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Husain S, Leveckis R. Pharmacological regulation of HIF-1α, RGC death, and glaucoma. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2024; 77:102467. [PMID: 38896924 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2024.102467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Hypoxia can regulate oxygen-sensitive pathways that could be neuroprotective to compensate for the detrimental effects of low oxygen. However, prolonged hypoxia can activate neurodegenerative pathways. HIF-1α is upregulated/stabilized in hypoxic conditions, promoting alteration of gene expression, and ultimately leading to cell-death. Therefore, regulation of HIF-1α expression pharmacologically is a vital approach to mitigate cell death. In this review, we provide information showing the role of HIF-1α and its associated pathways in ocular retinopathies. We also discuss the beneficial roles of HIF-1α inhibitor, KC7F2, in ocular pathologies. Finally, we provided our own data demonstrating RGC neuroprotection by KC7F2 in glaucomatous animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Husain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Ryan Leveckis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Zaidi SAH, Xu Z, Lemtalsi T, Sandow P, Athota S, Liu F, Haigh S, Huo Y, Narayanan SP, Fulton DJR, Rojas MA, Fouda AY, Caldwell RW, Caldwell RB. Calbindin 2-specific deletion of arginase 2 preserves visual function after optic nerve crush. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:661. [PMID: 37816735 PMCID: PMC10564748 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
We previously found that global deletion of the mitochondrial enzyme arginase 2 (A2) limits optic nerve crush (ONC)-induced neuronal death. Herein, we examined the cell-specific role of A2 in this pathology by studies using wild type (WT), neuronal-specific calbindin 2 A2 KO (Calb2cre/+ A2 f/f), myeloid-specific A2 KO (LysMcre/+ A2f/f), endothelial-specific A2 KO (Cdh5cre/+ A2f/f), and floxed controls. We also examined the impact of A2 overexpression on mitochondrial function in retinal neuronal R28 cells. Immunolabeling showed increased A2 expression in ganglion cell layer (GCL) neurons of WT mice within 6 h-post injury and inner retinal neurons after 7 days. Calb2 A2 KO mice showed improved neuronal survival, decreased TUNEL-positive neurons, and improved retinal function compared to floxed littermates. Neuronal loss was unchanged by A2 deletion in myeloid or endothelial cells. We also found increased expression of neurotrophins (BDNF, FGF2) and improved survival signaling (pAKT, pERK1/2) in Calb2 A2 KO retinas within 24-hour post-ONC along with suppression of inflammatory mediators (IL1β, TNFα, IL6, and iNOS) and apoptotic markers (cleavage of caspase3 and PARP). ONC increased GFAP and Iba1 immunostaining in floxed controls, and Calb2 A2 KO dampened this effect. Overexpression of A2 in R28 cells increased Drp1 expression, and decreased mitochondrial respiration, whereas ABH-induced inhibition of A2 decreased Drp1 expression and improved mitochondrial respiration. Finally, A2 overexpression or excitotoxic treatment with glutamate significantly impaired mitochondrial function in R28 cells as shown by significant reductions in basal respiration, maximal respiration, and ATP production. Further, glutamate treatment of A2 overexpressing cells did not induce further deterioration in their mitochondrial function, indicating that A2 overexpression or glutamate insult induce comparable alterations in mitochondrial function. Our data indicate that neuronal A2 expression is neurotoxic after injury, and A2 deletion in Calb2 expressing neurons limits ONC-induced retinal neurodegeneration and improves visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A H Zaidi
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Zhimin Xu
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Tahira Lemtalsi
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Porsche Sandow
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Sruthi Athota
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Research Division, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA
| | - Stephen Haigh
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - S Priya Narayanan
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Research Division, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - David J R Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Modesto A Rojas
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Abdelrahman Y Fouda
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Robert W Caldwell
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ruth B Caldwell
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Bodnar RJ. Endogenous opiates and behavior: 2021. Peptides 2023; 164:171004. [PMID: 36990387 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper is the forty-fourth consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during 2021 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides and receptors as well as effects of opioid/opiate agonizts and antagonists. The review is subdivided into the following specific topics: molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (1), the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia in animals (2) and humans (3), opioid-sensitive and opioid-insensitive effects of nonopioid analgesics (4), opioid peptide and receptor involvement in tolerance and dependence (5), stress and social status (6), learning and memory (7), eating and drinking (8), drug abuse and alcohol (9), sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (10), mental illness and mood (11), seizures and neurologic disorders (12), electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (13), general activity and locomotion (14), gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (15), cardiovascular responses (16), respiration and thermoregulation (17), and immunological responses (18).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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DeMaio A, Mehrotra S, Sambamurti K, Husain S. The role of the adaptive immune system and T cell dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:251. [PMID: 36209107 PMCID: PMC9548183 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system and associated inflammation are vital in surveillance and host protection against internal and external threats, but can secondarily damage host tissues. The central nervous system is immune-privileged and largely protected from the circulating inflammatory pathways. However, T cell involvement and the disruption of the blood-brain barriers have been linked to several neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Under normal physiological conditions, regulatory T cells (Treg cells) dampen the inflammatory response of effector T cells. In the pathological states of many neurodegenerative disorders, the ability of Treg cells to mitigate inflammation is reduced, and a pro-inflammatory environment persists. This perspective review provides current knowledge on the roles of T cell subsets (e.g., effector T cells, Treg cells) in neurodegenerative and ocular diseases, including uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma. Many neurodegenerative and ocular diseases have been linked to immune dysregulation, but the cellular events and molecular mechanisms involved in such processes remain largely unknown. Moreover, the role of T cells in ocular pathologies remains poorly defined and limited literature is available in this area of research. Adoptive transfer of Treg cells appears to be a vital immunological approach to control ocular pathologies. Similarities in T cell dysfunction seen among non-ocular neurodegenerative diseases suggest that this area of research has a great potential to develop better therapeutic agents for ocular diseases and warrants further studies. Overall, this perspective review article provides significant information on the roles of T cells in numerous ocular and non-ocular neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa DeMaio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Room 713, Medical University of South Carolina, 167 Ashley Ave, SC, 29425, Charleston, USA
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, 29425, Charleston, USA
| | - Kumar Sambamurti
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, 29425, Charleston, USA
| | - Shahid Husain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Room 713, Medical University of South Carolina, 167 Ashley Ave, SC, 29425, Charleston, USA.
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