yang Y, Guo C. Effects of Fuyou Formula on GnRH Secretion and Related Gene Expression in Treating Precocious Puberty. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:852550. [PMID: 35359850 PMCID: PMC8962374 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.852550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fuyou (Fy) formula is an in-hospital preparation consisting of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that has been used for treating precocious puberty (PP) for more than 20 years. In this study, we aimed to clarify the effect of the Fy formula and its major components on PP. To confirm the effect of the Fy formula on the release of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), GT1-7 cells were treated with estrogen to build the model group and subsequently treated with the Fy formula and its major components to explore their effects on the secretion of GnRH. The level of GnRH in GT1-7 cells was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results illustrated that, compared to the model group, the Fy formula inhibited the release of GnRH. In addition, the expression levels of proteins related to GnRH secretion, including GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR), Kiss-1 metastasis-suppressor (Kiss1), G-protein coupled receptor 54 (GPR54), estrogen receptor α (ERα), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The results demonstrated that the Fy formula significantly reduced the level of GnRH secretion in the GT1-7 cell lines compared with the model group. Moreover, it significantly downregulated the expression of GnRH, GnRHR, Kiss1, GPR54, ERα, IGF-1, and IGF-1R. In summary, our results indicate that the Fy formula and its major components may inhibit the effects of estrogen, which alleviates PP through transcriptional regulation of target genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Ding
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yuguang Liang
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Huan He
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chunyan Guo,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu H, Guan L, Zhou Q, Huang H, Xu L. LKB1 alleviates high glucose‑ and high fat‑induced inflammation and the expression of GnRH and sexual precocity‑related genes, in mouse hypothalamic cells by activating the AMPK/FOXO1 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:143. [PMID: 35234270 PMCID: PMC8915400 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Precocious puberty (PP) is a developmental disorder. Hypothalamic cells can produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the final output of neuroendocrine regulation that occurs during puberty. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of live kinase B1 (LKB1), also known as serine/threonine kinase, in the progression of PP and identify the underlying mechanisms. First, the levels of LKB1 in peripheral blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of children with PP were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q) PCR or western blotting. After the GT1-7 mouse hypothalamus cell line was treated with high glucose (HG) and high fat (HF), the expression of LKB1 and GnRH was tested. LKB1 was overexpressed by transfection with a pcDNA3.1 plasmid and the levels of inflammatory factors, GnRH, PP-related factors and proteins in the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) pathway were determined using RT-qPCR or western blot analysis. Subsequently, Compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK/FOXO1 signaling, was used to clarify whether the effects of LKB1 on PP were mediated by the regulation of this pathway. Results indicated that children with PP exhibited a lower LKB1 expression. In addition, HG and HF culture resulted in an enhanced GnRH expression and a reduced LKB1 expression in GT1-7 cells. LKB1 overexpression inhibited the contents of TNF-α, IL-6 and GnRH in in GT1-7 cells exposed to HG and HF and reduced the expression of PP-related proteins, including estrogen receptor-β, cluster of differentiation 36 and G-protein-coupled receptor. In addition, the expression of phosphorylated (p)-AMPK and p-FOXO1 was markedly downregulated following LKBI overexpression. Furthermore, compound C intervention partially diminished the inhibitory effects of LKB1-mediated upregulation on the levels of inflammation and PP-related factors. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that LKB1 alleviated HG- and HF-induced inflammation, as well as the expression of GnRH and sexual precocity-related genes, in GT1-7 cells by activating the AMPK/FOXO1 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Endocrine Genetics and Metabolism, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Limei Guan
- Department of Endocrine Genetics and Metabolism, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Endocrine Genetics and Metabolism, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Hailong Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Liangpu Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang L, Xu H, Tan B, Yi Q, Liu H, Deng H, Chen Y, Wang R, Tian J, Zhu J. Gut microbiota and its derived SCFAs regulate the HPGA to reverse obesity-induced precocious puberty in female rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1051797. [PMID: 36568086 PMCID: PMC9782419 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1051797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota and its derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) can reverse obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases, but whether it has an effect on obesity complicated by precocious puberty and its potential mechanism need to be further understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the gut microbiota and its derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on obesity-induced precocious puberty rats and their regulatory mechanisms. We constructed obesity-induced precocious puberty rats using a high-fat diet (HFD) had notable similarity to precocious puberty caused by obesity due to overeating in children. We then added acetate, propionate, butyrate or their mixture to the HFD, and investigated the effect of intestinal microbiota and its derived SCFAs on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPGA) in rats with obesity-induced precocious puberty. We found that obesity-induced precocious puberty rats had an early first estrous cycle, increased hypothalamic mRNA expression of Kiss1, GPR54 and GnRH, and early gonadal maturation. Meanwhile, the intestinal microbiota imbalance and the main SCFAs production decreased in the colon. The addition of acetate, propionate, butyrate or their mixture to the HFD could significantly reverse the precocious puberty of rats, reduce GnRH release from the hypothalamus and delay the development of the gonadal axis through the Kiss1-GPR54-PKC-ERK1/2 pathway. Our findings suggest that gut microbiota-derived SCFAs are promising therapeutic means for the prevention of obesity-induced precocious puberty and provide new therapeutic strategies with clinical value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Tan
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Yi
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Huiwen Liu
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongrong Deng
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunxia Chen
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Zhu,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim KR, Trinh TA, Baek JY, Lee D, Lim S, Kim J, Lee WY, Kim CE, Kang KS, Lee HL. Preventive Effect of Anemarrhenae rhizome and Phellodendri cortex on Danazol-Induced in Precocious Puberty in Female Rats and Network Pharmacological Analysis of Active Compounds. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:plants11010023. [PMID: 35009026 PMCID: PMC8747665 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Anemarrhenae rhizome and Phellodendri cortex have historically been used for the treatment of precocious puberty (PP) in oriental medicine. Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of APE, a mixture of the extracts from these herbs, against danazol-induced PP in female rats. The offspring were injected danazol to establish the PP model, and then treated with APE daily, and observed for vaginal opening. At the end of the study, the levels of gonadotropic hormones, such as estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone, were determined by ELISA. Moreover, the mRNA expression of GnRH, netrin-1, and UNC5C in hypothalamic tissues was determined by real-time PCR. Network pharmacological analysis was performed to predict the active compounds of APE and their potential actions. APE treatment delayed vaginal opening in rats with PP. In addition, APE treatment reduced LH levels and suppressed UNC5C expression. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the targets of APE were significantly associated with GnRH signaling and ovarian steroidogenesis pathways. In conclusion, APE may be used as a therapeutic remedy to inhibit the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Ri Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 300716, Korea;
| | - Tuy An Trinh
- Saigon Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh 70000, Vietnam;
| | - Ji Yun Baek
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea;
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.L.); (W.-Y.L.); (C.-E.K.)
| | - Dahae Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.L.); (W.-Y.L.); (C.-E.K.)
| | - Sehun Lim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 50834, Korea; (S.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Jonghyup Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 50834, Korea; (S.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Won-Yung Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.L.); (W.-Y.L.); (C.-E.K.)
| | - Chang-Eop Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.L.); (W.-Y.L.); (C.-E.K.)
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.L.); (W.-Y.L.); (C.-E.K.)
- Correspondence: (K.S.K.); (H.L.L.); Tel.: +82-31-750-5402 (K.S.K.)
| | - Hye Lim Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 300716, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.S.K.); (H.L.L.); Tel.: +82-31-750-5402 (K.S.K.)
| |
Collapse
|