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Is Autophagy Inhibition in Combination with Temozolomide a Therapeutically Viable Strategy? Cells 2023; 12:cells12040535. [PMID: 36831202 PMCID: PMC9954434 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide is an oral alkylating agent that is used as the first line treatment for glioblastoma multiform, and in recurrent anaplastic astrocytoma, as well as having demonstrable activity in patients with metastatic melanoma. However, as the case with other chemotherapeutic agents, the development of resistance often limits the therapeutic benefit of temozolomide, particularly in the case of glioblastoma. A number of resistance mechanisms have been proposed including the development of cytoprotective autophagy. Cytoprotective autophagy is a survival mechanism that confers upon tumor cells the ability to survive in a nutrient deficient environment as well as under external stresses, such as cancer chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation, in part through the suppression of apoptotic cell death. In this review/commentary, we explore the available literature and provide an overview of the evidence for the promotion of protective autophagy in response to temozolomide, highlighting the possibility of targeting autophagy as an adjuvant therapy to potentially increase the effectiveness of temozolomide and to overcome the development of resistance.
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Jing Y, Kobayashi M, Vu HT, Kasahara A, Chen X, Pham LT, Kurayoshi K, Tadokoro Y, Ueno M, Todo T, Nakada M, Hirao A. Therapeutic advantage of targeting lysosomal membrane integrity supported by lysophagy in malignant glioma. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:2716-2726. [PMID: 35657693 PMCID: PMC9357661 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes function as the digestive system of a cell and are involved in macromolecular recycling, vesicle trafficking, metabolic reprogramming, and progrowth signaling. Although quality control of lysosome biogenesis is thought to be a potential target for cancer therapy, practical strategies have not been established. Here, we show that lysosomal membrane integrity supported by lysophagy, a selective autophagy for damaged lysosomes, is a promising therapeutic target for glioblastoma (GBM). In this study, we found that ifenprodil, an FDA‐approved drug with neuromodulatory activities, efficiently inhibited spheroid formation of patient‐derived GBM cells in a combination with autophagy inhibition. Ifenprodil increased intracellular Ca2+ level, resulting in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species–mediated cytotoxicity. The ifenprodil‐induced Ca2+ elevation was due to Ca2+ release from lysosomes, but not endoplasmic reticulum, associated with galectin‐3 punctation as an indicator of lysosomal membrane damage. As the Ca2+ release was enhanced by ATG5 deficiency, autophagy protected against lysosomal membrane damage. By comparative analysis of 765 FDA‐approved compounds, we identified another clinically available drug for central nervous system (CNS) diseases, amoxapine, in addition to ifenprodil. Both compounds promoted degradation of lysosomal membrane proteins, indicating a critical role of lysophagy in quality control of lysosomal membrane integrity. Importantly, a synergistic inhibitory effect of ifenprodil and chloroquine, a clinically available autophagy inhibitor, on spheroid formation was remarkable in GBM cells, but not in nontransformed neural progenitor cells. Finally, chloroquine dramatically enhanced effects of the compounds inducing lysosomal membrane damage in a patient‐derived xenograft model. These data demonstrate a therapeutic advantage of targeting lysosomal membrane integrity in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Jing
- Division of Molecular Genetics Cancer Research Institute Kanazawa University, Kakuma‐machi, Kanazawa 920‐1192 Japan
| | - Masahiko Kobayashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics Cancer Research Institute Kanazawa University, Kakuma‐machi, Kanazawa 920‐1192 Japan
| | - Ha Thi Vu
- Division of Molecular Genetics Cancer Research Institute Kanazawa University, Kakuma‐machi, Kanazawa 920‐1192 Japan
- Present address: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Hanoi Medical University No1‐Ton That Tung street‐Dong Da district, Ha Noi Vietnam
| | - Atsuko Kasahara
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative Kanazawa University, Kakuma‐machi, Kanazawa, 920‐1192 Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI‐Nano LSI) Kanazawa University, Kakuma‐machi, Kanazawa 920‐1192 Japan
| | - Xi Chen
- Division of Molecular Genetics Cancer Research Institute Kanazawa University, Kakuma‐machi, Kanazawa 920‐1192 Japan
| | - Loc Thi Pham
- Division of Molecular Genetics Cancer Research Institute Kanazawa University, Kakuma‐machi, Kanazawa 920‐1192 Japan
| | - Kenta Kurayoshi
- Division of Molecular Genetics Cancer Research Institute Kanazawa University, Kakuma‐machi, Kanazawa 920‐1192 Japan
| | - Yuko Tadokoro
- Division of Molecular Genetics Cancer Research Institute Kanazawa University, Kakuma‐machi, Kanazawa 920‐1192 Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI‐Nano LSI) Kanazawa University, Kakuma‐machi, Kanazawa 920‐1192 Japan
| | - Masaya Ueno
- Division of Molecular Genetics Cancer Research Institute Kanazawa University, Kakuma‐machi, Kanazawa 920‐1192 Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI‐Nano LSI) Kanazawa University, Kakuma‐machi, Kanazawa 920‐1192 Japan
| | - Tomoki Todo
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Institute of Medical Science The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa University Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirao
- Division of Molecular Genetics Cancer Research Institute Kanazawa University, Kakuma‐machi, Kanazawa 920‐1192 Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI‐Nano LSI) Kanazawa University, Kakuma‐machi, Kanazawa 920‐1192 Japan
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